Beyond JVMA tour of upcoming technologies

Reminders

• Green/yellow/red rating system after talk

• Extended Q/A by blue chairs at 12:15

• If not green…stop by and tell me why

Me

• Charles Oliver Nutter

• Red Hat (yes, I have one; no, I don’t wear it)

• JRuby and JVM languages

• JVM hacking and spelunking

• @headius

Goals

• Get you excited about the future of JVM

• Show you there are very few unsolvables

• Convince you to get involved

What is “JVM”?

• The JVM is software that runs JVM bytecode

• Java, Scala, Groovy, JRuby, Clojure, …

• OpenJDK contains Sun’s JVM “HotSpot”

• Oracle’s JDK is based on OpenJDK

• Many other JVMs exist for many platforms

• Some just replace HotSpot

OSS JVMs• Avian

• Azul Zulu

• CACAO

• Dalvik

• GCJ

• HaikuVM

• HotSpot

• IcedTea

• IKVM.NET

• Jamiga

• JamVM

• Jaos

• Jato VM

• Jelatine JVM

• JESSICA

• Jikes RVM (Jikes Research Virtual Machine)

• JOP

• Juice

• Jupiter

• JwiK

• Kaffe

• leDos

• MateVM

• Maxine

• Mika VM

• miniMV

• Mysaifu

• NanoVM

• RoboVM

• SableVM

• Squawk virtual machine

• SuperWaba

• TakaTuka

• TinyVM.

• VM02

Why JVM?

Why Not JVM?

OpenJDK

OpenJDK Timeline

• For years, Sun’s JDK is closed source

• Sun Microsystems starts OSS process in 2005

• Official announcement at JavaOne 2006

• HotSpot OSSed 12 Nov 2006

• JDK OSSed 8 May 2007

A 2006 report prepared for the EU by UNU-MERIT stated that Sun was the largest corporate contributor to open source movements in the world.

According to this report, Sun's open source contributions exceed the combined total of the next five largest commercial contributors.

Unfortunately…

Sun Becomes Oracle

• Sun broke open the OSS piñata

• Java, Solaris, OpenOffice, NetBeans, VirtualBox, ZFS, Dtrace, and more

• Unable to capitalize on OSS

• Hardware can’t make up the difference

• Oracle takes over Sun…oh no!!!

Java SE 7 Updates

0

22.5

45

67.5

90

7u1

7u2

7u3

7u4

7u5

7u6

7u7

7u97u107u117u137u157u177u217u257u407u45

Time since last release

Flurry of exploits

New numbering

9mo of security releases

The OpenJDK landscape looks different this year. Oracle's complete grip on OpenJDK is slowly loosening. They're still the dominant player and perhaps always will be, but things are more level than they were.!!

- Andrew Haley of Red Hat!!

Upon nomination to the OpenJDK governing board for 2013

Truths of OpenJDK

• It is really truly OSS, under GPL+CPE

• You can fork it

• You can distribute builds of it

• You can contribute to it

• Oracle is learning how to do OSS

Java 5 was released September 30, 2004

Java 6 was released December 11, 2006

Java 7 was released July 28, 2011

Java 7 Features

• Strings in switch statements

• More numeric literal forms

• Type inference for generic instances

• try-with-resources statement

• Multiple-catch

    static String chooseGreeting(String language) {"        switch (language) {"            case "Java": return "I love to hate you!";"            case "Scala": return "I love you, I think!";"            case "Clojure": return "(love I you)";"            case "Groovy": return "I love ?: you";"            case "Ruby": return "I.love? you # => true";"            default: return "Who are you?";"        }"    }

Java 8 Features

• Lambda expressions

• Type annotations

Java 8 Features

• Lambda expressions • Type annotations

public static void doSort(List<String> input) {" Collections.sort(input,! (a,b)->Integer.compare(a.length(), b.length()));" }" " public static String getInitials(List<String> input) {" return input.stream()" .map(x->x.substring(0,1))" .collect(Collectors.joining());" }

Java 9 Features?

• Modularization?

• Dynamic invocation?

• Value types?

• Reified generics?

• Coroutines? (working patch available!)

• Tail calls? (working patch available!)

Alternative Languages

High-Profile Languages

• Clojure

• Groovy

• Scala

• JRuby

Newcomers

• Kotlin

• Ceylon

• Xtend

• Mirah

Classics

• Jython

• Rhino

• BeanShell

Ported Languages• Ada

• AWK

• BASIC

• BBx

• Boo

• C

• COBOL

• ColdFusion

• Railo

• Open BlueDragon

• Common Lisp

• Component Pascal

• Erlang

• Forth

• Go

• Haxe

• JavaScript

• Logo

• Lua

• Yeti ML

• Oberon-2

• OCaml

• Object Pascal

• PHP

• Prolog

• Python

• R

• REXX

• Ruby

• Scheme

• Smalltalk

• Tcl

New Languages• Alef++

• Ateji PX

• BBj

• BeanShell

• Ceylon

• CAL

• E

• Fantom

• Flow Java.

