Biology Notes 1

April 7, 2015Lab 13. Text Chapter 32 and 33

Becareful with phylums/namesStats1.3-1.5 Million extant species of animals99.9% of all species are now extinctAnimal Characteristics

Heterotrophic (all animals). Cells (of animals) lack cell walls. In animals, the diploid phase of the life cycle is dominant. 1n=gametes only

o Spongilla – 2n gemmules (2n~spores) All: Multicellular

Timeline: Origin of kingdom Animalia770? Mybp (origin)710 mybp –steriods (only creatures that produce are animals)560 mybp –multicellular, animalsEdiacaran

630-542 mybp 530 mybp –Cambrian, half of all phyla that live today

Biology Notes 2

All animals are thought to have a common ancestry of Choanoflagellates “protozoan”

Without choano flagellates all the necessary movements couldn’t happen

Phylum Porifera “sponges” Choanocytes “collar cells” –very important function, they ensure

Cadherin

Adherin junctions –epithilial cells

Microfilaments

Actin

Phylum Porifera “sponges” Have no true tissues No organs No brain =PARAZOA, EUMETAZOA (tissues present) Sponges are thought as “Basal Animals” All aquatic, mostly marine. They have Diversity of Cell types

o eg. Choanocytes –maintain life sustaining watero eg. Pinacocytes –large flattened cells, that provide outer coveringo eg. Collencytes o eg. Sclerocytes –spicules (microscopic) SiO2, CaCO3, irregular shape,

“Hard Skeleton”o eg. Amoebocyte –looks like an amoeba, has pseudopod and moves like

an amoeba, to deliver food, will capture food (they carry surplus foods to other cells).

Biology Notes 3

Amoebacytes screen for food (if sperm with same DNA it will not eat but deliver instead

External fertilization, sea water

Asconoid Body Plano Longitudinal section

Sycon –lab, tinySponges bought in store are basically collegen spogin (collencytes)

Phlyum Porifera Class Hexactinellida “Glass sponges”

o Marine –very deepo Form an extensive glass skeleton (look like

fiberglass or angel hair) Class Demospongiae “Wool or Commercial Sponges”

o Spongilla F.W. –gemmules Live in pure water –Ephemeral Before they die they bud out gemmules Contains zooxanthellae –producing oxygen for them by way of

photosynthesis Class Calcarea –Sycon

Figure 1 Glass sponges

Figure 2 Demospongiae

Biology Notes 4

April 9, 2015Text Ch. 33Phylum Porifera= Parazoa clade (no tissues) –most primitiveEvery other Animal phylum =Eumetazoa clade (tissues present)Phylum Cnidaria“Radiates” all have radial symmetry, body forms a cylinder

- -two way digestive tract =gastrovascular activity- -Nerve net

o No brain o No myelinsheato Bidirectional impulse transmission

Almost all are monoecious (hermaphrodites) Sexual Reproduction – Asexual (Budding) Phylum Ctenophora

o Cannot stingo Very common

Phylum Cnadariao Almost all sting! They sting because they posses special stinging cell

called Cnidocyteso All aquatic –mostly marine eg. Hydrao Tissues present, including tissues and some organso Body forms:

Figure 4 Polyp Hydra

as Cnadarian sting: Stimulio Tactileo Chemosensory stimulation

Colony of zooids Physalia

Obeliadiocious

Figure 3 Aurelia "Common Jellyfish" -medusa

Figure 5 Physalia

Biology Notes 5

II. Phylum Cnidaria*/87\ Class Hydrozoa

o Gonionemus o Hydra o Obelia o Physalia – colonies of zooids, extremely venomouso Sea Fans & Soft Coralso Cabbage Head –toxin

Class Scyphozoa “True Jellyfish”o Eg. Aurelia (lab)o Functions as a medusa

Class Cubazoa o Spend majority of their lives as

medusao Distinction of being most

venomous in eartho Chironex “Box Jellyfish” Australia o Iracubu –smaller box jellyfisho Sea Waspso Chiropsalmus quadramannus –

extremely venomous Class Anthozoa “Hard Corals & Sea

Anemones”o Anthazoa serves as polyps, no

medusaeo Sea Anemonaes eg. Metridiumo Hard Coral –CaCO3 remains

Contains zooxanthellae in order to survive “Flower Gardens”

pedalium

Box Jellyfish

Biology Notes 6

14 April 2015Quiz on Thursday, mainly identification type, animal or image of animal and identify know phylum, or class. Final: 14 May 2015III. Phylum PlatyhelminthesSometimes called acoelomates (only applies to animals without body cavity.“platy” flat, “helminthes” worms so flatworms

Bilateral Symmetryo These animals have left and right side

Most cephalization -body region functions as a head. Triploblastic –when tissues first form, 3 germ layers will form.

o Ectoderm –outermosto Mesoderm –middleo Endoderm –innermost

Note: Radiata (phylum ctenophra and cnadaria) mostly diploblast, when they form tissues, they only have ecto and endoderm

