Modern Art Modern Art

Chapter 33Chapter 33

What were some of the What were some of the Developments in the 20Developments in the 20thth

century?century?

Technology e = mc 2 Technology e = mc 2 Scientific Revolution/ EnlightmentScientific Revolution/ Enlightment Proteins, discoveries, radar televisions, cinemaProteins, discoveries, radar televisions, cinema Atom bombAtom bomb Philosophy, Psychology – JungPhilosophy, Psychology – Jung Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism

What Wars and major events What Wars and major events Happened in the 20Happened in the 20thth Century ? Century ?

WW I and the Russian Revolution WW I and the Russian Revolution WW 2WW 2 Hitler Hitler VietnamVietnam The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Evolution and the avant - Evolution and the avant - GardeGarde

Post Impressionism Post Impressionism and Impression and Impression was happening was happening before the time of before the time of the Fauviststhe Fauvists

Fauvism – wild beastFauvism – wild beast= Intense color, reflect feelings, used = Intense color, reflect feelings, used

awkward color combos awkward color combos

German, Parisian - German, Parisian - Expressionism of Expressionism of 1910 to Abstract 1910 to Abstract Expressionist in Expressionist in 19401940

Matisse is the leaderMatisse is the leader French Academy French Academy

and the Salonand the Salon Woman w/ a Hat – Woman w/ a Hat –

1905 By Matisse1905 By Matisse

Matisse - Red Room 1908Matisse - Red Room 1908

Die Brucke – The BridgeDie Brucke – The Bridge German artists German artists

explored explored expressionist ideasexpressionist ideas

Ludwig Kirchner – Ludwig Kirchner – LeaderLeader

Street, Dresden 1908Street, Dresden 1908 Zombie Like, German Zombie Like, German

City before WW1City before WW1

Emil Nolde- Emil Nolde- Saint Mary of Egypt -1912Saint Mary of Egypt -1912

Joined Die Brucke Joined Die Brucke 19061906

Religious Figures, Religious Figures, Distortion of form Distortion of form

and colorand color Aggressive brush Aggressive brush

strokesstrokes

Der Blaue ReiterDer Blaue Reiter

Cubism early 1900sCubism early 1900s

Picasso – Challenged every mediumPicasso – Challenged every medium Realism to Cubism - ex .CezanneRealism to Cubism - ex .Cezanne Colonial Empires expansion into India Colonial Empires expansion into India

and Africaand Africa Iberian SculpturesIberian Sculptures

Gertrude Stein – 1906Gertrude Stein – 1906Iberian Sculptures - Iberian Sculptures -

Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon - Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon - 19071907

Braque – The Portuguese , Braque – The Portuguese , 19111911

HuesHues Palette Palette ColorsColors Light and shadow?Light and shadow? Clues?Clues? Stenciled lettersStenciled letters ChiaroscuroChiaroscuro

Delaunay – Champs de Mars - Delaunay – Champs de Mars - 19111911

Picasso – Still life – 1912 Picasso – Still life – 1912 Synthetic CubismSynthetic Cubism

Braque – Bottle, Newspaper, Braque – Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass -1913Pipe and Glass -1913

Picasso – Maquette for Picasso – Maquette for GuitarGuitar

Archipenko – Woman Combing Archipenko – Woman Combing her hair - 1915her hair - 1915

Futurism Futurism

MovementMovement New materialsNew materials War is a cleansing agent of the worldWar is a cleansing agent of the world

BallaBalla

BoccioniBoccioniUnique Forms of Continuity in Unique Forms of Continuity in

Space, 1913Space, 1913 Blur of movementBlur of movement

Severini – Armored Train - Severini – Armored Train - 19151915

Artistically and Artistically and politically captures politically captures the Futurist idealsthe Futurist ideals

WarWar Soldiers shootingSoldiers shooting Omit death and Omit death and

destructiondestruction

WW I - 1916WW I - 1916

Mass DestructionMass Destruction New technology, more deathNew technology, more death Suicidal attacksSuicidal attacks Trenches – psychological warfareTrenches – psychological warfare

DADADADA

Gathered artists who thought the war Gathered artists who thought the war was pointlesswas pointless

NY & ZurichNY & Zurich Paris, Berlin and CologneParis, Berlin and Cologne A mind set not a single styleA mind set not a single style -Psychoanalytical style-Psychoanalytical style

