Download - Beyond JVM - YOW Melbourne 2013
Beyond JVMA tour of upcoming technologies
Reminders
• Green/yellow/red rating system after talk
• Extended Q/A by blue chairs at 12:15
• If not green…stop by and tell me why
Me
• Charles Oliver Nutter
• Red Hat (yes, I have one; no, I don’t wear it)
• JRuby and JVM languages
• JVM hacking and spelunking
• @headius
Goals
• Get you excited about the future of JVM
• Show you there are very few unsolvables
• Convince you to get involved
What is “JVM”?
• The JVM is software that runs JVM bytecode
• Java, Scala, Groovy, JRuby, Clojure, …
• OpenJDK contains Sun’s JVM “HotSpot”
• Oracle’s JDK is based on OpenJDK
• Many other JVMs exist for many platforms
• Some just replace HotSpot
OSS JVMs• Avian
• Azul Zulu
• CACAO
• Dalvik
• GCJ
• HaikuVM
• HotSpot
• IcedTea
• IKVM.NET
• Jamiga
• JamVM
• Jaos
• Jato VM
• Jelatine JVM
• JESSICA
• Jikes RVM (Jikes Research Virtual Machine)
• JOP
• Juice
• Jupiter
• JwiK
• Kaffe
• leDos
• MateVM
• Maxine
• Mika VM
• miniMV
• Mysaifu
• NanoVM
• RoboVM
• SableVM
• Squawk virtual machine
• SuperWaba
• TakaTuka
• TinyVM.
• VM02
Why JVM?
Why Not JVM?
OpenJDK
OpenJDK Timeline
• For years, Sun’s JDK is closed source
• Sun Microsystems starts OSS process in 2005
• Official announcement at JavaOne 2006
• HotSpot OSSed 12 Nov 2006
• JDK OSSed 8 May 2007
A 2006 report prepared for the EU by UNU-MERIT stated that Sun was the largest corporate contributor to open source movements in the world.
According to this report, Sun's open source contributions exceed the combined total of the next five largest commercial contributors.
Unfortunately…
Sun Becomes Oracle
• Sun broke open the OSS piñata
• Java, Solaris, OpenOffice, NetBeans, VirtualBox, ZFS, Dtrace, and more
• Unable to capitalize on OSS
• Hardware can’t make up the difference
• Oracle takes over Sun…oh no!!!
Java SE 7 Updates
0
22.5
45
67.5
90
7u1
7u2
7u3
7u4
7u5
7u6
7u7
7u97u107u117u137u157u177u217u257u407u45
Time since last release
Flurry of exploits
New numbering
9mo of security releases
The OpenJDK landscape looks different this year. Oracle's complete grip on OpenJDK is slowly loosening. They're still the dominant player and perhaps always will be, but things are more level than they were.!!
- Andrew Haley of Red Hat!!
Upon nomination to the OpenJDK governing board for 2013
Truths of OpenJDK
• It is really truly OSS, under GPL+CPE
• You can fork it
• You can distribute builds of it
• You can contribute to it
• Oracle is learning how to do OSS
Java 5 was released September 30, 2004
Java 6 was released December 11, 2006
Java 7 was released July 28, 2011
Java 7 Features
• Strings in switch statements
• More numeric literal forms
• Type inference for generic instances
• try-with-resources statement
• Multiple-catch
static String chooseGreeting(String language) {" switch (language) {" case "Java": return "I love to hate you!";" case "Scala": return "I love you, I think!";" case "Clojure": return "(love I you)";" case "Groovy": return "I love ?: you";" case "Ruby": return "I.love? you # => true";" default: return "Who are you?";" }" }
Java 8 Features
• Lambda expressions
• Type annotations
Java 8 Features
• Lambda expressions • Type annotations
public static void doSort(List<String> input) {" Collections.sort(input,! (a,b)->Integer.compare(a.length(), b.length()));" }" " public static String getInitials(List<String> input) {" return input.stream()" .map(x->x.substring(0,1))" .collect(Collectors.joining());" }
Java 9 Features?
• Modularization?
• Dynamic invocation?
• Value types?
• Reified generics?
• Coroutines? (working patch available!)
• Tail calls? (working patch available!)
Alternative Languages
High-Profile Languages
• Clojure
• Groovy
• Scala
• JRuby
Newcomers
• Kotlin
• Ceylon
• Xtend
• Mirah
Classics
• Jython
• Rhino
• BeanShell
Ported Languages• Ada
• AWK
• BASIC
• BBx
• Boo
• C
• COBOL
• ColdFusion
• Railo
• Open BlueDragon
• Common Lisp
• Component Pascal
• Erlang
• Forth
• Go
• Haxe
• JavaScript
• Logo
• Lua
• Yeti ML
• Oberon-2
• OCaml
• Object Pascal
• PHP
• Prolog
• Python
• R
• REXX
• Ruby
• Scheme
• Smalltalk
• Tcl
New Languages• Alef++
• Ateji PX
• BBj
• BeanShell
• Ceylon
• CAL
• E
• Fantom
• Flow Java.