Paired ventral nerve chords Gastrovascular cavity (not in the cestoda-tapeworm) Reproduction:

o Asexual-budding (grows from parent then detaches) or fragmentationo Sexual- usually monoecious-not represented by males/females but

represented by macrodite Eg. Just like sponges, ONLY exception is

Schistosoma-dioecious (represented by males/females)

Protonephridia (Turbellaria) –most primitive of all excretory system (tubules) eg.kidneys

Phylum Platyheminthes: Class Tubellaria “planarians” –free-living

o Dugesia o Aquatico Bilaterally symmetrical, they have stereoscopic

chemosensory perceptiono Bipalium (terrestrial)

Class Cestodao Taenia pisiformis

1st degree host –dog –scolex insterad of growing it uses it

2nd degree host Rabbit Figure 7 Bipalium

Figure 6Dugesia

Figure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 Bipalium

Biology Notes 7

Used for weight loss, when hatched insists inside the brain. o Taenia Solium “Pork Tapeworm” (dangerous)o Teania Saginattus “Beef Tapeworm”o Echinococcus (dangerous impact on humans)o Diphyllobothrium >60 ft.

Class Trematoda –all need aquatic snailso Fasciola “sheep liver fluke”-can also parasitize

humans Leafy plant- 2nd intermediate

o Chlonochis “human fluke Must be consumed by snail

Snail is 1st intermediate host Fish is 2nd intermediate host Human is primary host

o Schistosoma –come into contact with water Mansoni –release their eggs through the urethra Egyptian pharaoh Birds parasitized by shistosomes –“swimmers itch”

Class Monogenea –tends to parasitize small animals

April 16 2015IV. Phylum Nematoda -mostly free-living not harmful. Composting helping to create soil.. “pseudo”- false (Pseudocoelomates), not homologous -Contain the greatest # of species of any phylum in animals, most species are underscribed ~1 Million~about 25 000 species had been described.Shape of mouth, pharyngeal anatomy>90% parasitize humans-they are dioecious, females larger, males smaller and have coiled tailSingle female sheds about ~200 000 eggs/dayThey are ecdysozoans (chitonous cuitle)

Eg. Ascaris Lumbricoides Necator or Ancylostoma –hookworms Hookworm disease –significant in children –when children are infected means

they cause failure to thrive Canum infects dogs, zigzag –cutaneous larval migrans

Scolex 1

Figure 9 Ascaris: Longer [F], Shorter [M]

Figure 8 Female Ascaris

Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1

Biology Notes 8

“Whipworms” Trichuris –patients with Crohn’s Disease –auto-immune illness, modern disease Trichinella –causes trichinosis, cysts calcify, pork-tapeworms disease

Microscopic nematodes called euteley/eutelic –body is composed of specific # of cells, if not then it’s body is incomplete.Caenorhabditis genetics of animal development. Eutelic animal you can count cellsAgriculture: Root Knot nematodes

Insists inside the roots, roots can’t normally get water. Can be colarated in annual crops

Perrineal plants live year-to-yearIV. Phylum Rotifera

Pseudoceolomates and microscopic Reproductive biology –facultative parthenoforms (choice of either

reproducing by normal sexual reproduction or by way of parthenogenesis “thelotoky”)- cloning themselves

Lab Notes:Phylum Annelida “segmented worms”

Class Clitellata o Subclass Oligochaeta “earthworms”o Subclass Hirudinea “leeches”

Class Polychaeta “clamworms”Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda - Class Bivalvia –clams, mussels, scalops Class Gastropoda –gastropods: snails, whelks

Animalia

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria(Radial Symmetry)

Lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes

Rotifera

Ecdysozoa Phylum Nematoda

Deiterostomia

Biology Notes 9

Polyplacophora -chitons monoplacophoraSubphylum Crustacea Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, isopodsSubphylum: Class Chelicerata Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks and horseshoe crabs

Class merostomata

Biology Notes 10

bhanks@blinn.eduLab micro -14 April collection date use blinn Bryan campus, weather data: look online on weather channel21 April 2015

Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Annelida

Phylum Mollusca Both Eucoelomates (body cavity is not a pseudocoelomate) and Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Mollusca Phylum Annelidaboth monoecious and dioecious

Eucelomates All are monoecious

Possess CaCO3 shell

Embryo –metameres fuse

In snail: head and muscular foot, inside the shell is the visceral hump

Mantle (cavity) –to make shell

Lophototrozoans (do not need to shed exoskeletons or not chitonous)

No ShellAdults possess “extreme metamerism”-segmentation

Chitinous setae “bristle” looks like hair but not actually hair

Thick, muscular body wallBilateral symmetry and cephalizationEg. Bivalvia

Metronephyridia

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Class Polyplacophora eg. Chitins

o 8 hinged plates/elements Class Monoplacophora

o Fossils: elongated dome-like shello In 1952 –Costa Rica –only that exhibits metamerism