• Fortress

• Frege

• Frink

• Golo

• Gosu

• Hecl

• Ioke

• KBML

• Kotlin

• Jabaco

• Jaskell

• Jelly

• Join Java

• Joy

• Judoscript

• Libretto.

• Mirah

• N.A.M.E. Basic.

• NetLogo

• Nice

• Noop

• ObjectScript

• PHP.reboot

• Pizza

• Pnuts

• Processing

• Stab

• Sleep

• V

• X10

• Xtend

• Zest

JVM is not just Java

Native Interop

User Code

JNI call

JNI impl

Target Library

Java

C/native

public class GetPidJNI {" public static native long getpid();" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" getpid();" }" " static {" System.load(! System.getProperty("user.dir") +! "/getpidjni.dylib");" }"}

JNI

/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */"#include <jni.h>"/* Header for class com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI */" "#ifndef _Included_com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI"#define _Included_com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI"#ifdef __cplusplus"extern "C" {"#endif"/*" * Class: com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI" * Method: getpid" * Signature: ()J" */"JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_com_headius_jnr_1presentation_GetPidJNI_getpid" (JNIEnv *, jclass);" "#ifdef __cplusplus"}"#endif"#endif

JNI

#include "com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI.h"" "jlong JNICALL Java_com_headius_jnr_1presentation_GetPidJNI_getpid" (JNIEnv *env, jclass c) {" " return getpid();"}

JNI

$ gcc -I $JAVA_HOME/include -I $JAVA_HOME/include/darwin -L $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ -dynamiclib -ljava -o getpidjni.dylib com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI.c"!$ java -Djava.library.path=`pwd` -cp target/jnr_presentation-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.headius.jnr_presentation.GetPidJNI

JNI

Nobody enjoys calling native libraries...

...but if you have to call native libraries, you

might as well enjoy it.

Java Native Runtime

• Java API

• for calling Native code

• supported by a rich Runtime library

• You may be familiar with JNA

• Foreign Function Interface (FFI)

• https://github.com/jnr

• Maven artifacts for everything

A Java API for binding native libraries and

native memory

Justifications

• NIO, NIO.2

• Native IO, symlinks, FS-walking,

• Unmanaged memory

• Selectable stdio, process IO

• Low-level or other sockets (UNIX, ICMP, ...)

• New APIs (graphics, crypto, OS, ...)

User Code

JNI call

JNI impl

Target Library

Java

C/native

User Code

JNI call

JNI impl

Target Library

Java

C/native

User Code

JNR stub

JNI call

JNI impl

libffi

Target Library

Java

C/native

import jnr.ffi.LibraryLoader;"import jnr.ffi.annotations.IgnoreError;" "public class GetPidJNRExample {" public interface GetPid {" long getpid();" }" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" GetPid getpid = LibraryLoader" .create(GetPid.class)! .load("c");" " getpid.getpid();" }"}

JNR

Layered Runtime

jffi

jnr-ffi

libffi

jnr-posix

jnr-constants

!

jnr-enxio jnr-x86asmjnr-unixsocket

etc etc

JNR Platforms• Darwin (OS X): universal (+ppc?)

• Linux: i386, x86_64, arm, ppc, ppc64, s390x

• Windows: i386, x86_64

• FreeBSD, OpenBSD: i386, x86_64

• SunOS: i386, x86_64, sparc, sparcv9

• AIX: ppc

• OpenVMS, AS/400: builds out there somewhere

• If your platform isn't here, contribute a build

jnr-ffi

• User-oriented API

• Roughly equivalent to what JNA gives you

• Functions, structs, callbacks, memory

• https://github.com/jnr/jnr-ffi

import jnr.ffi.LibraryLoader;"import jnr.ffi.annotations.IgnoreError;" "public class GetPidJNRExample {" public interface GetPid {" long getpid();" }" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" GetPid getpid = LibraryLoader" .create(GetPid.class)! .load("c");" " getpid.getpid();" }"}