• Fortress
• Frege
• Frink
• Golo
• Gosu
• Hecl
• Ioke
• KBML
• Kotlin
• Jabaco
• Jaskell
• Jelly
• Join Java
• Joy
• Judoscript
• Libretto.
• Mirah
• N.A.M.E. Basic.
• NetLogo
• Nice
• Noop
• ObjectScript
• PHP.reboot
• Pizza
• Pnuts
• Processing
• Stab
• Sleep
• V
• X10
• Xtend
• Zest
JVM is not just Java
Native Interop
User Code
JNI call
JNI impl
Target Library
Java
C/native
public class GetPidJNI {" public static native long getpid();" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" getpid();" }" " static {" System.load(! System.getProperty("user.dir") +! "/getpidjni.dylib");" }"}
JNI
/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */"#include <jni.h>"/* Header for class com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI */" "#ifndef _Included_com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI"#define _Included_com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI"#ifdef __cplusplus"extern "C" {"#endif"/*" * Class: com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI" * Method: getpid" * Signature: ()J" */"JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_com_headius_jnr_1presentation_GetPidJNI_getpid" (JNIEnv *, jclass);" "#ifdef __cplusplus"}"#endif"#endif
JNI
#include "com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI.h"" "jlong JNICALL Java_com_headius_jnr_1presentation_GetPidJNI_getpid" (JNIEnv *env, jclass c) {" " return getpid();"}
JNI
$ gcc -I $JAVA_HOME/include -I $JAVA_HOME/include/darwin -L $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ -dynamiclib -ljava -o getpidjni.dylib com_headius_jnr_presentation_GetPidJNI.c"!$ java -Djava.library.path=`pwd` -cp target/jnr_presentation-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.headius.jnr_presentation.GetPidJNI
JNI
Nobody enjoys calling native libraries...
...but if you have to call native libraries, you
might as well enjoy it.
Java Native Runtime
• Java API
• for calling Native code
• supported by a rich Runtime library
• You may be familiar with JNA
• Foreign Function Interface (FFI)
• https://github.com/jnr
• Maven artifacts for everything
A Java API for binding native libraries and
native memory
Justifications
• NIO, NIO.2
• Native IO, symlinks, FS-walking,
• Unmanaged memory
• Selectable stdio, process IO
• Low-level or other sockets (UNIX, ICMP, ...)
• New APIs (graphics, crypto, OS, ...)
User Code
JNI call
JNI impl
Target Library
Java
C/native
User Code
JNI call
JNI impl
Target Library
Java
C/native
User Code
JNR stub
JNI call
JNI impl
libffi
Target Library
Java
C/native
import jnr.ffi.LibraryLoader;"import jnr.ffi.annotations.IgnoreError;" "public class GetPidJNRExample {" public interface GetPid {" long getpid();" }" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" GetPid getpid = LibraryLoader" .create(GetPid.class)! .load("c");" " getpid.getpid();" }"}
JNR
Layered Runtime
jffi
jnr-ffi
libffi
jnr-posix
jnr-constants
!
jnr-enxio jnr-x86asmjnr-unixsocket
etc etc
JNR Platforms• Darwin (OS X): universal (+ppc?)
