http://art-historia.blogspot.ro/2010/04/timisoara-otomana_23.htmlhttp://urbanismul.blogspot.ro/2010/05/braila-veche.htmlhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/etatehttp://www.enciclopedia-dacica.ro/!option"com_content#view"article#id"$52#%temid"42&http://arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro/publicatii/ats/ats2/act2-10.htmACTA TERRAE SEPTEMCASTRENSIS II%''( 15*3-1*1$+ditura +conomic,- 'ibiu 2003.utor: Ioan MarianIPLICpag./pages0: 155-115HOTAR, GRANI I / SAU FRONTIERN EVUL MEDIU TIMPURIU Ioan Marian IPLIC ABSTRACTThese three terms had used from many researchers without to analyse what it means each of them. We think thatis a very usefull paper to try to find out when and which terms is proper to use, because each of them can have aspecial means. In our reference material manz researchers deny the existence of border, how we understand now thisterm, in Middle Aes. The !oundary is an verry common terms from the first centuries of Middle Aes and it is used to appoint aproperty but the limit of this property, too.The !order is more typical for the medieval documents, when is need toappoint political limits for a kindom and the "rontier, an modern terms, is used as a draft for the military limits ofan kindom. lari2icareaproblematicii re2eritoarelamodalit,3ilededelimitareateritoriului 4ncadrul c,ruiasee5ercit,oautoritatepolitic,6i implicit militar,- a2,cut obiectul mai multorcercet,tori preocupa3i deperioada antichit,3ii romane- e5ist7nd o multitudine de abord,ri 4n ceea ce prive6te grani3a 8 limes#ul 8%mperiului 9oman. :ai pu3in abordat,- 4n peisa;ul bibliogra2ic rom7nesc- a r,mas aceast, problem, pentruperioada medieval, timpurie 6i acest lucru s-a datorat 4n mare m,sur, penuriei de in2orma3ii documentareprivitoare la domeniul 4n cau, iar un tim" a'&mntor, dar cu un&*& &*&m&nt& mai &)o*uat& 7nc&&a c& "ri)&.t& am&naCar&a un&ib&rm& 7n 3a5a "a*i'ad&i .i a unui drum d& rond 7n'"at&*& ac&'t&ia %ca6u* "a*i'ad&i d& *a incinta I a 3orti4ca5i&i @b8ca 1+, c& '& dat&a6 7n adouaCumtat&a'&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a.i 7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a, &'t&c&* d&*aPo6nan=51> .i c&* d&*aF&(r&n-2Sbc(in=52> %4#$ !+$ P&ba6aac&'torana*o#ii "ut&madmit& ridicar&a "a*i'ad&i 'im"*& d& *a @b8ca 1, din "rima &ta" d& 3orti4car&, 3a6aa-I-a, 7n"rimatr&im&a'&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a, ca&*&m&nt d&3orti4car&aa.&6rii&9i't&nt& aici .i 3unc5ion8nd "8n *a '38r.itu* '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a 'au c&* mu*t "8n 7n"rimii ani ai '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a$Tipul p1 r&"r&6inttr&c&r&a *acatoria "a*i'ad&*orcom"*&9&, c& '&ridic ca"art& intrant a unui )a* d& "m8nt$ Ac&'t ti" &'t& con'id&rat ca 4ind a* doi*&a ti"d& 3orti4ca5i& &9i't&nt "& t&ritoriu* Tran'i*)ani&i 7n cur'u* &)u*ui m&diu tim"uriu=53>$A't3&* d&"a*i'ad&com"*&9&'unt docum&ntat&*a@b8ca2, H*adimir&'cu, C*uC-Mn.tur 2, 4ind datat& ca 3unc5ion8nd c&* mai t8r6iu "8n *a miC*ocu* '&co*u*ui a*;I-*&a=5!>$ 2a Eirioara a 3o't c&rc&tat 7n S II o "a*i'ad d& *&mn di'tru' "rintr-un"ut&rnic inc&ndiu .ia.a cum r&6u*t din "ro4*u*"ub*icat &a nu a 3o't ridicat "&coama 'au 7n '"at&*& unui )a* d& "m8nt, d&oar&c& '& aK "& una dintr& *aturi*& cuma9im "rot&c5i& natura*=55> %4#$ -+$ @in "o6i5ia .i di'"un&r&a b8rn&*or carboni6at&,#roa'&d&5-8cm.i *at&d&15-2cm'-a"utut r&con'titui "ar5ia* t&(nicad&con'truir&a"a*i'ad&i$Ini5ia*,du"c&t&r&nu* a 3o'tni)&*at,"&'t& *utu* 't&ri* '-aridicat o "a*i'ada crui 'c(&*&t d& *&mn &ra con'tituit 7n modu* urmtor, "&r&5ii&9t&riori &rau 3orma5i din b8rn& #roa'& d& c8t& 2-! cm$ a.&6at& *on#itudina*, iar *adi'tan5a n&a*&%2-3m+ &*&&rau '"riCinit& d& 't8*"i)&rtica*i #ro.id& 3-! cm$Ac&.ti "&r&5i &rau *a5i 7ntr& &i *a ba6, d& b8rn& tran')&r'a*& *un#i d& cca$ 1,5 m,di'"u'& *a o di'tan5 d& 15-2 cm una d& *ata$ S"a5ii*& #oa*& dintr& b8rn& au 3o'tum"*ut& cu "m8nt iar 7n'"r& "art&a 'u"&rioar a "a*i'ad&i b8rn&*& tran')&r'a*& numai &rau a.a d& d&'&, ci &rau di'"u'& *a di'tan5 d& cca$ 1 m, 3orm8ndcom"artim&nt& "atru*at&r& um"*ut& cu "m8nt=5->$ @in "ro4*u* d& &'t a* S II r&6u*tc "a*i'ada a a)ut ini5ia* o *5im& d& 5 m %4#$ -+$ @atar&a ac&'t&i 3a6& d& 3orti4car&da *a Eirioara nu &'t& u.or d& 3cut, dar "rin ana*o#i& cu c&&a c& '& cunoa.t& d& *a@b8ca autorii c&rc&trii au "ro"u' ca datar& a mom&ntu*ui d& "r'ir& a* ac&'tuiti" '38r.itu* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a=57>$Pa*i'ada d& *a incinta I d& *a @b8ca 2 &'t& con'truit 7ntr-o mani&r 'imi*ar,'c(&*&tu* d& *&mn a* "a*i'ad&i a)&a "&r&5ii &9t&riori din b8rn& a.