bien 2008 basic income x minimum income: how the political-ideological dispute has advanced in...
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BIEN 2008
Basic Income X Minimum Income:How the Political-Ideological Dispute has advanced in Brazilian Concrete Programs
Carolina Raquel D. Mello Justo
Doctor in Social SciencesUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
E-mail: [email protected]
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Santo André
Santos
São Paulo
Jundiaí
Campinas
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Theoretical Debate
• Conservative Minimum Income
• Progressive Basic Income
• Nor Minimum nor Basic Income: the Left Dilemma
• Political Enrichment of Basic Income Project
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• Minimum Income
• Liberal Citizenship
• Basic Income
• Democratic Citizenship
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Model
Characteristics
Liberal Minimum Income
Left Minimum Income
Progressive Basic Income
Beneficiaries Restricted:Poor people
Restricted: workers Universal: everybody
Income right? No No Yes
Unconditional? No No Yes
Linked to work? Yes Yes No
Citizenship based on Work Work ?
Incentive to the Political participation?
No Yes Yes
Society Horizon Maintenance ? Transformation
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Basic Income X Minimum Income in Brazilian Concrete Local Programs
•Poverty and Work/Employment Views
•Universal X Focused Programs
•Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
•Citizenship and Politics
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Poverty and Work/Employment Views
Jundiaí and Santos
“For those people who have the will of getting better, for those people who have the intention of starting working hard, investing the money in professional courses or in building something, for those the program result is very visible”. (Helena, PAGRM technician, Jundiaí, 24/05/2005).
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Poverty and Work/Employment Views
Jundiaí and Santos
While in Jundiaí beneficiaries receive the money to study, in Santos they receive it to act and invest in self-income generation alternatives. While bureaucrats in Jundiaí have faith in the beneficiaries’ insertion in the formal work market, those ones in Santos have faith in their insertion in the informal work market, through their entrepreneur potential.
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Poverty and Work/Employment Views
Jundiaí and Santos“I tell them: ‘if you run behind thinks you want, maybe you don’t get them now, but tomorrow you get others. If today you find a job to earn little money, tomorrow you find another that pays better. So, you can get things by going outside home, trying and taking the risk. If you think you have conditions to work today, you can work at any time. If you can’t find a job outside, you can yet work at home!”. (Catarina, PNF technician, Santos, 20/01/2006).
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Poverty and Work/Employment Views
Campinas and Santo André“There was [in the program trajectory] an “entrepreneur wave”. But it did not work. If there are [by supposition] fifty manicurists in the neighborhood, how can one generate income through this way? Making manicure one the each other? There are lots of people who were in the formal work market, were excluded and are not able of going back. How can we insert those other people who have never been employed?” (Glória, PGRFM technician, Campinas, 09/06/2006).
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Poverty and Work/Employment Views
Campinas and Santo André“Of course the conservative field will prefer to keep advocating for the ideological discourse according to which just who deserve should have income, and so, just who work, and so, just who undergo any work conditions, even the most humiliating and degrading. I do not agree with this idea. Since we do not have full employment, if we link income to work, it means many people do not have income, since they do not have a job. And it is not by their will they do not have a job. Therefore I think everybody should have the right to an income. It does not matter if such income is obtained through a work effort or through a state transference. That does not change in any way the dignity”. (Santo André social inclusion secretary, 07/04/2006).
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Universal X Focused ProgramsJundiaí and Santos
In Santos, beneficiaries are selected according to some desirable behavior. They are chosen. Despite of advocating the inclusion of beneficiaries in the PNF as a technical process, bureaucrats admit the new inclusions are based on individual profile: the program is for those who demonstrate interest and will of acting to generate and increase the familiar income, to come back to study, to attend professional qualification courses and to open their own business.
Program enhances the idea of a society of winners and losers, of competition, of prize and punishment.
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Universal X Focused ProgramsSanto André
Santo André
“The program is today a public policy of right. The benefit is not occasional anymore. If you are according to the criteria, you enter in the program. We opted for a universal public policy. Well, it has become universal in relation to the goal we intended to reach: all those below the poverty line. To become universal in relation to the entire city population is indeed the dream of any income transfer program: since you are born, you receive a monetary deposit every month, it does not matter who you are sun of. Of course we are not at such a stage – yet. So, if I work according to the sense that everybody has this right, I can’t elevate the benefit value (for those who are already included) while there are people who have the right outside the program. Such has been an option we surely did in Santo André, not without polemic. But we clearly said: ‘that is the way we will follow – the universalism”. (Santo André social inclusion secretary, 07/04/2006).