• Linux: i386, x86_64, arm, ppc, ppc64, s390x
• Windows: i386, x86_64
• FreeBSD, OpenBSD: i386, x86_64
• SunOS: i386, x86_64, sparc, sparcv9
• AIX: ppc
• OpenVMS, AS/400: builds out there somewhere
• If your platform isn't here, contribute a build
jnr-ffi
• User-oriented API
• Roughly equivalent to what JNA gives you
• Functions, structs, callbacks, memory
• https://github.com/jnr/jnr-ffi
import jnr.ffi.LibraryLoader;"import jnr.ffi.annotations.IgnoreError;" "public class GetPidJNRExample {" public interface GetPid {" long getpid();" }" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" GetPid getpid = LibraryLoader" .create(GetPid.class)! .load("c");" " getpid.getpid();" }"}
jnr-ffi
jnr-posix
• Pre-bound set of POSIX functions
• Mostly driven by what JRuby, Jython use
• Goal: 100% of POSIX bound to Java
public int chmod(String string, int i);"public int chown(String string, int i, int i1);"public int execv(String string, String[] strings);"public int execve(String string, String[] strings, String[] strings1);"public int fork();"public int seteuid(int i);"public int getgid();"public String getlogin();"public int getpgid();"public int getpgid(int i);"public int getpgrp();"public int getpid();"public int getppid();"public Passwd getpwent();!public Passwd getpwuid(int i);!public Passwd getpwnam(String string);"public Group getgrgid(int i);!public Group getgrnam(String string);"public int getuid();!public boolean isatty(FileDescriptor fd);"public int kill(int i, int i1);!public int symlink(String string, String string1);"public int link(String string, String string1);"public String readlink(String string) throws IOException;"public String getenv(String string);"public int setenv(String string, String string1, int i);"public int unsetenv(String string);"public int getpriority(int i, int i1);"public int setpriority(int i, int i1, int i2);"public int setuid(int i);"public FileStat stat(String string);"public int stat(String string, FileStat fs);"public int umask(int i);"public Times times();"public int utimes(String string, long[] longs, long[] longs1);"public int waitpid(int i, int[] ints, int i1);"public int wait(int[] ints);"public int errno();"public void errno(int i);"public int posix_spawnp(String string, List<? extends SpawnFileAction> list, List<? extends CharSequence> list1, List<? extends CharSequence> list2);
POSIX posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(! new MyPOSIXHandler(this)," isNativeEnabled);
public interface POSIXHandler {! public void error(Errno errno, String string);" public void unimplementedError(String string);! public void warn(WARNING_ID wrngd, String string, Object[] os);" public boolean isVerbose();! public File getCurrentWorkingDirectory();! public String[] getEnv();! public InputStream getInputStream();! public PrintStream getOutputStream();! public int getPID();! public PrintStream getErrorStream();"}
jnr-enxio
• Extended Native X-platform IO
• NIO-compatible JNR-backed IO library
• Read, write, select (kqueue, epoll, etc)
• Low-level fcntl control
• https://github.com/jnr/jnr-enxio
public class NativeSocketChannel" extends AbstractSelectableChannel" implements ByteChannel, NativeSelectableChannel {" public NativeSocketChannel(int fd);! public NativeSocketChannel(int fd, int ops);! public final int validOps();! public final int getFD();! public int read(ByteBuffer dst) throws IOException;" public int write(ByteBuffer src) throws IOException" public void shutdownInput() throws IOException;" public void shutdownOutput() throws IOException;!}
jnr-unixsocket
• UNIX sockets for NIO
• Built atop jnr-enxio
• Fully selectable, etc
• https://github.com/jnr/jnr-unixsocket
How Does It Perform?
getpid calls, 100M times
1ms
10ms
100ms
1000ms
10000ms
100000ms
JNA getpid JNR getpid
import jnr.ffi.LibraryLoader;"import jnr.ffi.annotations.IgnoreError;" "public class GetPidJNRExample {" public interface GetPid {" @IgnoreError" long getpid();" }" " public static void main( String[] args ) {" GetPid getpid = LibraryLoader" .create(GetPid.class)! .load("c");" " getpid.getpid();" }"}
@IgnoreError
getpid calls, 100M times
0ms
500ms
1000ms
1500ms
2000ms
JNR getpid JNR getpid @IgnoreError
getpid calls, 100M times
0ms
500ms
1000ms
1500ms
2000ms
JNR getpid JNI JNR @IgnoreError GCC -O3
But There's More to Do
JVM Help is Coming
• Standard FFI API in JDK
• JIT intelligence
• Drop JNI overhead where possible
• Bind native call directly at call site
• Security policies, segv protection, etc
• Time for an FFI JSR
Recap
• OpenJDK is awesome
• Java is evolving
• JVM languages are everywhere
• Even native code is accessible
27 April, 2011
History
• JVM authors mentioned non-Java languages
• Language authors have targeted JVM
• Hundreds of JVM languages now
• But JVM was a mismatch for many of them
• Usually required tricks that defeated JVM optimizations
• Or required features JDK could not provide
What is invokedynamic
JVM Opcodes
Invocation invokevirtual"
invokeinterface"invokestatic"invokespecial
Field Access getfield"setfield"getstatic"setstatic
Array Access *aload"*astore"
b,s,c,i,l,d,f,a
Stack Local VarsFlow Control
AllocationBoolean and Numeric