&6at& *on#itudina*,4ind '"riCini5i din *oc 7n *oc d& 't8*"i )&rtica*i, 'tructura 4ind con'o*idat cu aCutoru*a*tor b8rn&di'"u'&tran')&r'a*, 3orm8ndu-'&com"artim&nt&ru*at&c&au3o'tum"*ut& cu "m8nt$ @atar&a ac&'t&i "a*i'ad& a 3o't 3cut "& ba6aunor "i&'& d&m&ta* #'it& 'ub 'tratu* d& ar'ur 'cur' du" di'tru#&r&a "a*i'ad&i '"r& int&rioru*incint&i, o br5ar .i un co*i&r d& bron6, un in&* d& ar#int, dou )8r3uri d& '#&5i,car&'&7n'criu7n"&rioadacu"rin'7ntr&adouaCumtat&a'&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a.i'&co*u*a*;I-*&a=58>$ Ac&&a.i'itua5i& 4ind docum&ntat .i7n ca6u*3orti4ca5i&iC*uC-Mn.tur 2, und&"a*i'adaa"utu4datatmai &9act "&ba6aunor mat&ria*&c&ramic&cuana*o#ii *aA*baIu*ia, Eirioara, C&nad, Pcuiu* *ui Soar&.i anum&3ra#m&nt&d& c6n&*& .id&)a'& cu #8tcan&*at,databi*&7n adouaCumtat& a'&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a .i 7n '&co*u* a* ;I-*&a=5B>$ @i'tru#&r&a ac&'tor "a*i'ad& '& "ar& c aa)ut *occoncomit&nt datoritconKict&*or dinadoua"art&a'&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&adintr& ra*itat&a un#ar .i "&c&ni .i cumani$ C&*& mai "ut&rnic& ana*o#ii *a ac&'tti"d&"a*i'ad'&7nt8*n&'c7n'"a5iu* "o*on&6*aN*&cQo.i *aPni&6no, car&'untdatat& 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a=->, r&"r&6&nt8nd totu.i )ariant& mu*t maia)an'at&d&c8t c&*&cuno'cut&"8n7n"r&6&nt 7nTran'i*)ania$ Ac&'t *ucru'-ar"ut&adatorami#rrii ac&'tui ti"d&"a*i'addin'"r&'"a5ii*&'*a)i*or ori&nta*i .ioccid&nta*i'"r& c&*& a*& Euro"&iC&ntra*& .i d& 'ud-&'t "i&r68ndu-.i tr&"tat un&*&caract&ri'tic&.i 'u3&rindtran'3ormri c&*&indi)idua*i6&a67n4&car&riun&7n"art&$@&ci, ti"u* p1dinTran'i*)ania'&7ncadr&a6crono*o#ic7n"&rioadacu"rin'7ntr&'38r.itu* '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a.i 7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a, 4indcaract&ri'tic"&ntru a.&6ri 3orti4cat& d& dim&n'iuni r&*ati) mari$Tipul p4$ Ac&'t ti" d& "a*i'ad &'t& unu* &)o*uat din ti"u* "2, dar con'truc5ia '-a"r&'u"un& un an'amb*u d& &*&m&nt& mu*t mai com"*&9, 4ind con'tituit din )a* d&"m8nt ca'&tat .i 7mb*nit cu b8rn& d& *&mn, "a*i'ad com"*&9 r&a*i6at din *&mn.i "m8nt$ $Ac&'t ti" d& "a*i'ad &'t& com"*&tat 7n ca6u* 3orti4ca5i&i d& *a Star& M&'to d& un.ir d& "ari 7n4"5i ob*ic "&'t& .an5u* d& a"rar&, c& a)&au ro*u* d& a "rot&Ca *atura&9t&rioar a "&r&t&*ui "a*i'ad&i$ , a.acum'untcuno'cut&.i *a#rani5ad&)&'taratu*ui un#ar 7n riun& Mur M Raab=-B>$ :n "art& d& &'t a Tran'i*)ani&i 'i't&mu* d&"ri'ci &'t& con'tituit din &*&m&nt& continu& M )a*uri d& "m8nt cu "a*i'ad 7n un&*&"unct&M 'u'5inut&d&"unct&49&d&a"rar&.i d&comunit5i '"&cia*i6at&7na"rar&a#rani5&*or$ ?ana*i6mai a"ro3undataac&'tor 'i't&m&d&a"rar&a#rani5&*or ar "&rmit& o d&"artaCar& a unor 'ubti"uri, dar ac&a't ti"o*o#i& nu ar&n&a"rat .i o )a*oar& 7n "*an crono*o#ic, d&oar&c& 4&car& din &*&m&nt&*& "r&6&ntat&mai 'u' &'t& "r&6&nt 7nc&"8nd din '&co*u* a* ;-*&a .i t&rmin8nd cu '&co*u* a* ;III-*&a,3r a '& "ut&a d&o'&bi un anum& ti" caract&ri'tic "&ntru o "&rioad d& tim"$,u"tipul % ". .orti&ca!ii cu val de pmnt /v0v12 i 3 fr palisad simpl /p02.Prim&*& 3orti4ca5ii a*& &)u*ui m&diu tim"uriu au 3o't ridicat& din mat&ria*&*& c&*&mai r'"8ndit&M"m8ntu* .i *&mnu* -, car&nu"r&'u"un&aucuno.tin5&t&(nic&a)an'at& 7n c&&a c& "ri)&.t& "r&*ucrar&a *or$ V$ U&n'&*, "& ba6a c&rc&tri*or a'u"ra3orti4ca5ii*or din Po*onia, C&(ia, S*o)acia .i Ru'ia, con'id&r c i"ot&6a, du" car&c&*& mai )&c(i ti"uri d& 3orti4ca5ii cuno'cut& 7n m&diu* '*a) au 3o't c&*& cu "a*i'ad,&'t& "8n 7n "r&6&nt #&n&ra* admi' d& c&rc&ttorii "&rioad&i, &9i't&n5a un&i"a*i'ad&4indcon'tatat7nmai mu*t&ca6uri "&t&ritoriu* Po*oni&i %&9$ Pni&6no,WXc6Jca, SantoQ+ .i 7n Mora)ia %&9$ MiQu*Yic&+=7>$ :n '"a5iu* tran'i*)an ac&'t& "rim&3orti4ca5ii a*& &)u*ui m&diu tim"uriu 'unt a*ctuit& din val, an! i pe coama valuluio palisad simpl, iar 3orma incint&*or &'t& 7n #&n&ra* circu*ar$ P$ Iambora r&*i&3atd&'tu* d&bin&'imi*itudini*&7nc&&ac&"ri)&.t&"o6i5ia'tratic, ada"tar&a*a3orm&*& d& r&*i&3, t&(nica d& con'truc5i& a )a*uri*or d& "m8nt 7nconCurat& d& .an5urid&a"rar&, 'imi*itudini c&'unt )a*abi*&.i 7nca6u* 3unc5iona*it5ii 3orti4ca5ii*or,maCoritat&a nu 'unt doar c&ntr& mi*itar&, ci .i c&ntr& 3orti4cat& a*& unor a.