best water reuse practices for golf course irrigation
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Valentina LAZAROVA Suez Environnement, France
François BRISSAUDUniversité Montpellier 2, France
Akiça BAHRIInternational Water Management Institute, Ghana
Marrakech, May 28th, 2008
Best water reuse practices for golf course irrigation
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 2
Outline
Main Drivers of Water Reuse and Challenges for Sustainable Irrigation with Recycled WaterPrincipal Measures for Golf Course Irrigation with Recycled Water
Wastewater treatment and storageControl of recycled water applicationAccess restriction, human exposure control and education
Conclusions
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 3
Main Drivers of Water ReuseIncreased demand for waterReduced availability of water supplyEnvironment protectionImpact of the new laws, policies & regulationsPublic awareness and politic pressure
Increase in drinking water priceSustainable development
Water reuse is included in several state/national policies (Australia, California, Cyprus, Florida, Israel, Jordan, Spain, Tunisia) More and more regulations introduce requirements for water reuse (volume, %, given types of reuse as golf courses, high-rise buildings or industry)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 4
Water Quality Criteria for Water ReusePublic health
protectionEnvironmentaland agronomic
impactsOther concerns
• Microbiologicalparametersshort-termbiological risk ofinfection
• Chemicalcompoundslong-termbiological risk oftoxicity
• Environmentaladverse effects
1) on aquifers2) on soils3) on flora and fauna
• Agronomicaspects
1) on crops2) on soil properties
• Technicalconstraints
1) irrigation systems2) treatment trains
• Political oreconomic pressure
• Public perception1) aesthetics2) safety of use
3) storage&distribution
Water Quality Criteria for Water ReusePublic health
protectionEnvironmentaland agronomic
impactsOther concerns
• Microbiologicalparametersshort-termbiological risk ofinfection
• Chemicalcompoundslong-termbiological risk oftoxicity
• Environmentaladverse effects
1) on aquifers2) on soils3) on flora and fauna
• Agronomicaspects
1) on crops2) on soil properties
• Technicalconstraints
1) irrigation systems2) treatment trains
• Political oreconomic pressure
• Public perception1) aesthetics2) safety of use
3) storage&distribution
Main Criteria Influencing the Choice of Recycled Water Quality for Irrigation
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 5
Levels of risks associated with different types of crops irrigated with recycled water
Lowest risk to consumer, but field
worker must be protected
Medium riskto consumer and handler
Highest risk to consumer, field worker
and handler
• Industrial crops not for human consumptionCrops normally processed by heat or drying before human consumptionVegetables and fruit grown for canning or other processFodder crops and other crops that are sun-dried and harvested before consumption by animals
• Pasture, fodder crops. Crops for human
consumption that do not come into direct contact with wastewater and that spray irrigation must not be used Crops for human consumption normally eaten only after cookingCrops for human consumption, the peel of which is not eatenAny crop not identified as high-risk if sprinkler irrigationis used
Any crops eaten uncookedand grown in close contact with wastewater effluent (fresh vegetables such as lettuce or carrots, or spray-irrigated fruits)
Spray irrigation regardless of type of crop within 100 m of residential areas or places of public access
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 6
WHO 2006: Health protection measuresLog
pathogenremoval
Thermo -tolerant coliform(or E. coli)
UNRESTRICTEDIRRIGATION
RESTRICTEDIRRIGATION
A B C D E F G* H*0-
1- T
2-T
3-
T T T
4- DO
5- DOW
DI(H)
DI(L)
6-
7-
10 7 - 10 8
10 6 - 10 7
10 5 - 10 6
10 4 - 10 5
10 3 - 10 4
10 3
10 2 - 10 3
10 - 10 2
0 - 10W
Labor
int.
Highly
mec .
Subsur -faceirr.