Goals of JSR 292
• A user-definable bytecode
• Full freedom to define VM behavior
• Fast method pointers + adapters
• Optimizable like normal Java code
• Avoid future modifications
+ Method Pointers
and AdaptersFaster than reflection, with user-defined argument, flow, and exception handling
A User-definable Bytecode
You decide how the JVM implements it
invokedynamicuser-def’d bytecodeinvokedynamic opcode method pointersMethodHandles
VM Operations Method Lookup Type Checking
Branch Method Cache
Method Invocation
Target Object
Object’s Classvoid foo()
static void bar()
instanceof
obj.foo() JVM
void foo()
Call Site
// Static"System.currentTimeMillis()"Math.log(1.0)" "// Virtual""hello".toUpperCase()"System.out.println()" "// Interface"myList.add("happy happy")"myRunnable.run()" "// Special"new ArrayList()"super.equals(other)
// Static"invokestatic java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J"invokestatic java/lang/Math.log:(D)D"!// Virtual"invokevirtual java/lang/String.toUpperCase:()Ljava/lang/String;"invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream.println:()V"!// Interface"invokeinterface java/util/List.add:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z"invokeinterface java/lang/Runnable.add:()V"!// Special"invokespecial java/util/ArrayList.<init>:()V"invokespecial java/lang/Object.equals:(java/lang/Object)Z
invokestatic
invokevirtual
invokeinterface
invokespecial
invokestatic"1. Confirm arguments are of correct type 2. Look up method on Java class 3. Cache method 4. Invoke method
invokevirtual"1. Confirm object is of correct type 2. Confirm arguments are of correct type 3. Look up method on Java class 4. Cache method 5. Invoke method
invokeinterface"1. Confirm object’s type implements interface 2. Confirm arguments are of correct type 3. Look up method on Java class 4. Cache method 5. Invoke method
invokespecial"1. Confirm object is of correct type 2. Confirm arguments are of correct type 3. Confirm target method is visible 4. Look up method on Java class 5. Cache method 6. Invoke method
invokestatic
invokevirtual
invokeinterface
invokespecialinvokedynamic!1. Call bootstrap handle (your code) 2. Bootstrap prepares CallSite + MethodHandle 3. MethodHandle invoked now and future (until CallSite changes)
method handles
invokedynamic bytecode
bootstrap method
target method
How Do You Benefit?
Indy Languages
• New language impls
• JavaScript: Dyn.js and Nashorn
• Redline Smalltalk
• Improved language performance
• JRuby, Groovy, Jython
• Java features too!
Times Faster than Ruby 1.9.3
0
1.25
2.5
3.75
5
base64 richards neural redblack
4.32
3.663.44
2.658
1.565
1.914
1.5381.346
JRuby/Java 6 JRuby/Java 7
red/black tree, pure Ruby versus native
ruby-2.0.0 + Ruby
ruby-2.0.0 + C ext
jruby + Ruby
Runtime per iteration
0 0.75 1.5 2.25 3
0.29s
0.51s
2.48s
Caveat Emptor
• Indy was really slow in first Java 7 release
• Got fast in 7u2...and turned out broken
• Rewritten for 7u40
• Slow to warm up
• Still some issues (memory use, etc)
• Java 8 due in March…
Feeling Helpless?
Out of our control Written in C++
JVM Bytecode
JVM Language
Bytecode Interpreter
Bytecode JIT
Native Code
What If…
• The JVM’s JIT optimizer were written in Java
• You could customize how the JIT works for your language or library
• JITed code could directly make native calls
Graal
• A 100% Java-based JIT framework
• Grew out of the 100% Java “Maxine” JVM
• Backends to assembly or HotSpot IR
• Directly control code generation
• Build a language without using JVM bytecode
• http://openjdk.java.net/projects/graal/
Graal Intermediate
Representation
JVM Language
Graal Optimizer
Native Code
Your Transformations
Your Optimizations
Plain Java APIs
Under your control
However…
• Not everyone is a compiler writer
• Graal’s IR is low-level and nontrivial
• Need to understand JVM internals
• Need some understanding of CPU
The Dream
• Design your language
• ???
• PROFIT
Without JVM
• Design your language
• Work out memory model
• Create an optimizing compiler
• Spend ten years debugging it
• PROFIT
With JVM
• Design your language
• Maybe write an interpreter
• Compile to JVM bytecode
• Pray that the JVM optimizes it right
• PROFIT
What We Want
• Design your language
• ???
• PROFIT
What We Want
• Design your language
• Write an interpreter
• PROFIT
Truffle
• Language framework built on Graal
• Designed to fulfill the dream
• Implement interpreter
• Truffle feeds that to backend
• No compiler expertise needed
• https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/Graal/Truffle+FAQ+and+Guidelines
Traditional Approach
Any JVM
Custom made bytecode compiler
Guest Language
AST interpreter in pure Java
Bytecode emitted by guest language
Truffle Atop JVM
Any JVM
Truffle
Guest Language
AST interpreter in pure Java
Bytecode based on interpreter flow
Truffle Atop Graal
Graal JVM
Truffle
Guest Language
AST interpreter in pure Java
Direct access to compiler internals, IR, machine code cache, on stack replacement, etc etc
The Final Word
• JVM is a powerful platform
• Java and other languages are evolving
• The JVM is adapting to our needs
• New tools breaking JVM’s boundaries