&6ri cu"o"u*a5i& mai num&roa' 7n com"ara5i& cu a.&6ri*& d&'c(i'&=71>$A.&6ri*&3orti4cat&din'"a5iu* tran'i*)an'&aKmai a*&'7n"art&a)&'ticaac&'tuia, "&im"ortant&drumuri 'tratic&.i com&rcia*&c&'&d&'3.oard&-a*un#u* cur'uri*or mari*or r8uri na)i#abi*&cum'unt Mur&.u* .i Som&.u*, a"r8nd6on&*& bo#at& 7n min&r&uri din Mun5ii A"u'&ni .i c&i M&ta*i3&ri .i 'a*in&*& %?cna @&C,Sic, CoCocna, ?cna Tur6ii, ?cna Mur&., ?cni.oara+$-9!)plifc'ri: 7"ca 0. M cuprinde forti&ca!iile apar!innd incintelor numiteconven!ional %, %%% i respectiv %V %3a6a I d& 3orti4car& Pa'cu M Ru'u+0orti4ca5ii*& c&*or "atru incint& d& *a @b8ca r&"r&6int c&*& mai im"ortant& .i"oat&mai di'cutat&&*&m&nt&d&3&n'i)&dinTran'i*)ania.i dinac&a'tcau6n&o"rim .i 7n d&m&r'u* no'tru a'u"ra *or, 7nc&rc8nd ' aduc&m un "*u' d& c*aritat& 7n&)o*u5ia 3orti4ca5i&i .i a 'ucc&'iunii &*&m&nt&*or d&3&n'i)&$ Autorii c&rc&tri*orar(&o*o#ic& d&'3.urat& "& "arcur'u* a mai mu*t& cam"anii nu au o3&rit comunit5ii.tiin5i4c&d&c8t ra"oart&d&'"tur'aua'"&ct&cont&9tua*&a*&an'amb*u*ui3orti4ca5i&i d& *a @b8ca=72>$@b8caI r&"r&6int&ta"ad&con'truir&a)a*uri*or d&"m8nt cu.an5uri d&a"rar& a3&r&nt& incint&*or numit& con)&n5iona* I, III .i IH, "& *atura d& 'ud M 'ud-)&'t, und& t&r&nu* nu o3&r&a "rot&c5i& natura* %4# B+$ C&*&*a*t& *aturi a*& 3orti4ca5i&iau 3o't 7ntrit& cu o "a*i'ad 'im"*, din 't8*"i ma'i)i d& *&mn 7n4"5i )&rtica* unu**8n# a*tu*, a.a cum '-a con'tatat 7n S3/III din 1B-- "& *atura d& &'t a incint&i a III-a=73>, c& ar& ana*o#ii 7n riun&a Oitomir / Po*onia$ :n 3a6a a II-a a &ta"&i I Pa'cu MRu'u '& mr&.t& )a*u* incint&i I, iar drumu* d& rond &9i't&nt 7n '"at&*& ac&'tui )a* a3o't "i&truit$ P& ac&'t 'trat d& *&'"&6i d& "& drumu* d& rond au 3o't c&rc&tat& dou)&tr& d& 3oc, 4ind d&'co"&rit& mat&ria*& c&ramic& .i c&i "atru "andanti)& 7n 3ormd& c*o"o5&*=7!>$Ana*i6a mat&ria*&*or ar(&o*o#ic& d&'co"&rit&, "r&cum .i com"arar&a'trati#ra4i*or c&*or tr&i )a*uri au artat c &*& 'unt con'truit& 7n &ta"& di3&rit&, dar *aint&r)a*& 'curt& d& tim"$ :n 'tratu* cor&'"un6tor ni)&*u*ui d& di'tru#&r& 3orti4ca5i&i@b8ca 1 au 3o't #'it& 3ra#m&nt& c&ramic& *ucrat& at8t *a roata 7nc&at c8t .i *ac&a ra"id, )&tr& d& 3oc, )8r3uri d& '#&5i &tc$, databi*& 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a,cu"o'ibi*itat&d&&9tind&r&a*imit&i crono*o#ic&in3&rioar&'"r&u*tima"art&a'&co*u*ui a* I;-*&a$ S&"arar&a 'u"ra3&5&i 3orti4cat& 7n tr&i incint& nu ar& *tur cu'itua5ia t&r&nu*ui, a.a cum a"r&cia6uniiautori=75>,cimaidrabcur&K&ctar&aun&i 'itua5ii 'ocia*&$ Nu a)&m d& a 3ac& doar cu o 'im"* a.&6ar& 3orti4cat, ci maidrabcuo curtecneziali aezareaaferentacesteia, 3a"t 'u'5inut .i d&d&'co"&rir&a 7n incint&*& III .i IH a num&roa'& *ocuin5& .i )&tr& d& 3oc cu mat&ria*c&ramic .i "i&'& din m&ta* caract&ri'tic& "&ntru '&co*&*& I;-;=7->$Crono*o#ia ab'o*ut .iint&r"r&tri*& i'toric& a*& co*&cti)u*uid& c&rc&tar& d& *a@b8caau3o't"u'&'ub'&mnu* 7ntr&brii d&mu*5i c&rc&ttori=77>,darcrono*o#iar&*ati).i "r&ci6ar&a&ta"&*or d& con'truc5i&'unt &*&m&nt& c&'unt acc&"tat& 7ni'torio#ra4&ca4indr&a*&$ A*$ Mad#&arua"r&cia6cin)&ntaru* d&'co"&rit 7n*ocuin5&*&dinincintaaIH-a.i aIII-anu&'t&r&*&)ant"&ntrudatar&a3orti4ca5i&i@b8ca 1, d&oar&c& ac&'t&a "ot 4 ant&rioar& ridicrii 3orti4ca5i& *a incint&*& III .i IH,a.a cum '& 'ub*inia6 .i 7ntr-un artico* din anu* 1B8=78>$ :n c&&a c& "ri)&.t& datar&a3orti4ca5i&i @b8ca 1 %cu c&*& dou 3a6& d& 3unc5ionar&+ d& mai mar& aCutor 'unt c&i"atru"andanti)&7n3ormd&c*o"o5&i, dinar#int, 4*i#rana5i, car&au"ut&rnic&ana*o#ii 7n 6ona bu*#ar %&9$ Pr&'*a)+, 7n &'tu*Au'tri&i %&9$ @ra''bur#+, und& 'untdata5i 7n u*tima tr&im& a '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a .i *a 7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a=7B>, d&cinu "oat& 4 acc&"tat *ar&a mom&ntu*ui d& di'tru#&r& a 3orti4ca5i&i @b8ca 1 d&*u"t&*& du'& 7n "&rioada d& 7nc&"ut a '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a$ A*$ Mad#&aru con'id&r cdi'tru#&r&a3a6&i I a3orti4ca5i&i d&*a@b8ca%@b8ca1+ aa)ut *oc"&3ondu*conKictu*ui dintr&Et&3anI .i PJ*a' c&* T8nr / ProQuC dinanii 12/13, 4indr&3cutc8t&)ad&c&nii mai t8r6iu=8>, admi58ndtotu.i c@b8ca1ar 4"utu4cont&m"oran cu "&rioada *ui P&*u$ Ac&a't datar& &'t& 'u'5inut .i d&d&'co"&rir&a unor 3ra#m&nt& d& )a'& cu #8t can&*at c& a"ar5in unui ti" d& c&ramicr'"8ndit 7nnord-&'tu* $@in "unct d& )&d&r& a* "*anu*ui 3orti4ca5i&i c&*& mai mu*t& ana*o#ii '& 7nt8*n&'c7n 6ona "o*ono-ru' .i @b8ca 1 '-ar 7ncadra din ac&'t "unct d& )&d&r& 7n ti"u* I C,d& 3orm circu*ar, arcuit 'au triun#(iu*ar, a* ti"o*o#i&i *ui A$ OaQi=82> 'au du" a*tcrit&riu d& c*a'i4car& 7n ti"u* II Ca* ti"o*o#i&i *ui Z$ ?