bicol college high school

8/3/2019 Bicol College High School

1/15

BICOL COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL

DARAGA, ALBAY

S.Y. 2011-2012

PROJECT

IN

CHEMISTRYSUBMITTED BY:

Kris to f fe r Lawrence Mora les

II-AMETHYST

SUBMITTED TO:MS.ROSE KRISTINE A. LOMERIO

SUBJECT TEACHER


2/15

IONICCOMPOUNDS


3/15

EXAMPLES OF IONIC

COMPOUNDS

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Hydrochloric acid- is a solution ofhydrogen chloride (HCl) in water,

that is a highly corrosive, strongmineral acid with many industrial uses. It is

found naturally in gastric acid.Historically called muriatic acid, and spirits of salt, hydrochloric

acid was produced from vitriol (sulfuric acid) and common salt. It first

appeared during the Renaissance, and then it was used by chemists such as

Glauber, Priestley and Davy in their scientific research.

With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution,

hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in

the large-scale production ofvinyl chloride forPVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for

polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including

household cleaning, production ofgelatin and otherfood additives,

descaling, and leatherprocessing. About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric

acid are produced annually.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene_diisocyanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene_diisocyanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution


4/15

SALT/ SODIUM CHLORIDE

SODIUM CHLORIDE- also known as salt, common salt, table salt orhalite, is an inorganic compound with the formulaNaCl. Sodium chloride isthe salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the

extracellular fluid of many multicellularorganisms. As the major ingredient

in edible salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative.

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

Magnesiumfluoride- is an inorganic compound with the formula MgF2.

The compound is a white crystalline salt and is transparent over a wide

range of wavelengths, with commercial uses in optics.

POTASSIUM NITRATE

Potassium nitrate- is a chemical compound with the formulaKNO3. It

is an ionic salt ofpotassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate_ion


5/15

It occurs as a mineral niterand is a natural solid source ofnitrogen.

Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds

collectively referred to as Saltpeter.

Major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, food additive, rocket

propellants and fireworks; it is one of the constituents ofgunpowder.

MANGANESE SULFIDE

Manganese(II) sulfide- is a chemical compound ofmanganese and

sulfur. It occurs in nature as the mineral alabandite.

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE

Aluminium chloride (AlCl3)- is the main compound ofaluminium and

chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron

trichloride, giving it a yellow colour. The solid has a low melting and boiling

point. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium

metal, but large amounts are also used in other areas of chemical industry.

The compound is often cited as a Lewis acid. It is an example of an

inorganic compound that "cracks" at mild temperature, reversibly changing

from a polymerto a molecule.

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltpeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabanditehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltpeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabanditehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule


6/15

potassium chloride (KCl)- is a metalhalidesalt composed of

potassium and chlorine. In its pure state, it is odorless and has a white or

colorlessvitreouscrystal appearance, with a crystal structure that cleaves

easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are face-centered

cubic. Potassium chloride was historically known as "muriate of potash,"

this name is occasionally still encountered in association with its use as a

fertilizer. Potash varies in color from pink or red to white depending on the

mining and recovery process used. White potash, sometimes referred to as

soluble potash, is usually higher in analysis and is used primarily for making

liquid starterfertilizers. KCl is used in medicine, scientific applications, and

food processing. It occurs naturally as the mineralsylvite and in combination

with sodium chloride as sylvinite.

SODIUM OXIDE

Sodium oxide- (SOX) is a chemical compound with the formula Na2O. It

is used in ceramics and glasses, though not in a raw form. Treatment with

water affords sodium hydroxide.

Na2O + H2O 2 NaOH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_lustrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face-centered_cubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face-centered_cubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_lustrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face-centered_cubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face-centered_cubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide


7/15

The alkali metal oxides M2O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the

antifluorite structure. In this motif the positions of the anions and cations

are reversed relative to their positions in CaF2, with sodium ions

tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 oxide ions and oxide cubically coordinated to

8 sodium ions.

CAESIUM CHLORIDE

Caesium chloride- is the inorganic compound with the formula CsCl.

This colorless solid is an important source ofcaesiumions in a variety of

applications. Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each

caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chlorine ions. Caesium chloride crystals are

thermally stable, but easily dissolve in water and concentrated hydrochloric

acid, and therefore gradually disintegrate in the ambient conditions due to

moisture. Caesium chloride occurs naturally in mineral waters and as an

impurity in carnallite (up to 0.002%), sylvite and kainite. Less than 20 tonnes

of CsCl is produced annually worldwide, mostly from a caesium-bearing

mineral pollucite.

SODIUM SULFIDE

Sodium sulfide- is the name used to refer to the chemical compound

Na2S, but more commonly it refers to the hydrate Na2S9H2O. Both are

colorless water-soluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions. When

exposed to moist air, Na2S and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, whichsmells much like rotten eggs or flatus. Generally, commerciallyavailable sodium sulfide is not a unique chemical entity, but it is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnallitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollucitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnallitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollucitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatus


8/15

specified as Na2SxH2O, where a weight percentage of Na2S isspecified. Commonly available grades have around 60% Na2S byweight, which means that x is around 3. Such technical grades ofsodium sulfide have a yellow appearance. These grades of sodiumsulfide are marketed as 'sodium sulfide flakes'. Although the solidis yellow, solutions of it are colorless.


9/15

COVALENTCOMPOUNDS

EXAMPLES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

AMMONIA


10/15

Ammonia, as used commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia.