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Universal X Focused Programs
Campinas and Santo André
Inclusion: not according to desirable behaviors
Campinas: dilemma => to increase benefit value or the number of families beneficiaries.
Santo André: option for the universalism
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?While the bureaucrats from Campinas and Santo André tends to defend it as an unconditional right, and so to not agree with counterparts’ requests, those ones from Jundiaí and Santo André advocate exactly the opposite: that counterparts are the programs core, what makes the perspective of seeing benefit like a right impracticable.
Jundiaí and Santos
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Jundiaí and Santos
“We establish norms for the program working. There are penalties, suspension, verbal and written advertences for who arrives late or does not come to the workshops”. (Helena, PAGRM technician, Jundiaí, 24/05/2005).
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Jundiaí
Benefit discount => Employment relation Workfare practices Maintenance of the contractual linkage between work and income
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
SantosWhile in Jundiaí beneficiaries are included in the PAGRM under the condition of being committed to attend, learn and work at the workshops, in Santos the condition to be inserted and remain as PNF’s beneficiaries is the disposition to come back to study and to invest in work activities like self entrepreneur. When beneficiaries are inserted, they should sign a “commitment term”, which includes a “personalized individual accompaniment plan”.
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Santos
“We tell them [beneficiaries]: it is your merit, because if you had not complied with the plan, we would have cancelled your benefit and transferred it for other family. If you don’t work, don’t get it better, don’t try to show anything different, you may be excluded and another family may be included in your place”. (Catarina, PNF technician, Santos, 20/01/2006).
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Campinas and Santo AndréThe benefit is seen as a right, or faced according to the right logic by the policy makers.
In Santo André, counterparts are seen as a way for turning effective other rights (like health and education) for poor people, and not as way to combat complacency and state dependence, or to stimulate individual and work initiatives. They are seen by the bureaucrats as an incentive, not as punishment
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Campinas
Strong vision against counterparts
“Mine opinion, and the opinion of a set of other professionals, a group that I figure out tends to get bigger, is that it must not be required any counterpart from population, since such money is a right: it already belongs to her”. (Marina, PGRFm technician, Campinas, June 28th 2006).
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Campinas
If health and education are rights, they can not be considered as duties. Campinas policy makers fight against such message subjacent to the counterparts’ requirements, which change rights in duties. For high and median classes, health and education are rights; for poor people, however, this meaning is sometimes changed in obligations.
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Unconditional right or counterpart conditioned benefit?
Campinas “We do not think meetings are bad, nor children health conditions and school frequency accompaniment are. But we contest the monetary benefit reception be dependent on the satisfaction of some requirements. The beneficiary has the right to access health and other public services. And she also has the right to the monetary benefit. But these things can not be connected. The right to the income transference is independent on the access to these other services. Because her family receives a monetary benefit, the beneficiary does not have to bring me x, y or z documents to prove her children go to the school and health center. To access such services is her right, not an obligation! (…) In the PGRFM, it has prevailed on the idea of instituting it as a policy of right and of trying the income redistribution, in order to guarantee the income access to those families that are totally excluded. We intend to fortify the income transference as a right: the beneficiary has the right to a minimum income and so, according to this logic, she does not have to give back any counterpart”. (Glória, PGRFM coordinator, Campinas, 09/06/2008).
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Coverage
Model
RIGHTXCONDITION
Modelo :
Jundiaí
Santos
Campinas
Santo André
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Cobertura
Dir
eito
X C
on
diç
ão
$
Targeted Universal
Conditioned Benefit
Unconditional Right
Basic Income
MinimumIncome
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Cidadania :
Jundiaí
Santos
Campinas
Santo André
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Política
Trab
alho
Authoritarianismand Passivity
Democracy and Participation
Based on work
Not based on work
WORK
CITIZENSHIP
Politics
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Política:
Santo André
Campinas
Jundiaí
Santos
Foco
Rel
ação
Téc
nic
as-B
enef
iciá
rias
Individual Coletivity
Hierarchic
Egalitarian
Focus
Politics
BURXBEN
RELATION
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Relações Inter e Intra Governamentais:
JundiaíSantos
Campinas
Santo André
Integração entre Políticas e Secretarias
Diá
logo
ent
re E
sfer
as d
e G
over
no
Pouca Muita
Weak
Strong
INTER AND INTRA GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
Integration among policies
StrongWeak
INTERGOV
INTEGRATION