*c6aQ, N$ Siuc(nin'Qi=83>D3orti4ca5ii 'ituat& "& "romontorii 7na*t&, cu "ant& abru"t&, amb&*& datat& 7n"&rioada '&co*&*& HIII-;I$:n conc*u6i& admit&m &9i't&n5a un&i 3orti4ca5ii, numit d& noi 7n modcon)&n5iona* 3'(:ca 1 %cor&'"un6toar& &ta"&i I Pa'cu-Ru'u+, c& a &9i'tat 7n cur'u*'&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a.i &)&ntua* "8n7n"rimii ani ai '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a, 3orti4ca5i&ridicat "ar5ia* "&'t& o a.&6ar& mai )&c(& dat8nd din '&co*&*& HIII-I;, du" cum odo)&d&.t&cimitiru* d&ti"M&dia.d&'co"&rit7n6onaincint&i aIH-a.i a"*icadinbron6 atribuibi* ori6ontu*ui a)ar d& *a '38r.itu* '&co*u*ui a* HIII-*&a=8!>$ Clu8 9 :ntur 0. M forti&ca!ia cu val de pmnt i an! deaprare %3a6a I d& 3orti4car& Iambor M Mat&i+@in "rima 3a6 d& 3orti4car& '& mai "'tr&a6 )a*u* d& "m8nt a)8nd o 7n*5im&d& cca$ 1,B m .io *5im& 7n "art&a 'u"&rioar& d& !,75 m$ Ha*u*&'t& 3ormat din'traturi 'ucc&'i)&d&"m8nt ni'i"o', "i&tri..i *&nti*&7n#u't&d&"m8nt nrubtut$ C&*& dou 3&5& a*& )a*u*ui u.or ta*u6at& au 3o't 7mb*nit& cu b8rn& d& *&mn#roa'&d&,1-,15m, di'"u'&*on#itudina* .i '"riCinit&din*oc7n*ocd&'t8*"i)&rtica*i$ C&ramica #'it aici &'t& 7ncadrat 3oart& *ar# 7ntr& '&co*&*& HIII-;=85>, a't3&*7nc8t .i datar&a 3orti4ca5i&i C*uC-Mn.tur 1 &'t& o "rob*&m a i'torio#ra4&in&r&6o*)at "8n 7n "r&6&nt, autorii c&rc&trii ar(&o*o#ic& "ro"un8nd datar&a7nc&"uturi*or &i *a '38r.itu* '&co*u*ui a* I;-*&a .i 7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a=8->$Con'truir&a 3orti4ca5i&i '-a 3cut, ca .i 7n ca6u* 3orti4ca5i&i @b8ca 1, dinn&c&'itat&ad&ao3&ri "rot&c5i&a.&6rii ci)i*&d&aici, iar t&(nica'imi*ard&c"tu.ir& a )a*u*ui d& "m8nt, "r&cum .i un&*& d&'co"&riri c&ramic& %)a'& cu #8tcan&*at+ 'imi*ar& cu c&*& d& *a @b8ca 1 7ndr&"t5&'c o datar& 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a*;-*&a, iar o a"*ic d& c&ntur din bron6, d&'co"&rit 7n "m8ntu*d& um"*utur a*un&i #ro"i car& a d&ranCat 'traturi*& cor&'"un6toar& a.&6rii=87>, 7m"in#& "&rioadad&7nc&"ut a3orti4ca5i&i C*uC-Mn.tur 17n"rimatr&im&a'&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a=88>$Ac&'t&con'id&r&nt&"u'&7n*turcu 3a"tu* c7n)a*u*d&"m8ntnu au 3o'td&"i'tat& d&c8t mat&ria*& c&ramic& a"ar5in8nd "&rioad&i roman& .i "o't-roman&=8B>,7ndr&"t5&'cacr&ditar&aid&ii con'truirii 3orti4ca5i&i C*uC-Mn.tur 1concomit&nt'au *a 3oart& 'curt tim" du" a"ari5ia a.&6rii$@&o'&bir&a maCor 7ntr& c&*& dou 3orti4ca5ii cont&m"oran& &'t& c @b8ca 1 a&)o*uat d&*a'tatutu* d&3orti4ca5i&co*&cti)%ti"u* ;I+ *a'tatutu* d&3orti4ca5i&c&ntrud&comitat %@b8ca2+ 7ntim"c&C*uC-Mn.tur a3o't "&tot "arcur'u*&9i't&n5&i 'a*& 3orti4ca5i& co*&cti)$ P$ Iambor a acr&ditat id&&a du" car& *a C*uC-Mn.tur a 3o't c&ntru* comitatu*ui C*uC, at&'tat "rin num&roa'&*& m&n5ionridocum&ntar& din a doua Cumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;II-*&a .i d& *a 7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a*;III-*&a=B>, dar du" 12!1 3orti4ca5ia nu a mai 3o't r&3cut=B1>, c&&a c& &'t& #r&u d&admi' c '& "ut&a 7nt8m"*a dac &a &ra c&ntru d& comitat$A*turid& ac&'t& 3orti4ca5ii'& mai"oat& &num&ra .i3orti4ca5ia d& *a ?r.ti&,car& r&"r&6int, "rin am"*a'ar&a 'a, un ca6 a"art& 7n t&ritoriu* intracar"atictran'i*)an, 4ind con'truit 7ntr-o 6on m*.tinoa'$ 0orti4ca5ia d& *a ?r.ti& %numitd& noi ?r.ti& 2+ '& dat&a6 7n '&co*&*& ;-;I, 4ind a*ctuit dintr-un )a* d& "m8ntcu"a*i'ad'im"*.i .an5 d&a"rar&.i, ca.i 7nca6u* 3orti4ca5i&i @b8ca1,'u"ra"un& o a.