Duchamp and Man Ray Duchamp and Man Ray 1920s1920s

Surrealists -1930Surrealists -1930

Duchamp –Fountain 1917Duchamp –Fountain 1917

Berlin DadaistsBerlin Dadaists

PhotomontagePhotomontage Composition by pasting Composition by pasting

together pieces of paper together pieces of paper Or cubists calling it a Or cubists calling it a

collagecollage Hannah Hoch- absurd Hannah Hoch- absurd

chaotic, contradictorychaotic, contradictory Titled Piece – Titled Piece – Cut with Cut with

the Kitchen Knife Dada the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Cultural Epoch of Germany “ 1919Germany “ 1919

Kurt Schwitters - Kurt Schwitters -

Liked Cubists Liked Cubists Collage Collage

Worked non –Worked non –objectively objectively

Looked through Looked through trash bins for trash bins for materialsmaterials

Merz 19Merz 19

Americans and the artsAmericans and the arts

Artists went over to Europe Artists went over to Europe brought back what they brought back what they learned in Europe.(ex. Sarget, learned in Europe.(ex. Sarget, Whistler)Whistler)

The group the “8”The group the “8” Leader Robert Henri, urged Leader Robert Henri, urged

artists to make pictures from artists to make pictures from life, created the rapidly life, created the rapidly changing landscape of NYC.changing landscape of NYC.

8= Ashcan school8= Ashcan school

(ugly)(ugly)

Armory Show Armory Show

1913 –Large scale 1913 –Large scale 1600 works from American 1600 works from American

and European artistsand European artists Matisse, Picasso, Braque, Matisse, Picasso, Braque,

Duchamp, Kandinksy and Duchamp, Kandinksy and KirchnerKirchner

Duchamp –Nude Descending a Duchamp –Nude Descending a Staircase -1912 Staircase -1912

NY TIMES describes NY TIMES describes the show as the show as “pathological”“pathological”

““Menace to public Menace to public morality”morality”

“ “ An explosion in a An explosion in a shingle factory”shingle factory”

Monochromatic Monochromatic palette =?palette =?

Jean Arp – Collage Arranged Jean Arp – Collage Arranged According to the Laws of According to the Laws of

ChanceChance ChanceChance Tired of collages Tired of collages Dropping the paperDropping the paper

Photography & Alfred Steigiltz Photography & Alfred Steigiltz 1907 1907

Gallery 291Gallery 291 Straight un-Straight un-

manipulated manipulated photographsphotographs

Environmental Environmental photographsphotographs

The Steerage The Steerage

Weston -Weston -

Man Ray – La Cadeau DadaMan Ray – La Cadeau Dada

Marsden Hartley – Portrait of a Marsden Hartley – Portrait of a German OfficerGerman Officer

Followed CubismFollowed Cubism Array of German Array of German

military itemsmilitary items Relationship to his Relationship to his

friend a German friend a German officerofficer

Aaron Douglas – Noah’s ArkAaron Douglas – Noah’s Ark

Used flat planesUsed flat planes MonochromaticMonochromatic Depict African Depict African

AmericansAmericans

Precisionism 1915-1930Precisionism 1915-1930

American’s loved the artwork from American’s loved the artwork from the Armory Showthe Armory Show

Avante Garde ArtAvante Garde Art

This group did not exhibit togetherThis group did not exhibit together Very individualizedVery individualized

Demuth – My Egypt -1927Demuth – My Egypt -1927

Reduced subjects Reduced subjects to simple shapesto simple shapes

Mixed up planesMixed up planes Like a Egyptian Like a Egyptian

PyramidPyramid

O ‘ Keefe – NY Night- 1929O ‘ Keefe – NY Night- 1929

O’Keefe – moved from a small town O’Keefe – moved from a small town to NYC in 1918to NYC in 1918

NYC is complex she thoughtNYC is complex she thought Steiglitz was her supporter and Steiglitz was her supporter and

HusbandHusband She reduced forms She reduced forms Used basic colors, abstractUsed basic colors, abstract

Europe and WW IEurope and WW INew Sachickeit – OrNew Sachickeit – Or

New Objectivity New Objectivity Grew out of Vets from WW IGrew out of Vets from WW I To portray a present clean eyed To portray a present clean eyed

direct and honest image of the war direct and honest image of the war and its effectsand its effects

Used experiences in his own life in Used experiences in his own life in his workhis work

George Grosz George Grosz

Anti war – Anti war – associated w/ Dada associated w/ Dada in Berlin in Berlin

Harsh and BitterHarsh and Bitter Depicted German Depicted German

Military as Military as heartless and Bitter heartless and Bitter

Beckmann –Night 1918-Beckmann –Night 1918-19191919

He Rationalized war at first over He Rationalized war at first over time mass destruction time mass destruction

Work them soon reflected the Work them soon reflected the horrors of war and societyhorrors of war and society

Horrifying commenting on the Horrifying commenting on the status of a societystatus of a society