Root Leaf
•= where children under 15 years are exposedT = treatment; W = washing of produce; DO = die-off; DI = drip irrigation (L=low growing cops; H=high growing
crops)
TT
T
T
*Source: Kamizoulis, 2006
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 7
WHO, 2006: Recommended minimum verification monitoring of microbial parameters
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 8
Landscape Irrigation and Other Urban Uses Stringent regulations (principle of precaution)
Fecal ColiformsNot detected (USEPA)2.2 /100 mL (Canada)10 /100 mL (Japan)14 /100 mL (90%) (EPA-UK, draft)25 /100 mL (75%) (Florida)100 /100 mL (Germany, draft)200 /100 mL (WHO, parcs)
E.coli0/100 mL (Spain, 2007)10 /100 mL (Victoria, Australia)
Other Parameters
Turbidity <1 to <5 NTU
TSS < 5 to < 30 mg/l
BOD <5 to <20 mg/L
Clresidual 1 mg/L
100 /100 mL (CEE, bathing water)
Total Coliforms
2.2 /100 mL (California)
10 /100 mL (NSW, Australia)
Fecal ColiformsNot detected (USEPA)2.2 /100 mL (Canada)10 /100 mL (Japan)14 /100 mL (90%) (EPA-UK, draft)25 /100 mL (75%) (Florida)100 /100 mL (Germany, draft)200 /100 mL (WHO, parcs)
E.coli0/100 mL (Spain, 2007)10 /100 mL (Victoria, Australia)
Other Parameters
Turbidity <1 to <5 NTU
TSS < 5 to < 30 mg/l
BOD <5 to <20 mg/L
Clresidual 1 mg/L
100 /100 mL (CEE, bathing water)
Total Coliforms
2.2 /100 mL (California)
10 /100 mL (NSW, Australia)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 9
Degree of restriction on use Potential irrigation problems Unit None Slight to moderate Severe
SALINITY ECw =Electrical conductivity at 25°C dS/m < 0.7 0.7 to 3.0 > 3.0 TDS mg / L < 450 450 to 2000 > 2000 SOIL WATER INFILTRATION: ifmultaneous influence of SAR and ECw if SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) = 0 to 3 & ECw = > 0.7 0.7 to 0.2 < 0.2 if SAR = 3 to 6 & ECw = > 1.2 1.2 to 0.3 < 0.3 if SAR = 6 to 12 & ECw = > 1.9 1.9 to 0.5 < 0.5 if SAR = 12 to 20 & ECw = > 2.9 2.9 to 1.3 < 1.3 if SAR = 20 to 40 & ECw = > 5.0 5.0 to 2.9 < 2.9 SPECIFIC ION TOXICITY
Root absorption SAR < 3 3 to 9 > 9 Foliar absorption meq / L < 3 > 3 - Sodium (Na) mg / L < 70 > 70 -
Boron (B) mg / L < 1.0 1.0 to 2.0 > 2.0 Root absorption meq / L < 2 2 to 10 > 10 mg / L < 70 70 to 355 > 355 Foliar absorption meq / L < 3 > 3 - Chloride(Cl)
mg / L < 100 > 100 - MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS Residual chlorine (Cl2) mg / L < 1.0 1 to 5 > 5
meq / L < 1.5 1.5 to 8.5 > 8.5 Bicarbonate (HCO3) Foliar deposits mg / L < 90 90 to 500 > 500 pH normal 6.5 to 8.4
Agronomic Parameters
Ada
pted
from
FA
O, F
ood
and
Agr
icul
ture
Org
aniz
atio
n of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
, Wat
er q
ualit
y fo
r irri
gati o
n , Ir
riga t
ion
and
Dra
inag
e P
aper
n°2
9,
by A
yers
, R. S
. and
Wes
c ot,
D. W
., R
ome,
Ital
y, 1
985.
