bio 119 chapter 5 and 6 terms

8/8/2019 Bio 119 Chapter 5 and 6 Terms

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Chapter 5: macromolecules

--fomation of macromolecules--Macromolecules:giant molecules formed by joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensationreaction: polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids are considered thesepolymer: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked bycovalent bonds. Examples include carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins.Monomers: repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer, smallermolecules. Also have functions of their own.CONDENSATION REACTION: when two monomers connect to each other by a reactionin which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other by the loss of a molecule.DEHYDRATION REACTION:when two monomers connect to each other by a reaction in which a hydroxly groupcovalently bonds to a hydrogen atom which causes the loss of a water molecule in the

process.HYDROLYSIS:a process that occurs when the bonds between two monomers are broken by the additionof water molecules, with a hydrogen from the water attraction to one monomer and ahydroxyl group attaching to the ADJEACENT MONOMER.

ENZYMES: specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells,considered proteins.--types of macromolecules--

CARBOHYDRATES:

a sugar(monosaccaraide) of one of its dimers (dissaccarides) or polymers(polysaccarides)MONOSACCARIDES: molecules with a general formula of some multiple of the unitCH2O; these are major nutrients as carbon skeletons serve as raw material for synthesisof other organic materials.DISACCARIDE: A molecule that consists of two monosaccarides joined by a glysodiclinkageSTARTCH: a polymer of glucose monomers; synthesizing this allows for the storage ofglucose, and these stored energy,is helical in shape.GLYCOGEN: a polymer of glucose that is like amylopctin (a complex starch that is abranched polymer with 1-6 linkages at branch points) but more extensively branched:ANIMALS STORE THIS.

CELLUOSE: a polysaccaride that is a major component of the tough walls that encloseplant cells: most abundant organic compound on earth. polymer of glucose.fat: a large molecule constructed by two smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acidthrough a dehydration reaction; major function is energy storageglycerolan alchohol with three carbons each having a hydroxyl group.FATTY ACID:a molecules with a long carbon chain (usually 16 or 18 in length) and a carboxyl group atthe tend of the molecules(hence the acid) these are hydrophbic.

Triacyglycerol: A fat that consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule;


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linkages that bond hydroxyl to carboxyl are called ESTER LINKAGESSTEROIDS: lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.CHOLESTEROL:a common component of an animal cell membranes, and a foundation from which othersteroids are synthesized crucial molecule in animals, but can be dangerous in highamounts.CATALYSYS:

chemical agents that selectively speed up reactions without being consumed by thereaction can be seen as workhorses that keep cells running by carrying out processes oflifeCHAPERONINS:protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins: they do not specify inthe final structure of a protein, instead they keep the new polypeptide separated frombad influenced in the cytoplasmic environment while it folds.GENE: a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specificnucleotide sequnce in DNA (RNA in viruses)NUCLEIC ACID: a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomersserves as s a blueprint for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellularactivities, two types are DNA and RNA

MESSENGER RNAa nucleic acid that directs the production of polypeptides: this is found in the cellsribosomes

SICKLE CELL: inherited blood disorder, caused by the substitution of caline forglutimic acid (ammino acids_ in the primary structure in hemoglobinCHAPERONINS:protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins: they do not specify inthe final structure of a protein, instead they keep the new polypeptide separated frombad influenced in the cytoplasmic environment while it folds.

_____________________________________________________________Chapter 6- parts of the cell:

--Some grouped terms about cellular definition and what DNA is comprised of,and where it is according to the type of cell.PROKARYOTIC CELL- cell in which DNA is concentrated in a region called thenucleoidCHROMATIN:complex of proteins and DNA; chromosomes are made of theseNUCLEOLUS- structure within the nucleus that synthesizes rRNA-ENDROMEMBRANE SYSTEM: comprised of all the membranes in eukaryotic cell

SMOOTH ER:synthesis of lipids, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.,

--molecule types--GLYCOPROTEINS:proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bounded to them

--cell organelles--LYSOSOME: enzymes that digest molecules in cellCONTRACTILE VACUOLE:


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vacuole that pumps out excess water to maintain a suitable concentration of ions andmolecules inside the cell.PERIOXISOME: oxidative organelle that imports its proteins from the cytosol.

--specific to mitochondria--CRISTAE:inner membrane that divides mitochondiron into two compartments

MITROCHRONDRIAL MATRIX:compartment which contains many enzymes in mitochondiran

--plants and chloroplasts--PLASTIDS: closely related plant organellesTHYLAKOIDS:flattened, interconnected sacs present in chloroplasts.GRANUMthe "stack" in a thylakoid.STROMAfluid outside of a thylakoid which contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes

--cell shape--MICROTUBLES:shapes and supports cell:tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can moveCENTRISOME:region in which microtuble grows out fromCENTRIOLE:one of two small cylindrical cell organelles composed of nine triplet microtubles.MICROFILLIMENTS:twisted double chain of actin subunitsACTIN:a globular proteins that links into two chains, of which twist helical about each other,

forming microfilliments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.MYOSIN: thousands of actin filaments arranged parallel to each other.Cell wallwall that protects plant cell, maintains shape and prevents excessive uptake of water.

--extra cellular communication--COLLAGEN:glycoprotein in extra cellular matrix that forms strong fibers outside cell.PLASMODESMATA:cell walls are perforated with these channels.TIGHT JUNCTION:

junction in which the plasma membrane of neighboring cells are pressed against each

other.DESMOSOME:

junction that fastens cells together into tight sheets.GAP JUNCTION:

junction that provides cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell.

nuclear lamina

netlike array of protein filaments that maintains shape of the nucleus.


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bio 119 chapter 5 and 6 terms

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