&6ar& datat cu mat&ria* c&ramic 7ncadrabi* 7n '&co*&*& HIII-I;=B2>$ @inc&rc&tri*&, ar(&o*o#ic& '-a "utut con'tata c, "& *atura d& &'t, nu '-a '"at un .an5ad8nc a.a ca 7n '&ctoru* d& 'ud, ci '-a am&naCat doar o "a*i'ad 'im"* 3o*o'indu-'&"robabi* 7nc*ina5ia natura* a t&r&nu*ui acc&ntuat "rintr-un )a* r&a*i6at din "i&tri. .i*ut "urtat, )a* c& 'u"ra"un& a't3&* un 'trat d& cu*tur c& con5in& c&ramic databi*7n '&co*u* HIII=B3>$ @atar&a "&rioad&i d& 3o*o'ir& a "a*i'ad&i a 3o't 3cut "& ba6a unui)8r3 d& '#&at cu "&duncu* d& "rind&r& c& '& dat&a6 du" '&co*u* a* ;I-*&a=B!> %4#$11+, a)8nd&9t&n'i&7ntim""8n*a7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a* ;II-*&a$ Mom&ntu* d&d&'4in5ar& a "a*i'ad&i 'im"*& &'t& docum&ntat d& dub*ar&a 6idu*ui rotond&i, dub*ar&c& tai& "& Cumtat& o #roa" d& *a unu* dintr& 't8*"ii "a*i'ad&i, 3a"t c&d&mon'tr&a6 c "a*i'ada nu mai &ra 7n 3unc5i& *a ac&* mom&nt$Pun8nd 7n &cua5i& n&cro"o*a aKat 7n "unctu*?r.ti& M @&a*u*P&mi*or ;2=B5> .i3orti4ca5ia aKat *a Uun&doara M @&a*u* S8n"&tru, con'id&rm c a)&m d& a 3ac& cuni.t&"unct&3orti4cat&'u'5inut&d&comunit5i drnic&ri, datat&7ntr&adouaCumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a .i "rima Cumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a$@&ci, "ut&m )orbid& &9i't&n5a "& t&ritoriu*tran'i*)an a unuiti" d& 3orti4ca5iicaract&ri'tic "&ntru '&co*u* a* ;-*&a, dar car& '& "r&*un#&.t& .i 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a*;I-*&a %ti" numit d& noi Ib+, a*ctuit 7n "rinci"a* dinvaluri d! p'):nt d& dim&n'iunir&*ati)i mici %cca$ 3-!m+, car&"ot 4.i 7mb*nit&cub8rn&d&*&mn"&*atura&9t&rioar, &anuri d! ap'rar! cu d&'c(id&r&a 7n "art&a 'u"&rioar d& cca$ 3 m,a.a cuma)&m 7nca6u* 3orti4ca5ii*or d&*a@b8ca 1,C*uC-Mn.tur1,Eirioara 1,H*adimir&'cu.i N*a5i .i palisad!si)pl! dintr-un.ird&b8rn&7n4"t&7n"m8nt%&9$ @b8ca 1+$,u"tipul % c. .orti&ca!ii cu val de pmnt i palisad comple5.0orti4ca5ii*& a3&r&nt& ac&'tui 'ubti" r&"r&6int o 3a6 &)o*uat a 3orti4ca5ii*or d&"m8nt din cadru* 'ubti"u*ui Ib, dator8ndu-'& 7n "rinci"a* continurii unor inKu&n5&)&'t-'*a)&, at&'tat d& "r&6&n5a 7n 6ona d& nord-)&'t a Tran'i*)ani&i a n&cro"o*&*ord& *a Nu.3a*u %Cud$ S*aC+ .i Som&.&ni=B->, a tumu*i*or d& *a S8nicoar %com$ A"a(ida,Cud$ C*uC+=B7> .i a &*&m&nt&*or d& ti" M&dia.$ :nc&"8nd din "rima "art& a '&co*u*ui a*;I-*&a 3orti4ca5ii*& cu )a*uri d& "m8nt 7.i 7ntr&'c 'i't&mu* d&3&n'i) "rin con'truir&ad&"a*i'ad&7nt&(nica ca'&trii .i "rin7ntrir&a 'tructurii )a*u*ui "rin ac&&a.imoda*itat&%a'&mntoar&din"unctu* d&)&d&r&a* t&(nicii cu6iduri*&c&t5i*ordacic&M murusdacicus+$:ncadru* ac&'tor"a*i'ad&au3o'td&*imitat&mai mu*t&ti"uri c& marc(&a6 tra'&u* *or '"r& 3a6a 4na*, d& *a "a*i'ad& din *&mn cu "&r&5idub*i 'u'5inu5i d& b8rn& tran')&r'a*& .i "m8nt bttorit 7n ca'&t&*& a't3&* r&6u*tat&%caract&ri'tic& "&ntru "rima Cumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a+, *a "a*i'ad&*& din c& 7n c&mai com"*&9&, car& au 3o*o'it .i "iatra ca &*&m&nt d& 7ntrir& a 'tructurii d& *&mn%caract&ri'tic& "&ntru "art&a 4na* a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a .i "&ntru "rima Cumtat& a'&co*u*ui a* ;II-*&a+=B8>$ Ac&'t 'i't&md& 3orti4car& im"*ica .i un&*& &*&m&nt&d&3&n'i)& a)an'at&, cum ar 4 am"*a'ar&a unui .ir d& "ari 7n4"5i ob*ic 7n mar#in&a.an5u*uid& a"rar&, "&ntru a "rot&Ca c8t maibin& "a*i'ada %&9$ @b8ca 2, Tum /Po*onia+$ :n a doua Cumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a '& #&n&ra*i6&a6 .i 7n Tran'i*)aniacon'truir&a d& )a*uri d& "m8nt d& dim&n'iuni mari %cca$ 8-1 m 7n*5im&+ c"tu.it&cub8rn&d&*&mndi'"u'&*on#itudina* .i "rin'&d&b8rn&di'"u'&)&rtica* %&9$@b8ca 2, Eirioara, C*uC-Mn.tur 2+, cu ana*o#ii *a V&r*a .i PrSn[a*d / P&rmania=BB>,Stara Nourim, Star& M&'to / S*o)acia, Pni&6no, WXc6Jca / Po*onia, Ni&) / , 0undu U&r5ii=12>, Mor&.ti=13> .i Eirioara=1!>$ Totac&'t 'i't&m d&3&n'i) &ra 7ntrit 7n mar#in&a .an5u*ui d& a"rar& cu un .ir d& "ari7n4"5iob*ic, con'tituind un baraC'u"*im&ntar a)an'at, o cor&'"ond&n5 ti"o*o#ic4ind .i 3a6a a II-a d& con'truir& a 3orti4ca5i&i d& *a Tum %*8n# WXc6Jca / Po*onia+,datat 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a=15>$Pa*i'adaincint&i aII-aa3o't 'tr"un'd&dou"or5i a"rat&d&c8t&douturnuri din *&mn 4&car&$ , a)8nd o durat d& 3unc5ionar& "8n '"r&'38r.itu*'&co*u*ui a*;II-*&a=18>$@&.i au'imi*itudinicu "a*i'adad& *a Star& M&'to%datat 7n '&co*u*a*I;-*&a+"a*i'ad&*& d& *a @b8ca 2 'unt con'truit& c&* mai d&)r&m& 7n u*timii ani ai '&co*u*uia* ;-*&a .i c&* mai t8r6iu 7n "rimu* d&c&niu a* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a$ Inc&ndi&r&a *or, 3r' &9i't& do)&6iar(&o*o#ic& c*ar&, tr&bui& "u' "& '&ama conKict&*or din a douaCumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a, dintr& "ut&r&a ra* ar"adian .i "&c&ni$@b8ca 2, a)8nd 7n )&d&r& durata d& 3unc5ionar&, "oat& 4 3orti4ca5ia r&.