jnr-ffi

jnr-posix

• Pre-bound set of POSIX functions

• Mostly driven by what JRuby, Jython use

• Goal: 100% of POSIX bound to Java

public int chmod(String string, int i);"public int chown(String string, int i, int i1);"public int execv(String string, String[] strings);"public int execve(String string, String[] strings, String[] strings1);"public int fork();"public int seteuid(int i);"public int getgid();"public String getlogin();"public int getpgid();"public int getpgid(int i);"public int getpgrp();"public int getpid();"public int getppid();"public Passwd getpwent();!public Passwd getpwuid(int i);!public Passwd getpwnam(String string);"public Group getgrgid(int i);!public Group getgrnam(String string);"public int getuid();!public boolean isatty(FileDescriptor fd);"public int kill(int i, int i1);!public int symlink(String string, String string1);"public int link(String string, String string1);"public String readlink(String string) throws IOException;"public String getenv(String string);"public int setenv(String string, String string1, int i);"public int unsetenv(String string);"public int getpriority(int i, int i1);"public int setpriority(int i, int i1, int i2);"public int setuid(int i);"public FileStat stat(String string);"public int stat(String string, FileStat fs);"public int umask(int i);"public Times times();"public int utimes(String string, long[] longs, long[] longs1);"public int waitpid(int i, int[] ints, int i1);"public int wait(int[] ints);"public int errno();"public void errno(int i);"public int posix_spawnp(String string, List<? extends SpawnFileAction> list, List<? extends CharSequence> list1, List<? extends CharSequence> list2);

POSIX posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(! new MyPOSIXHandler(this)," isNativeEnabled);

public interface POSIXHandler {! public void error(Errno errno, String string);" public void unimplementedError(String string);! public void warn(WARNING_ID wrngd, String string, Object[] os);" public boolean isVerbose();! public File getCurrentWorkingDirectory();! public String[] getEnv();! public InputStream getInputStream();! public PrintStream getOutputStream();! public int getPID();! public PrintStream getErrorStream();"}

jnr-enxio

• Extended Native X-platform IO

• NIO-compatible JNR-backed IO library

• Read, write, select (kqueue, epoll, etc)

• Low-level fcntl control

• https://github.com/jnr/jnr-enxio

public class NativeSocketChannel" extends AbstractSelectableChannel" implements ByteChannel, NativeSelectableChannel {" public NativeSocketChannel(int fd);! public NativeSocketChannel(int fd, int ops);! public final int validOps();! public final int getFD();! public int read(ByteBuffer dst) throws IOException;" public int write(ByteBuffer src) throws IOException" public void shutdownInput() throws IOException;" public void shutdownOutput() throws IOException;!}

jnr-unixsocket

• UNIX sockets for NIO

• Built atop jnr-enxio

• Fully selectable, etc

• https://github.com/jnr/jnr-unixsocket

How Does It Perform?

getpid calls, 100M times

1ms

10ms

100ms

1000ms

10000ms

100000ms

JNA getpid JNR getpid

import jnr.ffi.LibraryLoader;"import jnr.ffi.annotations.IgnoreError;" "public class GetPidJNRExample {" public interface GetPid {" @IgnoreError" long getpid();" }" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" GetPid getpid = LibraryLoader" .create(GetPid.class)! .load("c");" " getpid.getpid();" }"}

@IgnoreError

getpid calls, 100M times

0ms

500ms

1000ms

1500ms

2000ms

JNR getpid JNR getpid @IgnoreError

getpid calls, 100M times

0ms

500ms

1000ms

1500ms

2000ms

JNR getpid JNI JNR @IgnoreError GCC -O3

But There's More to Do

JVM Help is Coming

• Standard FFI API in JDK

• JIT intelligence

• Drop JNI overhead where possible

• Bind native call directly at call site

• Security policies, segv protection, etc

• Time for an FFI JSR

Recap

• OpenJDK is awesome

• Java is evolving

• JVM languages are everywhere

• Even native code is accessible

27 April, 2011

History

• JVM authors mentioned non-Java languages

• Language authors have targeted JVM

• Hundreds of JVM languages now

• But JVM was a mismatch for many of them

• Usually required tricks that defeated JVM optimizations

• Or required features JDK could not provide

What is invokedynamic

JVM Opcodes

Invocation invokevirtual"

invokeinterface"invokestatic"invokespecial

Field Access getfield"setfield"getstatic"setstatic

Array Access *aload"*astore"

b,s,c,i,l,d,f,a

Stack Local VarsFlow Control

AllocationBoolean and Numeric

Goals of JSR 292

• A user-definable bytecode

• Full freedom to define VM behavior

• Fast method pointers + adapters

• Optimizable like normal Java code

• Avoid future modifications

+ Method Pointers

and AdaptersFaster than reflection, with user-defined argument, flow, and exception handling

A User-definable Bytecode

You decide how the JVM implements it

invokedynamicuser-def’d bytecodeinvokedynamic opcode method pointersMethodHandles

VM Operations Method Lookup Type Checking

Branch Method Cache

Method Invocation

Target Object

Object’s Classvoid foo()

static void bar()

instanceof

obj.foo() JVM

void foo()