This term emphasizes the absence of water in the material. Because NH3

boils at 33.34 C (28.012 F) at a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the liquid must

be stored under high pressure or at low temperature. "Household ammonia"or "ammonium hydroxide" is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of

such solutions is measured in units ofbaume (density), with 26 degrees

baume (about 30% w/w ammonia at 15.5 C) being the typical high

concentration commercial product. Household ammonia ranges in

concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia.

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

Carbon tetrachloride- also known by many other names (the most

notable being carbon tet in the cleaning industry, and a Halon or Freon inHVAC; see Table for others) is the organic compound with the formula CCl4.

It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to

refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet"smell that can be detected at low levels.

Both carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloromethane are acceptable

names underIUPAC nomenclature.

CARBON DIOXIDE

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a naturally occurring

chemical compound composed of two oxygenatomscovalently bonded to a

single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure


11/15

exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state, as a trace gas at a concentration

of 0.039% by volume.

CO2 is an acidic oxide: an aqueous solution turns litmus from blue to

pink. It is the anhydride ofcarbonic acid, an acid which is unstable in

aqueous solution, from which it cannot be concentrated. In organismscarbonic acid production is catalysed by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

CO2 is toxic in higher concentrations: 1% (10,000 ppm) will make some

people feel drowsy. Concentrations of 7% to 10% cause dizziness, headache,

visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes

to an hour.

NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Nitrogen dioxide- is the chemical compound with the formula NO2 itis one of several nitrogen oxides. NO2 is an intermediate in the industrial

synthesis ofnitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year.This reddish-brown toxicgas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a

prominent air pollutant. Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic bent molecule

with C2vpoint group symmetry.

GLYCOGEN

Glycogen- is a molecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy

storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held

in adipose tissue. Glycogen is made primarily by the liverand the muscles,

but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidic_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_test_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidic_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_test_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach


12/15

Glycogen is the analogue ofstarch, a glucose polymer in plants, and is

sometimes referred to as animal starch, having a similar structure to

amylopectin but more extensively branched and compact than starch.

Glycogen is a polymer of (14) glycosidic bonds linked, with (16)-linked

branches. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm

in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.

Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a

sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy

reserves oftriglycerides (lipids).

DOPAMINE

Dopamine (sometimes abbreviated DA) is a catecholamine

neurotransmitterpresent in a wide variety of animals, including both

vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this substituted phenethylamine

functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five known types ofdopamine

receptorsD1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 as well as their variants. Dopamine is

produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigraand the

ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is also a neurohormone released by thehypothalamus. Its main function as a hormone is to inhibit the release of

prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

OXYGEN

Oxygen- is the element with atomic number8 and represented by the

symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots (oxys) ("acid", literally"sharp", referring to the sour taste ofacids) and - (-gens) ("producer",

literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylopectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D1_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D1_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D2_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D2_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D3_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D3_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D4_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D4_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D5_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D5_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylopectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D1_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D2_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D3_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D4_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D5_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid


13/15

thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. At standard

temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen,

a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomicgas with the formula O2.

Oxygen is a member of the chalcogengroup on the periodic table and is a

highly reactivenonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides)

with almost all other elements. Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the

second highest electronegativity of all the elements (only fluorine has a higher

electronegativity). By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the

universe afterhydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the

Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass. Free oxygen is too

chemically reactive to appear on Earth without the photosynthetic action of living

organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from

water. Elemental O2 only began to accumulate in the atmosphere after the

evolutionary appearance of these organisms, roughly 2.5 billion years ago. Diatomic

oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the volume ofair.

SEROTONIN

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) - is a monoamineneurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is

primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and in the central

nervous system (CNS) of animals including humans. It is popularly thought to

be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness.

Approximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in

the enterochromaffin cells in the gut, where it is used to regulate intestinal

movements. The remainder is synthesized in serotonergicneurons of the

CNS where it has various functions. These include the regulation ofmood,

appetite, and sleep. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including

memory and learning. Modulation of serotonin at synapses is thought to be a

major action of several classes of pharmacological antidepressants.

WATER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_(zoology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonergichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_(zoology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonergichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)


14/15

WATER- A molecule is an aggregation of atomic nuclei and electrons

that is sufficiently stable to possess observable properties and there are

few molecules that are more stable and difficult to decompose than H2O. In

water, each hydrogen nucleus is bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair

of electrons that are shared between them; chemists call this shared

electron pair a covalent chemical bond. In H2O, only two of the six outer-

shell electrons of oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons

which are organized into two non-bonding pairs. The four electron pairssurrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other

as possible in order to minimize repulsions between these clouds of negative

charge. This would ordinarly result in a tetrahedral geometry in which the

angle between electron pairs (and therefore the H-O-H bond angle) is 109.5.

However, because the two non-bonding pairs remain closer to the oxygen

atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding

pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. The result

is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in which the HOH angle is 104.5.

SULFUR OXIDE

Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) - is the chemical compound with

the formula SO2. It is a poisonous gas that is released by volcanoes and in

various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur

compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/cb03.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/cb03.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum


15/15

compounds are removed before burning the fuel. Further oxidation of SO2,

usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid

rain. Sulfur dioxide emissions are also a precursor to particulates in the

atmosphere. Both of these impacts are cause for concern over the

environmental impact of these fuels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain

bicol college high school

Documents