Eco-Logical Waste Management

with Vermiculture Ecotechnology

Abstract

Nature knows better how to manage organic/inorganic

residues (that we call wastes), in an eco-friendly manner.

Healthy soil that has earthworm activity, can process the

wastes effectively. In such vermiculture ecosystems, wastes

become feed for the soil-processing earthworms that produce

balanced plant nutrients, in a need-based manner. Plants

show healthy growth when they get balanced nutrition. During

such eco-processing, there is no production of heat,

greenhouse gases and toxic leachate that is common in

unscientific waste management. This system also produces

value-added vermicast with biosanitizer properties.

This paper discusses the Vermiculture Ecotechnology (VE), also

termed as Soil BioTechnology (SBT) for ecofriendly waste

management.

Keywords: Vermiculture Ecotechnology, Soil BioTechnology,

biosanitizer

1. Introduction:

During evolution on the earth, focus shifted from water to land,

around 600 million years ago, for plants (that convert inorganics

into organics) and also for waste management. It is necessary to

appreciate logic of this shift and use it in our thinking when we try

to improve our methods of plant growth and waste management

(Bhawalkar, 1997).

If this logic is not appreciated, we often get reports on

unsustainable production of algal biomass in ponds, aimed at

producing more oil per unit area per unit time. Similarly, wastes are

still processed in water(tanks, ponds, lakes, rivers or seas). No

wonder, these efforts are not sustainable.

The aquatic ecosystems, too, have natural mechanisms that can

use diverse wastes as raw materials and produce resources.

Ponds and lakes however are limited by low production, solubility

and diffusivity of oxygen. Hence they have limited self-healing

mechanisms as compared to those that are possible in healthy

soils. They can fail if stretched beyond their limit. This is precisely

why the surface water needs some filtration through a sand

biofilter (needs periodic cleaning) or ideally through an ecological

filter, that cleans itself through ecological mechanisms.

This paper describes synthesis and components of Vermiculture

Ecotechnology(VE), also known as Soil BioTechnology(SBT), for

sustainable plant growth and eco-logical waste management.

2. Methodology:

To develop the most eco-friendly waste management technology,

lessons were taken from Nature that has about 5 billion years of

evolutionary experience on this earth. These were discussed

using the modern evolving disciplines of ecology and ecological

engineering, to create an Eco-Logic, the grammar of Nature.

Eco-Logic developed by Dr Bhawalkar was first published in

1995, in ‘Worm Digest’ - the trade magazine of vermiculture

industry. Eco-Logic can be stated as:

Nature is well designed. Every organism has a role.

Body structure and function is to facilitate its role.

Population of each organism is controlled by the task before the organism.

Organisms could be divided into two categories. They are either resource converters (K-selected) or waste controllers (r-selected).

K-selected organisms are hidden, quiet or pleasant, whereas the r-selected organisms are visible, highly mobile or unpleasant in their behaviour.

Pollution is an indication of waste of resources. Pollution controllers (r-selected organisms) cause human suffering, to variable extent, to draw   our attention to the waste and appeal for the preventive action.

The smaller the organism, the more productive it is.

Predator culls its prey selectively to remove defective young and ineffective old, thus increasing productivity of the prey.

Each niche (function station) has one organism with specific function and specific food. If two organisms try to occupy the same niche, the more effective one gets selected.

Successful breeding is an indication that the organism is playing its role effectively.

Ecosystems are self-designed and self-improving. They are self-controlled, aimed at resource conservation and sustainability. Each organism gives an additional capability to the ecosystem. Biodiversity, thus, improves the ecosystem performance.

Mother Earth behaves as a self-controlled ecosystem. Even the abiotic components, such as lightening, storms, tornadoes, floods, droughts, global warming, ozone layer depletion, forest fires, earthquakes and volcanoes are corrective in action and contribute to the stability. These unpleasant phenomena could be managed best by going to their root cause: the waste of resources by man.

The above Eco-Logic facilitated the development of following

criteria that can guide us in development of eco-friendly waste

management strategies:

- Waste should be seen only as wasted raw material. In fact,

Nature allows no waste. Natural biodiversity ensures that

waste gets used by some organism, as food/feed/substrate.

The terms ‘disposal’, ‘reject’, ‘residue’ or ‘waste’ are not

found in dictionary of Nature.