3 invaders3 invaders Images savageness = paint Images savageness = paint

strokesstrokes Woman Raped, son being Woman Raped, son being

capturedcaptured

Otto Dix – The War 1929-Otto Dix – The War 1929-19391939

Kollwitz – Woman and Dead Kollwitz – Woman and Dead ChildChild

Barlach – War Monument Barlach – War Monument

Surrealism - Surrealism -

Power of the UnconsciousPower of the Unconscious offspring of Dadaoffspring of Dada Godfather – Andre BretonGodfather – Andre Breton FreudFreud Automatism – psychic Automatism – psychic

De ChiricoDe ChiricoMelancholy and Mystery of a Street – 1914Melancholy and Mystery of a Street – 1914

EnvironmentEnvironment EmptyEmpty Nietzsche Nietzsche

Ernst – Two Children Are Ernst – Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale - Threatened by a Nightingale -

19241924 A window into a A window into a

real scenereal scene Followed rules of Followed rules of

linear and aerial linear and aerial perspectiveperspective

Struggle of words Struggle of words and imagesand images

FrottageFrottage

Dali – The Persistence of Dali – The Persistence of Memory 1931Memory 1931

Amphorus ShapeAmphorus Shape Controlled brush Controlled brush

strokesstrokes RealisticRealistic Distorted Distorted

Magritte – The Treachery of Magritte – The Treachery of Images -1928Images -1928

ShocksShocks Does it make Does it make

sense?sense?

Oppenheim Oppenheim

Fur Lined Cup -Fur Lined Cup -19361936

Inspired by a Inspired by a conversation with conversation with PicassoPicasso

Surrealism flair Surrealism flair

Frida Kahlo – The Two Frida’s- Frida Kahlo – The Two Frida’s- 19391939

Psychic & Psych. Psychic & Psych. issues she dealt issues she dealt withwith

Distanced herself Distanced herself from the Surrealist from the Surrealist GroupGroup

Husband – Diego Husband – Diego Riveria Riveria

Miro – Painting -1933Miro – Painting -1933

Automatism Automatism (the creation of art (the creation of art

w/o creative w/o creative control)control)

Hallucination, Hallucination, fantasyfantasy

Amoebic Amoebic Organisms Organisms

Constructivism or Constructivism or SuprematismSuprematism

Russians – had a long history of Russians – had a long history of cultural contact and interaction with cultural contact and interaction with the westthe west

Russians exposed to Fauvism, Russians exposed to Fauvism, Cubism and FuturismCubism and Futurism

Pure feeling in art – Pure feeling in art – “ He feels, does “ He feels, does not touch”not touch”

Malevich – Suprematism Malevich – Suprematism Composition : Airplane FlyingComposition : Airplane Flying

Pure language, Pure language, shape and colorshape and color

Welcomed the Welcomed the Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

-wipe out past -wipe out past traditions and traditions and begin with new begin with new cultureculture

Naum Gabo – The Naum Gabo – The ConstructivistConstructivist

Called himself a Called himself a Constructivist Constructivist because he built because he built his sculptures, his sculptures, piece by piecepiece by piece

Motion in workMotion in work Relationship of Relationship of

Mass & SpaceMass & Space

Monument to the 3Monument to the 3rdrd International – 1919 - TalinInternational – 1919 - Talin

Honored Russian Honored Russian RevolutionRevolution

Glass, rotating Glass, rotating chamberschambers

News center for News center for Russian PeopleRussian People

All These artists believed they All These artists believed they couldcould

create a Technological Utopiacreate a Technological Utopia

1. Communist Party said art must be 1. Communist Party said art must be functionalfunctional

Propagandistic for the peoplePropagandistic for the people Non conforming artists got sent to Non conforming artists got sent to

campcamp

De Stijl Founded by Mondrian De Stijl Founded by Mondrian & Theo van Doesberg& Theo van Doesberg

Holland - More Utopian ViewsHolland - More Utopian Views Birth of a new age during WW IBirth of a new age during WW I Artists reduced vocab to simple Artists reduced vocab to simple

geometric shapesgeometric shapes Goal is obj. in natureGoal is obj. in nature Used to create harmonious Used to create harmonious

compositioncomposition

Mondrian –De StijlMondrian –De Stijl

Vitality –lifeVitality –life Tranquility – peacefulTranquility – peaceful Equilibrium Equilibrium Completes rhythm = Completes rhythm =

balance, each one is balance, each one is different different

No reference to nature No reference to nature Controlling Controlling Style = modern art Style = modern art

during the time 1930during the time 1930

Rietveld –Schroder House Rietveld –Schroder House

Cabinet maker made Cabinet maker made & De Stijl Furnishings & De Stijl Furnishings throughout his careerthroughout his career

New arch is anti cubicNew arch is anti cubic Open planOpen plan Free floating wallsFree floating walls Used primary colors Used primary colors

and flat planes like a and flat planes like a Mondrian PtgMondrian Ptg

The BauhausThe Bauhaus

Gropius – vision of total archGropius – vision of total arch UtopianUtopian His goal was to train artists, architects and His goal was to train artists, architects and

designers. To accept and anticipate 20designers. To accept and anticipate 20thth century century needs.needs.