Class Bivalvia (No head)o 2 hinged elements

Biology Notes 11

Class Cephalopodao Eg. Nautilus –pelagico “Ammonites” –had shells before, now extincto Most advanced of all invertebrates

Only intelligent invertebrates Giant neurons. Fastest reflexes of all animals. Eyes are indistinguishable Several brains, separated around the body. Largest known living invertebrates Many are venomous

Phylum Annelida Class Clitellita

o Oligochaeta “earthworms” Eg. Lumbricus “night crawlers”, Eg. Esatia “compost worms”

o Hirudinea “leeches” Sanguivorous –feeds on blood

Class Polychaeta “Clamworms”o Nerius –parapodiao “Bristle Worm”

Phylum Arthropoda-means “joint-footed”, arthro-joint; poda-footRequirements for arthropoda:1. Jointed appendages (must have)2. Chitinous exoskeleton

- Eucoelomates & ecdysozoans- Open circulatory systemo Greatest # of described species ~750,000, about 2/3 are insectso Most widespread. Including North Pole (spiders)o Exhibits metamerism as adultso Open circulatory system

o Mostly found along the body cavity –hemocoelo Well-developed nervous system (brain) not intelligento Elaborate sense organs & behaviors (genetically programmed)

o Eg. Decorator Crabs –cover top of their caracas with spongeso Compound eye – detecting field of view

Biology Notes 12

o Dioecious Sexual Reproduction –don’t reproduce by budding or fragmentation

o Excretory Tubules: o Insects: Malpighian Tubuleso Crustaceans: Antennal glands

Kidneys on top of heado Scorpions: Coxal Glands

Kidneys found appendages of the bodyEmbryo Larvae

Insect (head, thorax, abdomen) Spiders –cephalothorax

Entymology“ecdysis” –multiple, all arthropods must mold or “shed” their exoskeletons3 Subphylums (taxonomy for lab pract)

Subphylum Chilecerata Subphylum Crustecea Subphylum Myriapoda Subphylum Hexapoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Subphylum Crustacea

Subphylum Myriapoda

Subphylum Hexapoda

Simple mouthparts Biramous Appendages“Two brains”Appendages on tails- Pleopods swimmerets

Uniramous Appendages

Uniramous Appendages

Class Merostomata“Horseshoe” Limulus -Not crabs-blood gets around bacteria(immunity)Class Pyctogonida “Sea Spiders”-Eight legs-no body just legs-not truly spiders-like spiders they are venomousClass Arachnida

Eg. Millipedes/centipedes

Body divided into a head, thorax, abdomen, 3 pairs of appendages

Biology Notes 13

“Spiders,mite,ticks, scorpions etc.”-most spiders are venomous-Loxoceles “Brown recluse” -necrotic (can’t feel venom)-Leiodendion “Black widow”

Embryo LarvaeInsect:

Head, Thorax, AbdomenSpiders:

CephalothoraxCrustaceans- compound eye –good for detecting viewsFlies: intestinal tract by the brainAntennal Glands –crawfishMyriapoda –centipedesHexapoda –eight legsChelicerata –spiders, scorpions, horshoecrabsScorpions Centuriodes “wood scorpion”Spiders ArgiopeSpider “Tarantula”

Not dangerous Enormous chelicerum

Test 3 coverageMostly 1 chapter in textbook Chapter 33

Chapter 32 information (Repeated)

Biology Notes 14

Be familiar with cladograms on page 677 & 679 –phylogenetic relationships among animals –features dycsozoans whether they have tissues etc.Class insect-only group of arthropods species capable of wingfly (can fly by flapping wings- durin g larvae stage)

Should know about vertebrae classification and diversity

Biology Notes 15

28 April 28, 2015Chapter 34Phylum Chordata

Notochord (unique – cartilage that extends from the body to the other)

Dorsal, hollow nerve chord & brain Pharyngeal Gill pouches Myomeres (repeated bundles of muscle tissues –seen in fish tuna) Post anal tail (all chordates have but not unique) Closed circulatory system Possesed by chodates

o Unique to vertebrates: skeletal system including cranium “skull”

o Better developed brain with brain anatomy 2 subphyla “protochodates”, proto means earth

o Subphylum Cephalachordata “lancelots” or “ampioxus” Branchiostomata6

o Subphylum Urochordata “tunicates” or “sea squirts”o Subphylum Vertebrata -the one we belong to

Agnatha –no jaws, a-without, gnata –jaw Mostly extinct Myxini “hagfish” Petromyzontiformes “lampreys”

–“cephalospidomorphi” (lab) Lab 72 Actinistia –Laterimeria “Coelocanth”-lobe finned fish Dipnoi “Tiktalok”- creature that had all the features

fish/amphibian- class amphibian (have to go to pond to reproduce)

Gnathostomata –jaw- mouthClass ReptiliaClass AvesClass Mammalia –hair, lactation

Placentals –we belong to Marsupials –don’t have a placenta, kangaroos Monotromes –oviprous –lay eggs

Biology Notes 16

Don’t forget to Study these: