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Page 1: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

www.asbmb.org

SUBMIT YOUR NEXT ARTICLE TO JBC

www.jbc.org

Binding togetherthe world of biology

ï Peer review by two leading scientistsselected from our panel of over 700

experts in their �elds

ï Average time to �rst decision is 21 days

ï Articles are published on the day ofacceptance as open-access Papers in

Press

Page 2: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

Tis prize is made possible with thekind support of the Knut and AliceWallenberg Foundation.Tis Founda-tion grants funding in two main areas;research projects of high scientifc poten-tial and individual support of excellentscientists.

Will you bemeeting a NobelPrize winner thisDecember?(If you have a recent PhD you could be.)

Stockholm in the second week of December is a special place. The city is alive

with excitement as it welcomes and celebrates the new Nobel Laureates at the

annual Nobel Prize ceremony.

If you are a PhD student, you could be here too – meeting a Nobel Laureate and

receiving a rather special prize yourself.

Te journal Science & SciLifeLab have established Te Science & SciLifeLab Prize forYoung Scientists, to recognize and reward excellence in PhD research and support youngscientists at the start of their careers. It’s about bright minds, bright ideas and bright futures.

Four winners will be selected for this international award.Tey will have their essays publishedin the journal Science and share a new total of 60,000 USD in prize money. Te winnerswill be awarded in Stockholm, in December, and take part in a unique week of eventsincluding meeting leading scientists in their felds.

“Te last couple of days have been exhilarating. It has been an experience of a lifetime.Stockholm is a wonderful city and the Award winning ceremony exceeds my wildest dreams.”–Dr. Dan Dominissini, 2014 Prize Winner

Who knows, Te Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists could be a major step-ping stone in your career and hopefully one day, during Nobel week, you could be visitingStockholm in December once again.

Te 2015 Prize is now open. Te deadline for submissions is August 1, 2015.Enter today: www.sciencemag.org/scilifelabprize

Te 2015 Prize categories are:

• Cell and Molecular Biology

• Ecology and Environment

• Genomics and Proteomics

• Translational Medicine

Page 3: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

127 1SCIENCE sciencemag.org/products

LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office

MICROSCOPY

Molecular Imaging, a contract research organiza-

tion (CRO) with locations in Ann Arbor, Michigan

and San Diego, California, has a largely pharma-

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but need help selecting the right candidate for clinical trials.

ìItís about trying to obtain information that cannot be ob-

tained other ways,î he says.

How do Molecular Imagingís scientists obtain such informa-

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as well.

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approach would be to obtain a set of genetically identical

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point, and dissect out and analyze the appropriate brain re-

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probe. They can pinpoint functional dopaminergic neuronsóthe

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anatomical features using computed tomography (CT) data.

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fewer animals, richer data, and better decisions.

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Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC) Small Animal

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method compared to traditional immunochemistry.î

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nance imager (MRI)ósmaller in stature but more powerful than

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from PerkinElmer.

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instance). Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine

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$ D�������&������!�������'�C���F���F�The University of

Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center sports three MRI scan-

ners in its instrument stable, and they are ìby far the most

widely usedî of the labís hardware, says John Hazle, profes-

sor of imaging physics and the facility director. Among other

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and the ability to image some physiology and

TranscriptomicsóJuly 31 ProteomicsóSeptember 11 GenomicsóSeptember 25

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To minimize complexity, researchers often study cellular

proteins or nucleic acids in isolation. But sometimesówhen

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the ghostly outline of a mouse, with a telltale multicolored heat

bloom indicating where the action is. �����������������

continued>

Small animal imaging: Data that’s more than skin deep

Page 4: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

1272 sciencemag.org/products SCIENCE

LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES

MICROSCOPY

Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office

metabolic processes,î allowing researchers to determine, for

instance, how tumors respond to therapy.

But, by most accounts, optical imaging is the most widely

used preclinical modality overall. Capable of recording both

789:������������98�������������� ��������������������

couple advantages,î Yuan says. Among its virtues, optical im-

aging is relatively inexpensive and high throughputóresearch-

ers can image multiple animals simultaneously and rapidly,

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population sizes. By comparison, MRI scans, which provide

�9������8������9�� ��:���9���9���9:�������������������8:�����

scanner runs around the clock, but the throughput is much

lower [than optical],î says Christopher Contag, director of the

Stanford Center for Innovation in In Vivo Imaging, where

9�������������9��������9��������8�����9��������������

optical system we process probably hundreds of mice [per

day], versus a handful on the MRI or PET.î

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users and they can handle the image acquisition and data inter-

�:����9���:������8��� �� 8�������������:��9�������������

�:�������������:��������!��

Better optics

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cent protein) is introduced or expressed in the animal and ex-

cited with an external light source. Bioluminescence involves

genetically modifying the animal to produce a light-generating

protein, such as luciferase, and produces light only in re-

sponse to a supplied substrate. In either case, the abundance

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recording the resulting photoemission through the skin.