- Lack of proper biodiversity can slow down the speed of

waste management. A metabolite of one process can get

accumulated because of absence of appropriate consumer

organism. This can cause toxicity to the ecosystem.

- Aerobic conditions allow higher biodiversity. Nature also

selected a path of aerobic processing about 5 billion years

ago. Hence we should opt for aerobic processing, over the

anaerobic processing. No wonder, anaerobic waste

processing produces unpleasant signals(odor) and methane

that has about 20 times higher greenhouse potential, as

compared with CO2.

- Pleasant signals indicate better path whereas an unpleasant

signal indicates wrong, unsustainable path. Mankind has

progressed without modern knowledge of chemistry or

microbiology, only by following this wisdom.

- Plants are the resource producers of Nature. They convert

pollutants(soluble inorganics from soil or water and CO2)

into organics that supply us food, fuel, fibers, fertilizers,

timber, herbs and industrial raw materials. Hence plants

should be made a necessary component of sustainable

waste management. Overreliance on microbial processing

that is common in conventional waste processing

technologies, thus, is not an eco-friendly approach.

- In Nature, wastes are processed on soil, in presence of

actively growing plants and soil-processing earthworms.

Earthworms act as regulators of waste bioprocessing by

matching the reactions to the need of plants (Bhawalkar,

1997). Hence any waste processing without the

earthworms and plants, is going to be wasteful and hence,

unsustainable.

The above criteria lead us to build up VE(vermiculture

ecotechnology) or SBT(soil biotechnology) as an ideal waste

management technology(Bhawalkar, 1997), at the Chemical

Engineering Department of IIT Bombay. The group has been

researching eco-logical techniques of waste management and

sustainable plant production, without the use of chemical

fertilizers and biocides over the past 24 years. The group also has

developed nontoxic eco-logical techniques of pest control in the

society and industries.

3. Performance of VE/SBT System:

Solid organic wastes can be processed without production of toxic

leachate and greenhouse gases, if processed by VE/SBT system.

This shows how the VE/SBT is a complete ecosystem that is

necessary for eco-friendly waste management.

Similarly, wastewater treatment becomes simple and very much

effective, if VE/SBT system is used. Figure 1 shows the layout of

3-stage SBT system that was used to treat complex distillery

wastewater that poses severe challenges because of its

combination of both organic as well as inorganic pollution.

Table 1 gives the performance. The SBT shows reduction of not

only organic pollution(BOD and COD), but also of inorganic

pollutants(Bhawalkar, 1997).

3540570K (mg/L)

272862220Na (mg/L)

9.535184900Cl (mg/L)

120280750051,020COD(mg/L)

3094480026,000BOD(mg/L)

7.5764.0pH

4321STREAM

Table 1: Performance of 3-stage SBT system

4. Production of Biosanitizer:

Wastes are processed by VE/SBT system and converted into plant

growth and vermicast (biosoil). Yield of vermicast depends upon

the C/N ratio of wasted solids and also on age of processed

material. As the age proceeds, the yield gets considerably

reduced, but one gets superior product with amazing biosanitizer

properties. Hence such properly aged (minimum 10 years old)

vermicast can be used as a first generation biosanitizer(VERMI+

+).

Bhawalkar Ecological Research Institute (BERI) has pioneered

production and promotion of VERMI++(biosanitizer grade

vermicast) during the past 12 years, for soil and garbage/sullage

treatment. This was later eco-distilled (super refined) into next

generation biosanitizer ecochip (BIOSANITIZER 9.0), for treatment

of water, food, fuel and air.

The need to develop BIOSANITIZER arose eco-logically because

water that has inorganic and toxic organic pollutants, cannot be

used for the Vermiculture Ecosystem. Also solid and liquid wastes

need to be pretreated before they are fed to VE or SBT.

Biosanitizer is an eco-logical alternative to toxic pest control

remedies that have been used in the agriculture and sanitation

sectors. It also has nutrient holding ability and acts as nutrient flow

regulator for the plants.

The Table shows different applications of BIOSANITIZER

Ecochip. Give No.

BIOSANITIZER Ecochip(be consistent, title above or

below?

Pollution

Indicator

Remedy Benefits

Poor plant growth Seed treatment or

irrigation with

BIOSANITIZED water

Better productivity

and produce quality

Pests in agriculture Irrigation with or

spraying of

BIOSANITIZED water

Reduced

expenditure Non

toxic

Poor animal growth Drinking of

BIOSANITIZED water

Better productivity

and health

Pests in animal

husbandry

BIOSANITIZED

water  spray on skin,

in shed and on food

Reduced

expenditure

Non toxic

Sanitation pests BIOSANITIZED

water  for cleaning and

spraying

Control of odour,

pathogens and

pests

Household pests BIOSANITIZED

water  for cleaning and

spraying

Pest control without

poisons

Food spoilage BIOSANITIZED

water  for cleaning and

spraying

Food preservation

Enhancement of

quality

Human health

problems

BIOSANITIZED

water  for drinking a

cooking

Healthy body

Creative mind

5. Understanding the Biosanitizer Action:

It is a challenge to investigate the biosanitizer action because it

presents a new paradigm in the fields of ecology/ecological

engineering and environmental engineering. It acts as both

fertilizer (nutrient release in a need-based manner) and nontoxic

pest control agent. It also holds plant nutrients and save pollution

of ground and surface water bodies.

The following model, called ‘Nitrate Waste Model’ suggested by Dr

Bhawalkar(Bhawalkar, 1997) may give some hints:

- Plants take in wasted nitrates and CO2 as their food and

produce animal needs (organic molecules and oxygen).

- Plants get insect, fungal, bacterial and virus attack when

extra unbound nitrates are oversupplied to the plants.

- Each animal needs nitrates in a narrow band, along with

organic food(carbohydrates for energy and proteins for body

growth). But an oversupply of nitrates causes insect, fungal,

bacterial and virus attack, respectively, as nitrate band

increases.

- Human need of nitrates is minimal and oversupply causes

body health problems, again in the same order (insect,

fungal, bacterial and virus attack).

- Human body health problems are just the cleansing

mechanisms. Mind problems are created when body health

problems get suppressed, through use of toxic chemicals.

- Both modern emerging body and mind health challenges

may be tackled through ecological sanitation, with the use of

biosanitizer.

- Food spoilage mechanisms are meant for culling food that

has residual nitrates and hence is unfit for human

consumption. Traditional food preservation techniques,

hence, focused on ‘locking the residual nitrates’. Aging of

cheese, wine and whiskey, too, can be studied in terms of

such nitrate-locking mechanisms.

- Low-nitrate biosystems are productive and heal themselves,

of toxins (both organic as well as inorganic). Higher

elements (nutrients) such as P, Na, Cl, Br, I, heavy metals,

etc. also act in a manner similar to nitrates, but act more

strongly. That is the reason; they become toxic even at small

amounts.

- Biosanitizer acts by using diverse nitrate-locking

mechanisms. The lock can be opened only by the plants and

thus the wasted nitrates become a resource. The lock,

however, cannot be opened by natural fire-fighting

mechanisms such as odor-pathogens-pests. These

mechanisms are able to operate where wasted plant

nutrients are there and plants are not able to grow.

- Salts in salty seawater or saline groundwater can be seen as

resources, as $100 bills. Food crops can use salts if they are

made available in the form of $1 bills. We also can use these

converted salts, as minerals. These bioconversions take

place at low nitrates, hence achieving the low nitrates status

seems to offer a key for use of seawater or saline

groundwater for agriculture. This method can also be used

for reclamation of saline soils.

6. Applications of VERMI++:

VERMI++, the first generation biosanitizer grade vermicast, can be

used to sanitize soil, solid organic wastes and sullage(wastewater

that has minimal human fecal matter and urine; wastewater

coming from the bathroom, kitchen and wash basins)(CSE, 2008).

To sanitize soil that has been contaminated with organic or

inorganic pollutants, VERMI++ is sprinkled at the rate of 10 g per

m2 . Mechanical mixing is not absolutely essential, but can be

helpful. Light sprinkling of biosanitized water can also be useful to

speed up the process. Appearance of healthy grass can be one

bioindicator of successful bioremediation of contaminated soil.

Similarly, VERMI++ can be sprinkled on composting bins or

windrows. With a culture application of 10 g/m2, we can expect an

organic loading upto 10 kg/m2,day. Without this input of VERMI++,

ordinary soil(one without earthworms) may show organic loading of

0.1 kg/m2,day. Thus, one can see increase in organic loading, by

a factor of 100.

If the landfill is stinking or creating uncontrollable fires, higher

culture application, of 20-50 g/m2 is recommended. Absence of

leachate and CO2 production is a special feature of VERMI++ for

solid wastes management. Healthy plant growth during/after solid

wastes processing is a good bioindicator of eco-friendly bio-

processing.

For sullage treatment, half a day’s residence time is recommended

in a system described in Fig. 2. VERMI++ dose needed is 20 g for

treating 1,000 liters/day of sullage. The treated sullage is found to

have residual biosanitizer properties as well. It is found to have

resource value for gardening/agriculture and for non-toxic pest

control(ecosanitation).

7. Applications of super-refined biosanitizer(BIOSANITIZER 9.0):

BIOSANITIZER 9.0(the super-refined grade) has applications in

treatment of water, food, fuel, sewage, etc.

6.5 Treatment of hardness in potable water: A Maharashtra

State Police Training Institute near Daund (a rail junction about

60 km south of Pune) had water quality problem in their borewell.

Though the water flow was abundant, they could not use it for

drinking or irrigation because of salt problem and had to buy

tanker-loads of water. Aim was to make the water usable and save

daily expenditure on water tankers.

The institute used BIOSANITIZER and tested water both before

and after the BIOSANITIZER application. (Table 3) The borewell is

yielding about 1,000 m3/day of water and the State Police Training

Institute has been using the treated water with great satisfaction

over the past 3 years.

Add Police case stusy table

Table 3: Treatment of borewell water at the state police

training institute in Maharashtra

The small increase in nitrates and Fe (but still below limit) is a

feature of BIOSANITIZER mechanism. Similar is the case of

increase in the coliform count. When a higher digit pollution

parameter is reduced, a lower digit parameter can increase, like a

case of reduction of loan from Rs 9,99,999 to 1,00,000. We all

know well that coliforms are not the human pathogens; they are

bacteria that indicate ‘niche’ of healthy curd and healthy sewage.

.

72 Retrofitting of Existing STPs with BIOSANITIZER:

Super-refined used to eliminate the use of mechanical aerators

and achieve eco-logical treatment, at various sewage treatment

(treating 120 million liters per day of sewage) at Nashik Municipal

Corporation(NMC) in Maharashtra, Western India. Apart from

savings in the cost of running the aerators (repairs, maintenance

and electricity consumption for total of 500 HP), the treatment is

complete, in terms of remediation of human pathogens, N, P, Na,

Cl, heavy metals, detergents and pesticides. Instead of producing

the greenhouse gases during the sewage treatment, the STPs are

trapping the greenhouse gases from the air, thus partly relieving

the city from the air pollution created due to burning of fossil fuels.

The treated sewage is not only clean in all the aspects, but also

has healing effect on the Godavari River, the second longest

river of India. The river water quality is being monitored, along with

the individual STPs. Table 1 gives the performance (December

2007 and January 2008) of the Tapovan STP (Nashik) that has a

capacity to treat 78 MLD of sewage. A typical river water analysis

after the Godavari River emerges from the city, travels about 6 km

and goes beyond a coal-based thermal power plant is given in

Table 2.

It is seen that though only 126 MLD of sewage is being treated

using the BIOSANITIZER at this time, it has a residual long

distance healing effect on the ‘mistreated’ sewage, untreated

sewage that enters the river (about 35%) and also the ‘mistreated’

industrial waste that enters the river. The thermal power plant that

is about 2 km before the sampling point has severe impact on

ecology through production of flyash (some particles do fly into the

air, in spite of all the precautions) that has heavy metals and

radioactivity hazard.

The river water quality, in fact, appears to be better than the

current drinking water standards (IS 10500).

This is a significant achievement because the Godavari river has

this quality in spite of emerging from an industrial city with 1.5

million population, followed by its travel across a thermal power

plant that burns about 10,000 tons of coal per day.

This also shows that the BIOSANITIZER reaction has a residual

long distance effect on the water stream. Hence, we could get this

water quality in spite of the fact that only about 35% sewage is treated using the

BIOSANITIZER.

Sr.

No. Parameters Inlet to STP Output from STP Limit Unit Method

1.

Temperature 24 24 ---- °C APHA 550-B

2. pH 6.9 7.2 5.5 to 8.5 ---- APHA 4500-H

3. Suspended Solids  84 12 100 mg /L IS 3025

4. Dissolved Oxygen Nil 4.4 5 mg / L APHA 4500-O

5. BOD 174 20 30 mg / L APHA 5210-B

6. COD 392 80 250 mg / L APHA 5220

7. Oil & Grease 14 Nil 10 mg / L APHA 5520-A

8. Total Viable Count 2.4 x 109 5x106 ---- CFU / mL IS 5402: 2002

9. Total coliforms 16 x 109 70 x 105 10 MPN Index/ 100mL APHA 9221-B

10. Faecal coliforms 92 x 108 49 x 105 1000 – 10,000 MPN Index / 100ml APHA 9221-F

11. Escherichia coli 35 x 108 33 x 105 ---- MPN Index / 100mL APHA 9221-F

12. Faecal Streptococci 170 80 ---- MPN Index / 100mL IS 1622 RA2003

13. Copper 0.52 Nil 3 mg / L APHA 3500 Cu-B

14. Iron 3.36 1.02 3 mg / L APHA 3500 Fe-B

15. Lead <0.1 Nil 0.1 mg / L APHA 3111-B, 3-17

16 Mercury 0.01 <0.005 .01 mg / L IS 3025

17. Zinc 0.210 Nil 5 mg / L APHA 3500 Zn-B

18. Detergents 13.20 0.43 1 mg / L APHA 5540-C

Table 1: Performance of 78 MLD STP at Nashik during December 2007 and January 2008

Sr.

No.

Parameters Results Units Method

Physiochemical Analysis

1. Color 4 Hazen units APHA, 21st Ed., 2005, 2120-B, 2-2

2. Odor Unobjectionable --- IS 3025, Part 5, 1983, RA 2002

3. Temperature 31 °C APHA, 21stEd., 2005, 2550-B, 2-61

4. Turbidity 0.9 N.T.U. APHA, 21stEd., 2005, 2130-B, 2-9

5. pH 7.24 --- APHA, 21stEd., 2005, 4500-H+-B, 4-

90

6. Electrical conductivity (at 25°C) 318 µmho/cm APHA, 21stEd., 2005, 2510- B, 2-47

7. Total dissolved solids 180 mg/L IS-3025, Part 16, 1984, RA 2002

8. Dissolved Oxygen 1.1 mg/L IS 3025, Part 38, 1989, RA 1999

9. Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(3 days at 27°C)

<1 mg/L IS 3025, Part 44, 1993, RA 1999

10. Chemical Oxygen Demand <10 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 5220-B, 5-15

11. Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 114 mg/L IS-3025, Part 23, 1986, RA 1998

12. Carbonate (as CaCO3) 0.186 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 2320-B, 2-27,

5-1 & 4500-CO2 -D, 4-34

13. Bicarbonate (as CaCO3) 114 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 2320-B, 2-27,

5-3 & 4500-CO2-D, 4-34

14. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 110 mg/L APHA, 21stEd. 2005, 2340C, 2-37

15. Calcium (as Ca) 13.7 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3500-B, 3-65

16 Magnesium (as Mg) 18.4 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3500-Mg, B, 3-

83

17. Arsenic (as As) N.D. mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3114-C, 3-37

18. Cadmium (as Cd) N.D. mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3111-B, 3-17

19. Total Chromium (as Cr) N.D. mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3111 B, 3-17

20. Iron (as Fe) N.D. mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3111-B, 3-17

21. Lead (as Pb) N.D. mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3111-B, 3-17

22. Mercury (as Hg) N.D. mg/L IS 3025, Part 48, 1994, RA 1999

23. Nickel (as Ni) <0.06 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3111-B, 3-17

24. Zinc (as Zn) 0.024 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 3111-B, 3-99

25. Sodium (as Na) 21 mg/L IS 3025, Part 45, 1993, RA 1999

26. Potassium (as K) 3.07 mg/L IS 3025, Part 45, 1993, RA 1999

27. Boron (as B) N.D. mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 4500-B -B, 4-

23

28. Chloride (as Cl) 21 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 4500-Cl, B, 4-

70

29. Sulphate (as SO4) 14.3 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 4500-SO4 E,

4-188

30. Fluoride (as F) 0.09 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 4500-F, D, 4-

85

31. Phosphate (as P) 0.729 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 4500-P, E, 4-

153

32. Nitrate (as NO3) 0.55 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005,4500-NO3, B-4-

120

33. Nitrite (as NO2) 0.836 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005,4500-NO2-B, 4-

118

34. Ammonia Nitrogen (as NH3-N) 0.732 mg/L APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 4500-NH3, 4-

110

Microbiological Analysis

35. Total Coliforms 9.2 X 103 MPN Index/100ml APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 9221-B, 9-49

36. Faecal Coliforms 3.5 X 103 MPN Index/100ml APHA, 21stEd, 2005, 9221-F, 9-58

Table 2: Water Analysis of Godavari River (350 MLD flow), at 6 km downstream of Nashik, on 26th May

2008

8. Conclusion and Recommendations:

VERMI++(well matured biosanitizer grade vermicast) has shown

superior performance in field-scale applications in agriculture as well

as waste management. Biosanitizer is a stable granular material that

shows nutrient holding property. The nutrients are thus conserved,

thus reducing loss (pollution) into water bodies. Moreover, the

nutrients are released in a need-based manner only to plant roots.

They are not available to the fire fighting and alarm mechanisms

such as odor-pathogens-pests.

This ecosanitation mechanism gives a new potential to promote

biosanitizer as a nontoxic alternative to chemical fertilizers and

pesticides. Biosanitizer has shown at least 4,000 times higher value

addition as compared to normal vermicast(yield of biosanitizer is

considerably lower than that of vermicast, though).

Super refined grade of biosanitizer(BIOSANITIZER 9.0) similarly has

shown applications in water a special features. There is no production

of bio-solids and greenhouse gases. The treated water also has

residual biosanitizer action and becomes a resource for all the

intended applications.

Use of biosanitized water has been found to trigger the activity of soil-

processing earthworms and create healthy productive soils. Polluted

sites, thus can be remediated and made productive, using this

technique.

More research is needed to study the biosanitizer action and explore

new applications in agriculture and waste management in industries

and society.

Figure 1: Three-stage SBT system for distillery wastewater

treatment

Figure 2: Schematic diagram for recycling sullage for gardening

Minimum level

Grey water collected from bath and kitchen

Treated waste water to garden

1 2 43

SBT BED SBT BED SBT BED

Figure 4: Photograph at the decentralized grey water recycling unit

References:

1. Bhawalkar, U.S. (1997) Vermiculture Bioconversion of Organic

Residues, PhD thesis, Chemical Engineering Department, IIT

Bombay, Mumbai(India).  

2. CSE (2008) Recycle and Reuse of Wastewater: Decentralized

Sewage Treatment Options, published by The Center for

Science and Environment(CSE), New Delhi(India)

3. Bhawalkar, U.S., Bhawalkar, S.U. (2008) “Invisible, compact

and high-rate Phytoremediation of water and wastewater using

BIOSANITIZER Ecotechnology”, 11th International Conference

on Wetland Systems Technology in Water Pollution Control,

Nov 1-7, 2008, Indore(India)

4. http://www.wikipatents.com/6890438.html  

5.

6. Write the refs below in standard format.

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HS Shankar, BR Pattanaik, US Bhawalkar - US Patent App. 10/425,289, 2003 - Google Patents... 54) PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WASTES (76) Inventors: Hariharan S. Shankar,Mumbai (IN); Biplab R. Pattanaik, Cuttack (IN); Uday S. Bhawalkar, Pune (IN ... Cited by 7 - Related articles - All 4 versions1.1.2 [CITATION] Soil Biotechnology for Waste Water Treatment and Utilization

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8.  

Introduction to the Author (Dr Uday S. Bhawalkar): After receiving his

B.Tech. in chemical engineering from IIT Bombay in 1973, Dr Bhawalkar

spent 14 years to study nature, agriculture and agro-industries/their pollution.

After developing insight in these aspects, he registered for his PhD in

chemical engineering, again at IIT Bombay. He received his PhD in 1997, for

developing Vermiculture Ecotechnology, which also has secured a US patent.

The technology has been substantially upgraded since then, to

BIOSANITIZER Ecotechnology that has applications in diverse areas, to

convert pollution into resources. He has traveled widely in 15 countries and

exported the technology and the concepts behind it. He is a director of

‘Bhawalkar Ecological Research Institute (BERI)’, Pune (India).

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Additions:

Eco-logic 12 pts from website, methodology articlesCrude BIOSANITIZER applications: garbage, sullage schematic diagram, photo (Jyoti Shah’s article on green cross)Refined 9.0: Police training inst cse study, Sacosan, paper.Total recycle toiletNMCMedical waste, add to references the BJ Medical paper, copy some detailsOnline submission procedures