bio 4320 – marine algers systematikk og biologi division ”chlorophyta”
TRANSCRIPT
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BIO 4320 – marine algers systematikk og biologi
Division ”CHLOROPHYTA”
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Chlorophyta
Origin of chloroplast
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Phylogeny of Chlorophyta sensu lato
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Chlorophyta sensu lato
5-10 classesFreshwater and marine;ca. 5000 species
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Division characteristics
morphology
• Flagellates, colonies• Filaments • Parenchymatic
Ulva Dunaliella
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Division characteristics• Isokont swarmers• ”smooth” flagella or covered by scales• Stellate transition zone (flagella apparatues)• Dobble chloroplast membrane• Chloroplasts with 2-6 thylakoids, grana• Green chloroplast with:
chlorophyll a og b
β-karoten and xanthophyls• Some have pyrenoid (in chloroplast)• Storage product: starch (in chloroplast)
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Bloom on the Southern coast of
Norway
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Chloroplast pigments
chlorophyll a + b
carotenoids
• β-karoten
Xanthophylls
• lutein
• violaxanthin
• neoxanthin
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flagella
”smooth” in Chlorophyceae
with organic scales in Prasinophyceae
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Flagellar transition zone
from van den Hoek et al. 1995
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sheding of flagella
from van den Hoek et al. 1995
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flagellar roots of UTC
UTC clade = Ulvophyceae-Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyceae
Chlorodendrales moved from Prasinophyceae to Chlorophyta
Prasinophyceae may be split into several classes
UTC clade
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Microtubular roots of UTC
Microtubular roots run beneath the cell membrane to the posterior part of the cell
• anchor the flagella to the cell
• constitute a tubular cytoskeleton
4 flagellar roots:
• 2 consist of 2 microtubuli
• 2 consist of 4 (usually) microtubuli
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Microtubular roots of UTC
Microtubular roots run in oppsite directions forming a cross-like pattern in apical view
3 principal arrangements can be distinguished based on displacement of basal bodies
Characterized as cruciate (three types)• clockwise • opposite• counterclockwise
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multilayered structure
Cruciate
UTC-clade (a-c) CW
CCW
DO
MLS
Ulvophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Trebouxiophyceae
Charophyceae
Prasinophyceae
Prasinophyceae
Flagellar apparatues
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Chlorophyceae cruciate and clock wise flagellar bases
from van den Hoek et al. 1995
2 flagella
4 flagella
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar bases and roots
from van den Hoek et al. 1995
(connective fibres omitted)
1 o’clock – 7 o’clock type
Clockwise:
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar bases and roots
from van den Hoek et al. 1995
upper striated connective
lower striated connective
connective fibres with centrin
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii rhizoplast
from van den Hoek et al. 1995
rhizoplast
nucleus
connective fibres
Contraction/relaxation
contracted
relaxed
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Mitosis
• open; nuclear membrane disperse during metaphase (Charophyceae)
• closed; nuclear membrane is persistent (many UTC)
• Trebouxiophyceae; closed mitosis with metacentric spindle
(see fig 16.8)
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U
T
C
clade
Present in brackish water
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Cell wall
Cells are
• naked
• with cell wall
• or covered with organic scales
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Cell divisionCytokinesis• by furrowing (Prasino-,Trebouxiophyceae)
• by phycoplast-furrowing (chlorophyceae)
Mode of division of systematical importance
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Mitosis and cell division
8 different modes have been distinguished
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occurrence
• freshwater, brackish water, salt water• rock pools, ponds and snow• humid soil, tree trunks, stones
• Tropical, temperate and polar milieu
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diversity
• Cell size from < 1 μm to 20-30 cm
• Flagellates, coccoids, colony forming, filamentous and parenchymatic