&din5ini5ia* a comitatu*ui @b8ca %ti"u* IH+, m&n5ionat ca &9i't&nt 7n anu* 11-!=1B>, unadintr& "rim&*& 3orti4ca5ii d& ac&'t ti" din Tran'i*)ania$ Clu; < M'n'&tur ,< r&"r&6int&ta"aaII-ad&3orti4car&du"Iambor-Mat&i %4#$ 15+$0orti4ca5ia d& *a C*uC-Mn.tur, numit d& noi C*uC-Mn.tur 1 %3a6a I d&3orti4car&Iambor-Mat&i+,7nurmaunor a)arii "ricinuit&d&atacuri 'audatorittr&c&rii tim"u*ui, a 3o't r&3cut .i 7ntrit "rin 'u"ra7n*5ar&a )a*u*ui .i am"*a'ar&a"& coama ac&'tuia a un&i "a*i'ad& ca'&tat&, a*& cr&i urm& au 3o't 'ur"rin'& 7n SII .iSIII=11>, und& au 3o't )i6ibi* .iru* d& 't8*"i din'"r& int&rior .i b8rn&*& tran')&r'a*& car&7* *au d& .iru* &9t&rior, "rbu.it 7n urma ard&rii .i 'cur' "& "anta )a*u*ui 'ub 3ormaunui 'trat d&crbun&=111>$ 0a6&i d&3unc5ionar&a3orti4ca5i&i Clu;#M'n'&tur, 7icor&'"und*ocuin5&*&d&ti"bord&i, ado'at&)a*u*ui, 7ncar&a3o't d&'co"&ritc&ramiccuana*o#ii 7na.&6ri*&d&*a@b8ca=112> %incintaaIH-a+, A*baIu*ia=113>,Pcuiu* *ui Soar&=11!>, toat& databi*& 7n int&r)a*u* dintr& '&co*u* a* ;-*&a .i '&co*u* a*;I-*&a$A)8nd 7n )&d&r& c"rintr& 3ra#m&nt&*&c&ramic&d&'co"&rit& '-auaKat.ibu6& d& c6n&*& &'t& c&rt 3unc5ionar&a ac&'t&i 3orti4ca5ii 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a, dar *i"'a unor &*&m&nt& car& ' "&rmit o datar& mai 'tr8n' nu & "&rmit& ''tabi*immom&ntu* *acar&aa)ut *ocr&3ac&r&a3orti4ca5ii*or 3a6&i 1d&*aC*uC-Mn.tur$ Con'id&rm c, dat 4ind *i"'a unor mat&ria*& car& ' '& dat&6& 7n u*tima"art&a'&co*u*ui a* I;-*&aM &*&4ind"r&6&nt&'"oradic 7na3ara3orti4ca5i&i -,3orti4ca5ia d& *a C*uC-Mn.tur, 3a6&*& 1 .i 2, a 3unc5ionat 7nc&"8nd din "rima tr&im&a '&co*u*ui a* ;-*&a .i "8n 7n a doua tr&im& a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a, c8nd &'t& at&'tatdi'tru#&r&a"a*i'ad&i com"*&9&"rintr-uninc&ndiu"ut&rnic, "robabi* 7ncont&9tu**u"t&*or din ac&a't "&rioad dintr& ra*itat&a ar"adian .i "&c&ni=115>$ Clu;#M'n'&tur = M 3a6&*& III-IH d& 3orti4car& du" Iambor-Mat&i$@u" ac&'t mom&nt d& di'tru#&r& a a)ut *oc o r&3ac&r& ma'i) a 3orti4ca5i&i "rin'u"ra7n*5ar&acu7nc2m&tri a)a*u*ui d&"m8nt .i c"tu.ir&a'a7n"art&a&9t&rioar cu b8rn& d& *&mn a.&6at& *on#itudina* .i 49at& "rin 7mbinar& cu ca"&t&*&a*tor b8rn& tran')&r'a*&, car& 3ormau ad&)ra5i "&r&5i 7n mi&6u* )a*u*ui, r&6u*t8nd un'i't&md&ca'&t&7nint&rioru* ac&'tuia=11->$ C*uC-Mn.tur3a3o'tr&3cut*a "u5intim"du"di'tru#&r&a3a6&i 2, 3a"t 'u'5inut d&d&'co"&rir&a7nni)&*u* d&cu*turcor&'"un6tor &ta"&i d& 3o*o'ir& a )a*u*ui a num&roa'& 3ra#m&nt& c&ramic& databi*&7n '&co*u* a* ;I-*&a=117>, dar .i d& ana*o#ii*& d& *a Mo*do)&n&.ti .i @b8ca 3, amb&*&datat& 7n '&co*u* a* ;I-*&a .i r&'"&cti) 7n a doua Cumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;I-*&a=118>$@&.i 7n urma c&rc&tri*or ar(&o*o#ic&, car& nu au &"ui6at totu.i toat 'u"ra3a5ac&rc&tabi* a 3orti4ca5i&i, nu '-a 'tabi*it dac 7n ac&a't &ta" a &9i'tat .i o "a*i'ad"&coama)a*u*ui ca'&tat, totu.i "r&6&n5aac&'t&iatr&bui admi', c&* "u5in7n)arianta "r&*un#irii unui "&r&t& din b8rn& .i ridicrii *ui d&a'u"ra )a*u*ui cu cca$ 2,5m$ A't3&* d& 'itua5ii au 3o't docum&ntat& *a num&roa'& 3orti4ca5ii din '"a5iu*

$ C&a mai a"ro"iat ana*o#i&, 7n c&&a c& "ri)&.t&am"*a'ar&a, &'t& r&"r&6&ntat d& C&tat&a d& Fa*t 1, car& '& aK *a r8ndu* &i 7ntr-o6on Coa', m*.tinoa', dar ac&a'ta '& dat&a6 docum&ntar 7n "rimii ani ai'&co*u*ui a* ;IH-*&a=12->, "ut8ndu-'&cobor7 datar&ac&* mu*t 7n"&rioadad&du"12B!, 7n tim"u* *ui 2adi'*au II Nan$:n Euro"a C&ntra*, rotonda a"ar& c&* mai 3r&c)&nt dr&"t ca"&* d& curt&=127>, 7nPo*onia *a Pr6&mJ'*, Str6&*no, Ci'6Jn, Pr6or6&[ic&, W&Qno=128>, 7n Fo&mia .iMora)ia=12B> *aOnoCmo, r&.&din5aduc&*ui NonradII %1123-115+,=13> P*a)&Y, P\&dniNo"anina, Star] P*6n&Q,=131> Pu'tim^\,=132> Mi(a*o)ciac(=133> 'au *a Pra#a-Star_M^'to=13!> .i Pra(a-HJ`&(rad=135>$ :n ac&'t '"a5iu, rotond&*& .i donCoan&*& 'unt ad&'&aintrat& unor 3orti4ca5ii d& "m8nt cum &'t& ca6u* *a T]n&c=13-> 'au 'unt am"*a'at&ca *a No`ic&-Nra'na %S6_"*aQ+, 7n '&co*u* ;II, "& 3orti4ca5ii d& "m8nt mai )&c(i, d&'&co* I;=137>$ Ei *a Nitrin'Qa F*atnica, o rotond cu ab'id '&micircu*ar a 3o't ridicatdu"'&co*u* ;I, 7ntr-ocurt&'&nioria*c&"r&iao3orti4ca5i&mai )&c(&=138>$ :n