But therein lies the problem. As anyone who has put a

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in a straight line through biological tissue; it scatters and

is absorbed. Thus, some fraction of the excitation (in the

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bioluminescence) is inevitably lost in optical imagingóthough

this is less true of near-infrared light. Also, the signalís exact

�9��9����9������%�8���9��9:��98���&���9��:��� �'()�����

SPECT tracers can be localized precisely, as both emit high-

energy particles that traverse the body unimpeded. As a

result, optical imaging is rarely used on any animals other

than mice, and even then, mostly for surface features such as

subcutaneous tumors.

Researchers are working to change that, however.

�������:9��������:������9����:�����*������� ��9:�

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the Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professor of Biomedical

Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri

who pioneered the technique, says that while optical imaging

loses resolution beyond about a millimeter, ultrasound main-

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the two, using light to excite a molecular target but reading

out the ultrasonic pressure wave caused by the targetís heat-

��������*����9������������:��9��������������8���: ��

explains Andrew Needles, senior manager for product inno-

vation at FUJIFILM VisualSonics ��)9:9��9 �����:9 ������

�����9���:��-������������99�����)������������8��������

surrounding atmosphere to create a sound wave.î

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vided the laser is tuned to the correct wavelength for molecular

absorption. His lab has imaged everything from nucleic acids

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application, says Needles, is measuring blood oxygenation,

functional data that can be overlaid over a traditional ultrasound

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&�+�.����������8������9�������������9���:���9��������

animal in vivo and image action potentials.î

TriFoil Imaging, in Chatsworth, California, has developed

another optical technology. Launched in September 2014,

�����789:�������/����9���9��8�����9�9�:�����#0,(1)$���

to traditional planar imagers what CT is to X-ray.

Laser energy strikes the animal through a thin slit while ro-

tating around the whole animal in a helical scan. The resulting

789:������������9��������8:��������:���9��23�������9:���9-

sitioned around the animal, which rotates through 360 degrees

to produce a tomographic dataset, similar to PET.

Indeed, according to Staf Van Cauter, executive vice presi-

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and using it, he says, researchers can detect tumors and other

features smaller than a millimeter in size, and identify exactly

where in the body they are located.

A more accessible pet

Still, since optical modalities are for the most part not ap-

proved for human use, researchers interested in clinical medi-

�����8���99��������:���9:��9��8�:�������������9�8�:�

option is PET.

PET, explains John Gore, director of the Vanderbilt Uni-

versity Institute of Imaging Science, provides molecular

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millimeter-sized.

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���������������in Culver City, California, a company that

develops PET imaging systems and probes. A PET probe that

works in mice can thus also, in theory, be applied in humans.

But PET probes arenít easy to work with. The most widely

Using [18F]-

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Page 5: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

1273SCIENCE sciencemag.org/products

LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office

MICROSCOPY

by Bruker). According to

Patrick Goodwill, Magnetic

Insightís chief technical of-

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lar contrast, like PET and

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magnets. ìItís nuclear medi-

cine, but using an iron oxide

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Researchers can, for in-

stance, load mesenchymal

stem cells with antibody-

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says, detecting as few as

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ìWeíre using low-frequency

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about anything. If we had

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ner, we could see through a

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Contag, with Stanford

colleague Sam Gambhir,

is studying ways to

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cal structure. But 133����H�HF��� ���HF��� GHF�F�0FH�H��F

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he says.

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facilities or the clinic, most researchers agree existing modali-

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ment one another. ìThis is why you donít want to say one tech-

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half-life of 110 minutes,

meaning the material must

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to the researcher, and

used within hours. Another

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2-minute half-life, making

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ìThe access to PET

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says.

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to researchers located at

greater distances from syn-

thesis laboratories. Or labs

can generate their own

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a cyclotron. But that isnít a

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The BRIC, for instance,

installed a cyclotron in late

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rounding the cyclotron. The roomís lead-shielded door weighs

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Page 6: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

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Page 7: Binding together the world of biology - Science · 2016-11-18 · Molecular imaging methods include nuclear medicine * .$˘ . $-˘ˆFCˆˆ C D C D D C D FF C F D˛E˘CD CF ˘ CF F

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