bigbang and beyond

7/29/2019 BigBang and Beyond

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Big Bang and Beyond

Did someone monkeyed with the lawsof nature ?


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Theories of the Origin of the Universe

Theological Theories: Greek Mythology (Chaos)

Hinduism (Cosmic sleep of gods)

Chinese creation myth (Pangu) Biblical account of the creation (God)

Scientific Theories: Continuous creation

Big Bang Theory the commonly accepted

theory


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Big Bang

Technically, there was no bang Technically, galaxies are not moving away

from each other

Reality: space expands

When there are more space between galaxies,they move away from each other

Analogy: dots on an expanding balloon

Isaiah 45:12 I have stretched out the heavens...

Its only ancient document that mentions anexpanding Universe


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Evidence for the Big Bang

Theory predicts an expanding universe Confirm by Red Shift (Doppler effect) in

spectrum

Theory predicts cosmic backgroundradiation Background radiation was discovered in

1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson,who later won the Nobel Prize for thisdiscovery


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Beyond the Big Bang Big Bang Theory explains how the Universe first

started but leaves many unanswered questions Time, Space and Matter were created in the Big Bang

Before the bang, there were no time, no space and nomatter

Physics has not solved the questionWhats before the Big

Bang

If I hear a small bang, I will askWho or whatcaused it SoWho or what caused the Big Bang ?

Other factors determine how the Universe willdevelop: Amount of matter in the Universe

Physical properties of the matter

Strength of the fundamental forces


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Fundamental Forces in Physics

Gravitational force Attractive force between objects with mass

Weakest, long range

Electromagnetic force

Attractive and repulsive

Long range, 1039 times stronger than gravity

Nuclear Weak force Cause neutrons to decade into a protons

Range


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Law of Gravity:

M = mass of one object

m = mass of second object

G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

r = distance between the objects

Gravitational Force


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Coulomb Law:

Strength of EM-force determines how stronglyelectrons in an atom are held in orbit

Electro-Magnetic Force

proton electron


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Nuclear Weak-force

Repelling force that cause beta-decay

neutron proton

electron (beta-particle)

The strength of the

nuclear weak-force

determines how fast

neutrons are converted

into protons and electrons

anti-neutrino


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Hold nucleus together by overcoming the repellingprotons in nucleus:

Strength of the nuclear strong-force determines how fastnuclear reactions will proceed

Nuclear Strong-force

neutron

neutronproton

proton


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Thinkering with the Force...

Fact: The fundamental forces in nature have strength that is

determined by a number ofphysical constants

For example: gravitational constant in the Law of Gravity,Coulumb constant in the Electro-magnetic force

Question:what would happen to the Universe if thevalues of these physical constant werechanged ?

Say, what would happen if the gravitational (or someother) constant would be off a little bit ?

We would surely weight a bit moreon EarthBUT...

Physicists did NOT expect earth-shattering consequences


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Precondition for Life

Stars of the right type for sustaining life supportableplanets only can occur during a certain range of agesfor the universe.

stars of the right type only can form for a narrow rangeofvalues of the gravitational constant

Living cells consists oflight and heavy elements(Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and metals such as Iron,Copper, ect)

To make both light and heavy elements, the strengths of the

fundamental forces must lie within a very narrow rangeofvalues

Many many other preconditions exists


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Amazing Findings...

Brandon Carter presented his ideas about theanthropicprinciplein 1973 in Poland during the 500th birthday ofCopernicus

The anthropic principle states that

All the seemingly arbitrary and unrelated constants in physics haveone strange thing in common these are precisely the valueyou need if you want to have a universe capable of sustaining life

Astronomer Fred Hoyle once said:

Acommonsense interpretation of the facts suggests that aSUPERINTELLECT has MONKEYED with physics . . . and that thereare no blind forces worth speaking about in nature.

And Fred Hoyle was an..Atheist


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The strength of the Gravitational force

Ifgravitational force was made a bit stronger, stars will be moremassive and burn more violently and unstable:

More harmful radiation to lifedeadly to life

Ifgravitational force was made a bit weaker, stars are too light

and do not become super-novae: Element heavier than iron are only formed when stars

explode as a super-novae; no life possible without them


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If the electro-magnetic force is slightly weaker:

Too weakto hold electrons in orbits about nuclei

Universe will consists of loose protons and electrons, noatoms, and thus no life will be possible

If the electro-magnetic force is slightly stronger:

atom could not "share" an electron orbit with other atoms

No chemical reactions possible and no life

The strength of the EM-force

proton electron


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Strength of the Nuclear Weak-force

IfNuclear Weak-force is made a bit stronger: neutrons would decay more readily, and there would be little

to no neutrons left

Neutrons are necessary to form heavier elements used inliving cellsno neutrons, no heavy elements, no life.

IfNuclear Weak-force is made a bit weaker:

Plenty of neutrons will be available

Stars can use neutrons to burn most or all of the hydrogen

into helium (and subsequently to heavy elements) But little or no hydrogen will be left no hydrogen, no

water, and no life


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Strength of the Nuclear Strong-force

IfNuclear Strong-force is made a bit stronger: Nuclear reactions will be very efficient (fast)

Most or all hydrogen will be converted to Helium and thenon into Iron

No hydrogen, no water, and thus, no life possible

IfNuclear Strong-force is made a bit weaker: Force is too weak to overcome electro-magnetic repulsion of

protons in nuclei

multi-proton nuclei would not hold together

No carbon or oxygen, no proteins, no water, and thus no lifepossible


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Thats just the beginning...

Many more amazingcoincidencesthat make lifepossible have been discovered

The composition of our sun is just right, the distance of theEarth to the sun is just right, the size of the Earth is justright, the orbit of the Earth is just right, the size of our

moon is just right and even the giant planets (Jupiter) arejust right for life on Earth

Other amazingcoincidencesmakes it possible forthe stars and galaxies to form


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A coincidence at nuclear scale

The following is an account of a series ofamazing coincidences in nature that dazedan atheist astronomer and many others

I have to take you into nuclear Physics

Brace for the ride please ask questions if

you dont understand something


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Electrons can only occupy a number of specific orbits aroundthe nucleus each orbit represents a certain energy level

So also, nucleus of atomscan occupy a number of specificenergy levels

In a nuclear reaction, the Law of Conservation of Energy musthold:

Nuclear Reaction

Kinetic + nuclear energy before =Kinetic + nuclear energy after


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When nuclei collide, they form a new nucleus:

If the energy level of the new nucleus is very differentfrom one ofits natural energy state, the new nucleus is unstable and willdecompose (radio-activity):

Nuclear Reaction 2


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Nuclear Resonance

Ifsum total of kinetic and nuclear energy before and after are

very close to each other, the nuclear reaction will proceed veryrapidly In such case, we say there isNuclear Resonance

Resonance between atomic nuclei depends on:

Structure of the nuclei involved Temperature under which the nuclear reaction takes place

Resonance between atomic nuclei are extremely rare in nature.


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Matter are converted into energy in stars through anumber of nuclear reactions

The three primary nuclear reactions (after these, thestar is almost burned up) are:

Proton-proton cycle

Helium fusion

Carbon cycle

Nuclear Reaction in Stars


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The proton-proton cycle will burn Hydrogen into Helium (firstphase of star development)

When all Hydrogen are burned, phase 2 kicksin

Proton-proton cycle


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After all the Hydrogen is converted to Helium, the

star converts Helium to. What ? Here we have a major problem...

When two Helium nuclei are fused into Beryllium-8,the resulting Beryllium-8 isotope is highly unstable

Beryllium-8 has a half life of10-16 seconds !!!

Helium Fusion

Helium

HeliumBeryllium-8

< 0.0000000000000001 sec

According to the physics of Beryllium-8,

stars cannot burn Helium


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A Stellar Mystery

Dilemma: According to the physical properties of Beryllium-8, stars

cannot burn beyond Helium

Yet,Helium is being converted in Carbon in stars all the time

First proposed solution: Triple collision

Helium

Helium

Helium

Carbon-12

Triple collisions are extremely rare and the rarity cannot

explain the abundance of carbon


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Ed Salpeters solution...

Faced with the dilemma that stars convert Helium into Carbonat great rate, and no plausible explanation for this process, theastrophysicist Ed Salpeter proposed the following solution in

1952:

Helium

HeliumBeryllium-8

Helium

Carbon-12BUT Berylliumis extremely unstable


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Fred Hoyles insight

Fred Hoyle realized that the only waythat Salpeterssolution can produce Carbonat the rate that ishappening in stars is:

Helium

HeliumBeryllium-8

Nuclear resonance !!!

(Very fast reaction)

Helium

Carbon-12Problem: there is no known energy level

of the Carbon-12 nucleus that is near

the sum total energy values of He and Be


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Fred Hoyles wild guess

So Fred Hoyle hypothesized (guessed) that there must be sucha natural energy level of the Carbon-12 nucleus

Hoyle calculated the temperature inside a large starto be about

100 million degrees and worked out how much kinetic energy this would give to the

particles rushing around in the star's atmosphere. Knowing the masses of both beryllium-8 and Helium, his

hypothesis predicted that there must be an excited state at anenergy of7.6 million electron volts in the nucleus Carbon-12

I did tell you that nuclei resonance was rare everyone wasskeptical about Hoyles prediction...

A team at Cal. Tech. led by Willy Fowler(later a Nobel Prizewinner) began the search for the mysterious resonant state incarbon-12, and discovered it -just 4 percent above Hoyle'sprediction !!!


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We are not out of the wood yet... Heavier elementsmust be formed specifically:

You want to form Oxygen (necessary for life !)

But you want to keep some Carbon (also necessary for life)

Yet another amazing coincidence...

Carbon-12

Helium

Oxygen-16


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A missed resonance

In order to have this nuclear reaction going:

You need a natural energy level of Oxygen-16 close to thesum total of the energy levels of Carbon-12 and Helium

But not too close - if the level is too close, most or allCarbon-12 will be converted, so you want this energy levelto be off a bit

Carbon-12

Helium

Oxygen-16


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Another coincidence

Wellthey did find that resonance level of Oxygen-16

and it did miss the resonance level to slow theproduction of Oxygen-16

These two coincidences caused atheist atronomer

Fred Hoyle to comment:

If you wanted to produce carbon and oxygen in roughlyequal quantities by stellar nucleosynthesis, these are the twobasic levels you would have to fix, and your fixing wouldhave to be just about where these levels are actually foundto be....

Acommonsense interpretation of the facts suggests that aSUPERINTELLECT has MONKEYED with physics . . . and thatthere are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature


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Flatness-oldness problem

The following incredibly precise tweaking of theUniverse is known as the Flatness-oldness problem

The amount of matter created in the Big Bang has a

profound impact on how the Universe will develop Matter attract and will pull the Universe back togethertowards one point

There is a critical amount where the attraction will halt theexpansion and the Universe will slow down and stop

expanding If the total mass in the Universe is less than critical, the

Universe will keep expanding

If the total mass in the Universe is more than critical, theUniverse will stop expanding and contract (Big Crunch)


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Suppose X represents the critical mass of theUniverse, what do you think that the total of mass ofthe Universe is ?

There are so many possible values to pick from for

the total mass of the Universe An does it matter how much mass there is in the Universe ??

(You will be amazed by the results)

Place your bet...

0 X


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Some results from Theoretic Physics


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Interpretations of the results IF the density of the matter after 1 nsec from the Big Bang is

equal to 447,225,917,218,507,401,284,017 mg/cc, theUniverse would have collapsed by now.

IF the density of the matter after 1 nsec from the Big Bang isequal to 447,225,917,218,507,401,284,015 mg/cc, the

Universe expands so rapidly that galaxies and stars cannotform.

To get the (flat) Universe in which we (probably) live in, thedensity of the matter after 1 nsec from the Big Bang must be

equal to 447,225,917,218,507,401,284,016 mg/ccnotone gm more nor one gm less

No wonder than many scientists believe that, theUniverse was designed


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And there is much more...

There are many more examples of coincidences innature without which life could not have developed

Science has coined a term to describe these strange

coincidences:Anthropic Principle (The Universe isdestined to support (human) life)

For more examples:

http://cheungpc.mathcs.emory.edu


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(Not) The End

(just out of time)

bigbang and beyond

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