'chitova. 0orti4ca5ia'&com"un&dintr-unturnd&"iatrcu6idu* #ro' d& a"roa"& 2 m, d& "*an "trat, cu *atura d& 8,! m .i dintr-o incint d&"*an o)a*, cu diam&tr&*& d& !5 .i 35 m, mr#init d& un )a* d& "m8nt .i 7n 6ona d&acc&'d&un.an5d&a"rar&%4#$ 17+$ Ini5ia* turnu* *ocuin5a3o'ta"ratd&un'im"*u .an5 d& a"rar&,7ntr-o3a6u*t&rioar am&naC8ndu-'& )a*u*d& "m8ntcu"a*i'ad 'im"*=1!>$ C&rc&tri*& ar(&o*o#ic& nu au d&"i'tat 3ra#m&nt& c&ramic& mai)&c(i d& '&co*u* a* ;IH-*&a=1!1> .i ac&a'ta 7n coroborar& cu "rima m&n5iun&docum&ntar M d& *a 13- M 'u#&r&a6 o datar& c&* mai d&)r&m& 7n "rima tr&im& a'&co*u*ui a* ;IH-*&a$Turnu* *ocuin5 d& *a Rc(ito)a ar& ana*o#ii "ut&rnic& 7n '"a5iu* 'ud-tran'i*)an,Co*5i %com$ R8ud&Mori, Cud$ Uun&doara+, P&tr&.ti%Cud$ A*ba+, A9&nt&S&)&r %Cud$ Sibiu+, Hi'cri %Cud$ Fra.o)+ datat& 7n '"&cia* 7n cur'u* '&co*u*ui a* ;IH-*&a,dar 7nc&&ac&"ri)&.t&7ntru* an'amb*uc&amai a"ro"iatana*o#i&rm8n&c&tat&ad&*aCo*5i, und&R$ Po"acon'id&rc"rimacon'truc5i&a3o't turnu**ocuin5.i &)&ntua* o"a*i'adcu.an5 d&a"rar&.i abiamai t8r6iu, 7ncur'u*'&co*u*ui a* ;H-*&a a 3o't ridicat incinta din "iatr=1!2>$P&ba6ac&*or"r&6&ntat&tr&bui&'admit&m&9i't&n5a7nTran'i*)aniaaunor3orti4ca5ii d&"m8nt.i *&mnridicat&7nCuru* unorturnuri *ocuin57nc&"8nddin'&co*u* a* ;II-*&a, dar #&n&ra*i68ndu-'& d& *a '38r.itu* '&co*u*ui a* ;III-*&a .i 7n cur'u*'&co*u*ui urmtor$ :n cadru* ac&'tor 3orti4ca5ii, 7n m'ura 7n car& c&rc&tri*&ar(&o*o#ic& )iitoar& )or c*ari4ca un&*& "rob*&m& *at& d& &ta"&*& d& con'truc5i&a*& unor obi&cti)& %A9&nt& S&)&r, Pu.t&ri5a, Sibiu, ?cna Sibiu*ui, P&tr&.ti C&tat&a d&Fa*t&tc+, '&)a"ut&ad&*imitao'ub#ru"a"ar5in8ndcur5i*or'&nioria*&d&ti"a"u'&an, cum&'t&c&ad&*a?r.ti&,databi*&7n"&rioadacu"rin'7ntr&adouaCumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;II-*&a .i "rima Cumtat& a '&co*u*ui a* ;III-*&a$ Fa68ndu-n&"& in3orma5ii*& cuno'cut& con'id&rmc, c&* "u5in d&ocamdat, ac&'t ti" d&3orti4ca5iir&"r&6int o #ru" unitar %"& car& o numim 'ubti"u*Id+ caract&ri'tic"&ntru u*tima d&cad a '&co*u*ui a* ;III-*&a .i 7nc&"utu* '&co*u*ui a* ;IH-*&a, &9i't8ndtotu.iun&*& &9c&"5ii$bbbAm"*a'am&ntu*, "*anim&tria, modu* d&con'truir&a&*&m&nt&*or 3orti4ca5ii*or d& "m8nt '& con'titui& 7n totat8t&a&*&m&nt&im"ortant&7n3unc5i&d&car&'&"ot3ac&com"ara5ii 7ntr&riuni #&o#ra4c&$ Mu*t&dintr&3orti4ca5ii*& d& "m8nt .i *&mn d& "& t&ritoriu*Tran'i*)ani&i au 3o't datat& "rin com"arar&a *or cu a*t&3orti4ca5ii 'imi*ar&din'"a5ii #&o#ra4c&mai mu*t 'aumai "u5in a"ro"iat& din Euro"a E'tic 'au C&ntra*$ @inam"*a'ar&a #&o#ra4c a 3orti4ca5ii*or din Euro"ac&ntra*-)&'tic .i 'ud-&'tic, databi*& 7n cur'u* '&co*&*or;-;II, '& d&'"rind urmtoar&*& dat&,-7n 6ona Ho*(ini&i, 7n Po*onia .i6ona ?d&r-E*ba, 3orti4ca5ii*& c&*& mai tim"urii 'untdi'"u'& at8t 7n 6on& r&*ati) Coa'& .i m*.tinoa'&,c8t .i "& t&ra'&*& 7na*t& a*& cur'uri*or d& a"=1!3>D-7n ba6inu* Fu#u*ui, Ni'tru*ui .iPrutu*ui, "& t&ritoriu* $0orti4ca5ii*& din Tran'i*)ania '& 7n'criu .i &*& 7n ac&'tdi urmti"d&am"*a'ar&, 3a"tc&nu"&rmit&ca*ocu*am"*a'rii .i 3orma 3orti4ca5ii*or ' 4& un crit&riu'u4ci&nt 7n )&d&r&a o"&rriicu crono*o#iiab'o*ut& 'aur&*ati)& 'tr8n'&$n ceea ce privete plani$etria, pute$constata cfortificaiile transilvane fac parte dintr-o arie geografic $ai$are, ce cuprinde 4ehia, Clovacia i @ngaria, undeconstat$ o diversitate de for$e D oval, cvasitriunghiular,trapezoidal, ptrat, dreptunghiularDceinncont defor$ele de relief. 8ig. =.>alavar /2ngaria- dup6rakJIsVkBzIpkorban. 2ie !uren im KpLtmittelalter- hg. Bon Suan abello- Ludapest - 1&&2N %. LZ(.- Az Urp6dokkorai v6rai- =ebrecen- 1&&*.?2@ L. W^pecA- 42- 1&&1- 3-4- p.11$ /maideparte 'bserva0ii0.?10@ =e un raport mai consistent au avut parte doar cercet,rile arheologice de la =,b7ca la patru ani dup, ini3ierealor4nanul1&14/Pt. F.'H- :. 9H'H 6icolab.- 4n ActaM;- 5- 1&1*- p. 153-2020- raportceestedepartedea4ndeplini condi3iile necesare 2olosirii ren privin3a etnicului celor care st,p7neau aceste 2orti2ica3ii este relevant, opinialui :. 