Call Site

// Static"System.currentTimeMillis()"Math.log(1.0)" "// Virtual""hello".toUpperCase()"System.out.println()" "// Interface"myList.add("happy happy")"myRunnable.run()" "// Special"new ArrayList()"super.equals(other)

// Static"invokestatic java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J"invokestatic java/lang/Math.log:(D)D"!// Virtual"invokevirtual java/lang/String.toUpperCase:()Ljava/lang/String;"invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream.println:()V"!// Interface"invokeinterface java/util/List.add:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z"invokeinterface java/lang/Runnable.add:()V"!// Special"invokespecial java/util/ArrayList.<init>:()V"invokespecial java/lang/Object.equals:(java/lang/Object)Z

invokestatic

invokevirtual

invokeinterface

invokespecial

invokestatic"1. Confirm arguments are of correct type 2. Look up method on Java class 3. Cache method 4. Invoke method

invokevirtual"1. Confirm object is of correct type 2. Confirm arguments are of correct type 3. Look up method on Java class 4. Cache method 5. Invoke method

invokeinterface"1. Confirm object’s type implements interface 2. Confirm arguments are of correct type 3. Look up method on Java class 4. Cache method 5. Invoke method

invokespecial"1. Confirm object is of correct type 2. Confirm arguments are of correct type 3. Confirm target method is visible 4. Look up method on Java class 5. Cache method 6. Invoke method

invokestatic

invokevirtual

invokeinterface

invokespecialinvokedynamic!1. Call bootstrap handle (your code) 2. Bootstrap prepares CallSite + MethodHandle 3. MethodHandle invoked now and future (until CallSite changes)

method handles

invokedynamic bytecode

bootstrap method

target method

How Do You Benefit?

Indy Languages

• New language impls

• JavaScript: Dyn.js and Nashorn

• Redline Smalltalk

• Improved language performance

• JRuby, Groovy, Jython

• Java features too!

Times Faster than Ruby 1.9.3

0

1.25

2.5

3.75

5

base64 richards neural redblack

4.32

3.663.44

2.658

1.565

1.914

1.5381.346

JRuby/Java 6 JRuby/Java 7

red/black tree, pure Ruby versus native

ruby-2.0.0 + Ruby

ruby-2.0.0 + C ext

jruby + Ruby

Runtime per iteration

0 0.75 1.5 2.25 3

0.29s

0.51s

2.48s

Caveat Emptor

• Indy was really slow in first Java 7 release

• Got fast in 7u2...and turned out broken

• Rewritten for 7u40

• Slow to warm up

• Still some issues (memory use, etc)

• Java 8 due in March…

Feeling Helpless?

Out of our control Written in C++

JVM Bytecode

JVM Language

Bytecode Interpreter

Bytecode JIT

Native Code

What If…

• The JVM’s JIT optimizer were written in Java

• You could customize how the JIT works for your language or library

• JITed code could directly make native calls

Graal

• A 100% Java-based JIT framework

• Grew out of the 100% Java “Maxine” JVM

• Backends to assembly or HotSpot IR

• Directly control code generation

• Build a language without using JVM bytecode

• http://openjdk.java.net/projects/graal/

Graal Intermediate

Representation

JVM Language

Graal Optimizer

Native Code

Your Transformations

Your Optimizations

Plain Java APIs

Under your control

However…

• Not everyone is a compiler writer

• Graal’s IR is low-level and nontrivial

• Need to understand JVM internals

• Need some understanding of CPU

The Dream

• Design your language

• ???

• PROFIT

Without JVM

• Design your language

• Work out memory model

• Create an optimizing compiler

• Spend ten years debugging it

• PROFIT

With JVM

• Design your language

• Maybe write an interpreter

• Compile to JVM bytecode

• Pray that the JVM optimizes it right

• PROFIT

What We Want

• Design your language

• ???

• PROFIT

What We Want

• Design your language

• Write an interpreter

• PROFIT

Truffle

• Language framework built on Graal

• Designed to fulfill the dream

• Implement interpreter

• Truffle feeds that to backend

• No compiler expertise needed

• https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/Graal/Truffle+FAQ+and+Guidelines

Traditional Approach

Any JVM

Custom made bytecode compiler

Guest Language

AST interpreter in pure Java

Bytecode emitted by guest language

Truffle Atop JVM

Any JVM

Truffle

Guest Language

AST interpreter in pure Java

Bytecode based on interpreter flow

Truffle Atop Graal

Graal JVM

Truffle

Guest Language

AST interpreter in pure Java

Direct access to compiler internals, IR, machine code cache, on stack replacement, etc etc

The Final Word

• JVM is a powerful platform

• Java and other languages are evolving

• The JVM is adapting to our needs

• New tools breaking JVM’s boundaries

Thank you!

• Charles Oliver Nutter

• @headius, headius@headius.com

• http://blog.headius.com