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 10
Wastewater treatment and storageControl of recycled water applicationAccess restriction, human exposure control and education
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 11
Code of Practices
Critical step for health protection
Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment
Storage
Application, type of irrigation
Barrier to pathogens
Barrier to pathogens
Protection measure
Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure
ControlHarvesting Measures
Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure
Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment
Storage
Application, type of irrigation
Barrier to pathogens
Barrier to pathogens
Protection measure
Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure
ControlHarvesting Measures
Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 12
Wastewatertreatment
Partial
Secondary
Tertiary
Full
Health Protection MeasuresGood
PracticesSafety Credit
Exposurecontrol
Education
Signs
Applicationcontrol
Restrictionmeasures
On Crops
On Access
Localized Irrigation
Cultivation practice
Surface&SprinklerIrrigation
Wastewatertreatment
Wastewatertreatment
Partial
Secondary
Tertiary
Full
Partial
Secondary
Tertiary
Full
PartialPartial
SecondarySecondary
TertiaryTertiary
FullFull
Health Protection MeasuresGood
PracticesSafety Credit
Exposurecontrol
Education
Signs
Education
Signs
Education
Signs
Applicationcontrol
Restrictionmeasures
On Crops
On Access
On Crops
On Access
On Crops
On Access
Localized IrrigationLocalized Irrigation
Cultivation practice
Surface&SprinklerIrrigation
Guidance for Selection of Health Protection Measures for Irrigation with Recycled Water
Low health risk can be ensuredby a combinationof control measures giving at least 6 safety credit units
Mandatory
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 13
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 14
Pre-treatment- Coarse Screens
- Fine Screens- Grit Removal
- Grease Removal
Primary Treatment- Settling Tanks
- Lamella- Chemicals
Secondary Treatment- Activated Sludge
- Clarifiers- Combined technologies
Tertiary Treatment- Biofilters
- Sand filters-Lamella
- Disinfection
Air
Removal of:• Rags • Grit
• Oil and grease
Removal of:• Suspended solids• Carbon pollution
(partial)
Removal of:• Carbon pollution
• N removal• Suspended solids
Removal of:• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus• Suspended solids• Microorganisms
Wastewater Treatment Levels
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 15
PRETREATMENT PRIMARY SETTLING
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CLARIFICATION
THICKNENING SLUDGE DIGESTION
FLOTATION
DEWATERING
SLUDGETREATMENT SYSTEM
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
PRETREATMENT PRIMARY SETTLING
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CLARIFICATION
THICKNENING SLUDGE DIGESTION
FLOTATION
DEWATERING
SLUDGETREATMENT SYSTEM
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
Secondary (biological) treatment is required in Europe and is mandatory before water reuse
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 16
Evolution of wastewater quality during treatment
3-64-85-95-2030-90
Streptococci
(log)
Fecal coliforms
(log)
Coliforms(log)
BOD5
(mg/L)COD
(mg/L)
Raw sewage
Secondary effluent
Tertiary effluent
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 17
Water Reuse for IrrigationTypical Treatment Schemes and Standards
Primarysettling
Industrial crops, forests
WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL
Coagulationflocculation
Fe3+, Al3+
Pretreatment
Pretreatment Activated sludge,Trickling filters
Infiltration / percolation
Clarifier
Human exposure
Noexposure
Israel (60 mg BOD/L ; 50 mgSS/L)
Industrial crops, forestsPasture, cooked vegetables, fruits
Australia (<3000 and <750 FC/100 mL)California (<23 TC/100 mL)Catalonia (<1000 FC/100 mL)EPA, US (<200 FC /100 mL)South Africa (<1000 FC/100 mL)WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL
Rawsewage
Rawsewage
WHO, cat. B (< 1 helm.eg/L)
Facultativestabilisation ponds
Maturation pondsAnaerobic
ponds
Cl, UV, O3
Chlorination
Pasture, cooked vegetables, fruits, vegetables eaten raw
Arizona, Florida (not detec. FC/100 mL)
California (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Canary Islands (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Israel (<2.2 TC/100 mL)
Rawsewage
Rapid sand filtration
Cl,UV,O3Rapid filtration
Rawsewage
Primarysettling
Pretreatment ClarifierFiltration
DisinfectionCl, UV, O3
Coag/flocculation
Activated sludgeTrickling filters
Primarysettling
Industrial crops, forests
WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL
Coagulationflocculation
Fe3+, Al3+
Pretreatment
Pretreatment Activated sludge,Trickling filters
Infiltration / percolation
Clarifier
Human exposure
Noexposure
Israel (60 mg BOD/L ; 50 mgSS/L)
Industrial crops, forestsPasture, cooked vegetables, fruits
Australia (<3000 and <750 FC/100 mL)California (<23 TC/100 mL)Catalonia (<1000 FC/100 mL)EPA, US (<200 FC /100 mL)South Africa (<1000 FC/100 mL)WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL
Rawsewage
Rawsewage
WHO, cat. B (< 1 helm.eg/L)
Facultativestabilisation ponds
Maturation pondsAnaerobic
ponds
Cl, UV, O3
Chlorination
Pasture, cooked vegetables, fruits, vegetables eaten raw
Arizona, Florida (not detec. FC/100 mL)
California (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Canary Islands (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Israel (<2.2 TC/100 mL)
Rawsewage
Rapid sand filtration
Cl,UV,O3Rapid filtration
Rawsewage
Primarysettling
Pretreatment ClarifierFiltration
DisinfectionCl, UV, O3
Coag/flocculation
Activated sludgeTrickling filters
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 18
Lagooning
Applications: Irrigation (agriculture, landscape)Target for disinfection: <1000 FC or E.coli/100 mLOptimum size: small to medium treatment facilitiesMain advantages: Low operation costs and ease of operation
Rhizofiltration
Infiltration-percolation
Rhizopur®
Non Conventional Technologies
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 19
Noirmoutier Island,France
Project for irrigation of new areas
Agricultural and urban irrigation
SalaisiereWWTP
WWTPCasie
Objective: « Zero » discharge of
wastewater in the sea
2 WWTP (55,000 p.e.+30,000 p.e.)
Polishing by maturation pondsReuse of 30% of treated wastewater
215 000 m3/yearIrrigation of 500 ha of potatoes
Project extension (710 ha)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 20
Applications (non-potable uses)Landscape irrigation Urban usesIndustrial uses
Targets for disinfection0 to 200FC/100 mL)
Coagulation-flocculation
ChlorinationOzonation
Sand filtration
UV
Conventional Tertiary Treatment
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 21
Golf course irrigation in France
UV tertiarytreatment
Secondarytreatment
Golf course Saint Pierre d’Oléron,960 m3/d
12 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1990 in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal areas
Golf course Sainte Maxime8 000 m3/d
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 22
Golf course of Tina, New Caledonia
+Sand filtration
UVGolf course of 90 ha, 18 holesTreatment: sand filtration and UV disinfectionCapacity: 1700 m3/jOperated since >20 yearsby SE (Calédonienne des Eaux)
Covered storage reservoir (bacterial regrowth)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 23
Golf course of Monte Orgegia, Alicante, Spain
Golf course of 18 holesCapacity: 2,6 Mm3/yearOperated by SE (Agbar) since >15 years Treatment:
coagulation, flocculation, lamelar settling,filtration, chlorination
+Sand filtrationHigh rate clarification
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 24
Advanced Tertiary Treatment Trains2. Tertiary Treatment
ClarificationActivated sludgeC, N-DN
UF / MF
MF/UF
Filtration
1. Secondary Treatment
2.1. Conventional scheme
2.2. Submerged membranes
2.2. External membranes
DisinfectionCl/UV/O3
DisinfectionCl/UV/O3
FiltrationDisinfectionCl/UV/O3
Pre-treatment
MBRC, N-DN
1+2. MBR
Filtration
DisinfectionCl/UV/O3Coag/floc/
clarification
Pre-treatment
Pre-treatmentCoag/floculation/
clarification
Reverse osmosis
EDI
Electrodyalisis Reversal
Brine
3. Quaternary treatment
(desalination)
Disinfectionlagoons/Cl/UV/O3
Advanced Primary Treatment
ClarificationActivated sludgeC, N-DN
UF / MF
MF/UF
Filtration
1. Secondary Treatment
2.1. Conventional scheme
2.2. Submerged membranes
2.2. External membranes
DisinfectionCl/UV/O3
DisinfectionCl/UV/O3
FiltrationDisinfectionCl/UV/O3FiltrationDisinfectionCl/UV/O3
Pre-treatment
MBRC, N-DN
1+2. MBR
Filtration
DisinfectionCl/UV/O3Coag/floc/
clarification
Pre-treatment
Pre-treatmentCoag/floculation/
clarification
Reverse osmosis
EDI
Electrodyalisis Reversal
Brine
3. Quaternary treatment
(desalination)
Disinfectionlagoons/Cl/UV/O3
Advanced Primary Treatment
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 25
Classification of membrane processes for wastewater treatment
Low pressure membranesMicrofiltrationUltrafiltrationNanofiltration
High pressure membranesReverse osmosis
Microfiltration(Memcor)
RO(Hydranautics)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 26
Fields of Application of Membrane Treatment and Repurification
ApplicationsUnrestricted urban irrigation / golf coursesIndirect potable reuse/Aquifer rechargeIndustrial uses
Targets for disinfection0 to <200FC/100 mL)
Other Targets Trace organics, emerging parameters,
desalination
Reversible electrodialysis
Submerged membranes
Reverse osmosis
Microfiltration
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 27
Project characteristicsSecondary treatment (AS): 6250 m3/dTertiary treatment (UF): 300 m3/dStorage reservoirChlorination
Landscape and golf course irrigation in Bora Bora
MBR
The MBR building
UF
End users
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 28
ROMF
Calafell Golf Course: 18 holesTarget salinity<1500 µS/cmCapacity: 4,700 m3/dDisinfection requirements:<200 E.coli/100 mL
Sand filtration
0
400
800
1200
1600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time of operation, number of weeks (Jan 2005 to May 2007)
Con
cent
ratio
n of
org
anic
s in
raw
se
wag
e, m
g/L
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
Con
duct
ivity
, µS/
cm
COD
BOD
Conductivity of raw sewage
Conductivity of secondary effluent
<1,500 µS/cm<1,500 µS/cm
Golf course Calafell
Golf course of Calafell, Spain
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 29
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 30
1. DrainageGood drainage, especially on the greens and other intensely played surfacesMethods: installation of drainage layer, drainage system, goodprogram of tillage for soil aeration
Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course Irrigation
Greens: 300 mm/h
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 31
2. Selection of turfgrass and ornamentalsSelection of drought resistant, salt-tolerant grass species for use on fairways and particularly on the greens and tees
3. Balanced fertilizationAccounting for the fertilizer value present in recycled water
4. Regulation of irrigationClose attention to variations in daily evapotranspiration (ETo) and soil water depletion, preferably using on-site instrumentation (soil moisture)Best solution: automatic irrigation system
Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course Irrigation (2)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 32
5. Other recommandations in case of high salinity, sodicity Use of amendments (gypsum, lime), as necessary, to adjust the SAR of soil moisture, countering potentially higher irrigation water SARProvision of an adequate leaching fractionBlending with lower-SAR, or lower-TDS water sources if necessary and feasible, through seasonal use of alternate sources of water or real-time blending with such watersDual plumbing to irrigate greens with potable water in cases of excessively high SAR or high salinity, as a last resortAdaptation of irrigation schedule and depth of irrigation to the quality of irrigation water from a recycled water
6. MiscellaneousWarning signs to alert golfers not to drink water from irrigation sources—without arousing unnecessary fear of recycled water
Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course Irrigation (3)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 33
Macro-, micro-nutrients and oligo-elements: as a rule in concentrations that cover plant needs
Principal nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, boron and sulfur
N, P and K must be included the fertilisation programmeSignificant economic benefitsOften, fertilization is not necessary
Warning: avoid potential excess of nitrogenNitrogen is well assimilated by turfgrass: to reach 10 mgN-NO3/L in drainage water to aquifer, irrigation volume must be >110±10 mm/week (>6 m/year !!!)During certain periods of plant growth, excess of N can lead to excess plant development thus favouring some diseases Recommended measures: add growth regulators
Adjustment of Nutrients
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 34
Impact of excess nitrogen on turfgrass
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 35
Problems of Salinity
Favorable conditions (no problems of salinity)Temperate climate with frequent rainingPlanting of salt-tolerant turfgrass (warm season)Golf courses with well-drained sandy soils
Adverse (not favorable) conditions (high probability for salinity problems)
Dry climate without raining Planting of salt-tsensitive turfgrass (cold season)Golf courses with poor drainage and clay soils
Factors to be consideredThe effect depends not only on recycled water salinity, but also on soil salinity, soil type and salt tolerance of turfgrass and ornamental plantsTypical recommended levels: 3000 µS/cm (3 mS/m), a “global” value as several examples of irrigation with higher salinity are reportedIn the case of clay soils and without good management practices,salinity problems may appear even when salinity is in the range of 700 to 3000 µS/cm
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 36
Example of variation of recycled water conductivity
Sour
ce :
F.Fe
rnan
dez,
200
4
Variations depending on wastewater qualitySalt intrusion in sewers to be considered in coastal areas
Mois
Sour
ce :
X. M
illet
, 200
4
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 37
Example of salinity problem in a golf course
Salinity problems observed in a loam salt-incrusted soil irrigated with recycled water of moderate quality
ECw 1480-1770 µS/cmSARadj 8-10
(Harivandi, 2007)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 38
Salt Tolerance of Turfgrass
Typical recommended values: <2000 - 3000 µS/cm (2-3 dS/m)Salt tolerance varies and depend on several factors
Environment (T°C, moisture), soil propertiesStage of turfgrass growthTypical levels reported for Bermuda grass: from 12 to 33 dS/m
Source :Harivandi, 2007
*Conductivity of soil extract
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 39
Combined effect of irrigation water SAR and EC on soil infiltration rate
Salts and sodium do not act independently in the plant environment: the effect of sodium on soil particle dispersion iscounteracted by high soluble salts concentration
Sour
ce :
Laza
rova
et B
ahri,
200
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5
Electrical conductivity of irrigation water, dS/m
Sodi
umA
dsor
btio
nR
atio
Severe reduction insoil infiltration rate
No reduction in soil infiltration rate
Slight to moderate reduction in
soil infiltration rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5
Electrical conductivity of irrigation water, dS/m
Sodi
umA
dsor
btio
nR
atio
Severe reduction insoil infiltration rate
No reduction in soil infiltration rate
Slight to moderate reduction in
soil infiltration rate
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 40
Sodium tolerance of turfgrass is significantly higher than other plantsMost of ornamental plants tolerate <70 mg/L of sodium during sprinkling irrigation
Sodicity
Sodium excess (SAR > 9) leads to:
Problems of soil textureYellow or brown spots, or drying of turfgrass Bermudagrass
Paspalum
Poor drainage
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 41
Recommendations for Irrigation Control
Implement automatic regulation of irrigation with sensors of soil moistureProvide sufficient storage capacity
Use of water basins eutrofisationNeed of filtration
Use of closed reservoir (less maintenance)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 42
Recommendations for Irrigation Control
Implement automatic regulation of irrigation with sensors of soil moistureProvide sufficient storage capacity
Use of water basins EutrofisationNeed of filtration
Use of closed reservoir (less maintenance)
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 43
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 44
France: over 12 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1990Spain: over 30 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1995Tunisia: over 10 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1980
Good management practices are the keys of success of golf course irrigation with recycled water
Golf course of Costa Brava, Spain, irrigated with recycled water since 1998
El Kantaoui Golf Course in Tunisia, irrigated with secondary treated water for the past 27 years
Golf course of Sainte Maxime, France
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 45
California: the world leader in water recycling
Over 200 golf courses are irrigater with recycled water in California since more than 20 years The total number in theUSA is more than 1000 golf courses irrigated with recycled water No degradation of greens quality was reportes, but this in conditions of good management practices
Golf course of Pebble Beach in California, irrigated since 1986 with recycled water
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 46
Florida: the world leader in water recycling for landscape irrigation
In 2005 in Florida, 49% of total volume of recycled water(2,5 millions of m3) were used for landscape irrigationwith open public access such as parks and golf courses52% of wastewater is recycled In 2006, 201,465 residential lawns, 462 golf courses, 572 parks and 251 schools were irrigated with recycled water
Irrigation of Kanapaha Botanical Gardens and
golf courseIrrigation of Jacksonville golf course
Irrigation of Walt Disney World Resort Complex
with 5 golf courses
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 47
Morocco: a future Mediterranean leader in water recycling for irrigation ??!
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 48
Negative impacts of salinityConductivity >3.0 dS/mTDS > 3000-5000 mg/L
Cl- >150 mg/LSAR >3-9
The Key of SuccessBest Practices of Water Reuse