9H'H /7et$0ile transilv$nene din sec. I@#@I &i importan0a lor istoric$- 4n: 8iridava- 10- 1&$*-11*0: *reten0iile peceneilor &i cumanilor la st$p=nirea Transilvaniei erau evidente, c$ci ei au fost principala for0$armat$oranizat$, caredimpreun$cupopula0ialocal$rom=no#slav$, s#auopus sistematic cuceririi acestuiteritoriu de c$tre unuriY de6i- mai departe /p. 11&0- autorul citat consider, c, aceste 2orti2ica3ii ap,rate de pecenegi6i cumani au 2ost construite de popula3ia autohton,.?12@ Istoria 5om=niei. Transilvania- p. 2&5-2&1. Ga3, de articolul publicat 4n 1&$*- autorul citat nu aduce nici omodi2icare-4n sinteoievodatul Transilvaniei.- p. 21*.?1$@ =. O+%H- 2espre %nceputurile arhitecturii de fortifica0ii medievale %n !anat- 4n: Arheoloia satuluimedieval din !anat- 9e6i3a- 1&&1- p. $$ /mai departe Arhitectura de fortifica0ii0. ?1*@ =. O+%H-Arhitectura de fortifica0ii- p. $&.?1&@ :. de LKH.9=- Manuel d[arche]loie mIdiIvale. 2e la fouille 6 l[histoire- Faris- 1&$5- p. 113-114N .. ..9H'H- 2on1oane din Transilvania- 4n ActaM;- AB%%- 1&*0- p. 1*1-1*2.?20@ Pt. F.'H- 9. DE+K=K9+'H /coord.0- Istoria 5om=nilor. vol. III, Henezele rom=ne&ti- Lucure6ti- 2001-p. 155.?21@ Ibidem- p. 151.?22@ Ibidem- p. 155.?23@ '. :H'D+.OX- "ortifica0ii medievale timpurii din 5epublica Moldova- Deoievodatul Transilvaniei- %%- lu;- (apoca- 1&$&-p. 21&-221.?2$@ Ibidem- p. 22$.?2*@ '^erki po istorii russkoo voennoo zod^estva @#@III vv- 4n: MIA- 52- 1&51.?2&@ =. B%M+.(H- Ktudii asupra arhitecturii militare ruse %n secolele @#@III- 4n: K7I>- %A- 1&5*- 1- p. 1&2-1&3.?30@Ibidem- p. 1&3.?31@ Ibidem.?32@ (eoprim- datorit,limitelorcronologicealelucr,rii- doarasupraprimei p,r3i dincategoriaL6i anumes27r6itul secolului al A%%%-lea 6i p7n, la s27r6itul secolului al A%B-lea.?33@ :. L.9LH- :. R=9KL.- ;oi cercet$ri privind cetatea de p$m=nt de la >ladimirescu- 4n: 8iridava- B%%%-1&$$- p. 1$-2*.?34@ F. %.:LK9- Konda1ul arheoloic de la 8al$u _ 'rtelec- 4n: M7A- 1&*3- p. 513-514.?35@ :. 9H'H- 7etate Moirad &i *or0ile Mese&ului- 4n: Kub semnul lui 7lio. 'maiu Acad. *rof. Ztefan *ascu-lu;- 1&$4- p. 215-2$&.?31@ :. 9H'H- Pt. =X(%MX, 7etatea feudal$ timpurie de la Zirioara- p. 51-10N Pt. Fascu- :. 9usu- 6icolab.- 7etatea 2$b=ca- p. 15*.?3$@ Pt. F.'H- :. 9H'H 6i colab.- 7etatea 2$b=ca- p. 112.?3*@ :. L.9LH- :. R=9KL.- 4n: 8iridava-A- 1&$*- p. 101-120.?3&@ . K':.- "ortifica0ii din secolele @#@I din vestul &i nord#vestul 5om=niei. 7onsidera0ii privind stadiulactual al cercet$rilor- 4n: ActaM;- AA%%%- 2000- 1- p. 45&-410.?40@ W. EK9+=D- )ntersuchunen zur "rAheschichte KiebenbArens- Lukarest- 1&5*- p. 132-145.?41@ F.%amborconsider,c,momentul deconstruc3ieal 2orti2ica3iei poate2i 4mpinsp7n,4nultimatreimeasecolului al %A-lea /A&ez$ri fortificate din Transilvania- p. 14*-14&0.?42@ :. 9H'H- Pt. =X(%MX- 7etatea feudal$ timpurie de la Zirioara- p. 50.?43@ Pt. F.'H- :. 9H'H 6i colab.- 7etatea 2$b=ca- p. 110.?44@ F. %.:LK9- A&ez$ri fortificate din Transilvania- p. 141-143.?45@ . K':.- .. 9H'DK%H- 8al$u, 1ud. K$la1, punct 'rtelec#7etate- 4n: 77A, 2002- nr. 245.?41@ Dh. (]CM+9- 7ercet$rile din cetatea de la !reaza 3"$$ra&4- 4n Kt7omK!- 14- 1&1&- p. *&-11$.?4$@ Pt. F.'H- :. 9H'H 6i colab.- 7etatea 2$b=ca- p. 15*.?4*@ Ibidem. Hn tip asem,n,tor- dar constituit din doi pere3i din pari 6i nuiele 4mpletite este documentat la Ralavar/Hngaria0- 2iind datat 4n cursul secolului al %A-lea. .. 'Z'- Wykopaliska w 8alavar ?',p,turi la Ralavar@- 4n: KlavA-B%%- 1&10- p. 24$.?4&@ F. %.:LK9- A&ez$ri fortificate din Transilvania- p. 113.?50@ V. E+('+M- "ortifications en bois- p. &1- 2ig. 1.?51@ %=+:- Wst`p do studi]w nad osadnictwem Wielkopolski wczesnohistoryczne1 ?%ntroducere 4n studiulhabitatului uman 4n Folonia :are 4n perioada protoistoric,@- Foase cu =t canelat descoperite %n a&ez$ri feudale timpurii din Transilvania- 4n: ActaM;- 22-23- 1&*5-1&*1- p. 5*&-5&*.?*2@ .. b.W%- Archeoloia Mafopolski wezesnogredniowieczne1, Wrakcw- 1&$4- p. 3*.?*3@ S. KMR.W- W. '%HE(%d'W%- Typoloische Jlassification der frAhmittelaterlichen !uranlaenMittelpomern- 4n: MA8- 11- 1&$5- 3- p. 453.?*4@ W. EK9+=D- KiebenbAren in "rAhmittelalter- p. 11.?*5@ F. %.:LK9- Pt. :.D+%- 7etatea feudal$ timpurie de la 7lu1#M$n$&tur- 4n: AIIA7- AB%%%- 1&$5- p. 2&1.?*1@ %=+:- 7etatea feudal$ timpurie de la 7lu1#M$n$&tur- p. 2&5.?*$@ %=+:- Incinta fortificat$ de la 7lu1#M$n$&tur- 4n: ActaM;- AB%- p. 101- pl. B%/1.?**@ .st2el de aplice provin 4n general din inventarul mormintelor ori