Needed to produce Graduates who would could Needed to produce Graduates who would could design for the 20design for the 20thth century century

Promoted unity of art, arch and designPromoted unity of art, arch and design No boundariesNo boundaries Hired most innovative & avant-garde thinkers to Hired most innovative & avant-garde thinkers to

teach at the Bauhausteach at the Bauhaus

GOAL = CLEAN DESIGN & High TechGOAL = CLEAN DESIGN & High Tech Did not like Ornamental & Historic Did not like Ornamental & Historic

Moholy – Nagy – From the Moholy – Nagy – From the Radio Tower Berlin Radio Tower Berlin

Art should be all Art should be all encompassingencompassing

Produced ptgs, Produced ptgs, photos, special effects photos, special effects for art and filmfor art and film

Vertical aerial Vertical aerial viewpoint presents the viewpoint presents the viewer w/new formal viewer w/new formal patterns and visual patterns and visual perspectives –more perspectives –more common with flightcommon with flight

Josef AlbersJosef Albers

Worked in Bauhaus Worked in Bauhaus glass & furniture glass & furniture shops.shops.

Hard Edge PtrHard Edge Ptr Varies hue and Varies hue and

colorcolor Obsessed with Obsessed with

colorcolor

Gropius –Shop BlockGropius –Shop Block

Bauhaus moved, Bauhaus moved, Hostility from German Hostility from German GovernmentGovernment

- positive attitude to the - positive attitude to the living environment of living environment of vehicles and machinesvehicles and machines

Simplicity in complexity, Simplicity in complexity, economy in the use of economy in the use of space, materials, time space, materials, time and moneyand money

Gunta Stolzl-Gunta Stolzl-

Emphasis on Emphasis on geometric patternsgeometric patterns

Mies van Der Rohe – Model for Mies van Der Rohe – Model for Glass Skyscraper - 1922Glass Skyscraper - 1922

Mies van der Rohe Mies van der Rohe took over took over leadership of leadership of BauhausBauhaus

““LESS is More”LESS is More” Bold use of glassBold use of glass SkeletonSkeleton

Degenerate Art Degenerate Art

Public Ridicule & Public Ridicule & Political persecutionPolitical persecution

1919thth Century art was Century art was ideal in Aryan Artideal in Aryan Art

16,000 artworks 16,000 artworks were considered were considered degeneratedegenerate

Ex. Otto Dix, Franz Ex. Otto Dix, Franz Marc, Piet MondrianMarc, Piet Mondrian

International StyleInternational Style

Walter Gropius and Mies van der Walter Gropius and Mies van der RoheRohe

Puritians of style Puritians of style Le Corbusier- influential arch. Modern Le Corbusier- influential arch. Modern

livingliving

Le Corbusier – Domino House Le Corbusier – Domino House Project-1914Project-1914

Domino House Domino House Project structure Project structure

Sun, space, Sun, space, vegetarian, vegetarian, insulationinsulation

Art Deco – 1920-1930sArt Deco – 1920-1930s

Popular tastePopular taste Deco sought to upgradeDeco sought to upgrade Everything was deco – utensils, Everything was deco – utensils,

fashion , Jewelry, etcfashion , Jewelry, etc

Chrysler Building – William van Chrysler Building – William van Alen -1928Alen -1928

Elongated Elongated symmetricalsymmetrical

Hard patternsHard patterns Simple formsSimple forms Jazz air flair Jazz air flair

Natural Architecture -Frank Natural Architecture -Frank Lloyd WrightLloyd Wright

Cross Axial planCross Axial plan Continuity in mindContinuity in mind No posts no columnsNo posts no columns Clean cut shapesClean cut shapes Japanese Aztec Japanese Aztec Designed every Designed every

detaildetail CantileveredCantilevered ““belongs to the hill”belongs to the hill”

Organic SculptureOrganic Sculpture

Brancusi – Natural Brancusi – Natural or Organicor Organic

Bird in Space, 1928Bird in Space, 1928 Like the egg, the Like the egg, the

pebblepebble Reduced to smooth Reduced to smooth

surfacessurfaces

Henry MooreHenry Moore

Every material Every material works differentlyworks differently

Material works and Material works and play play

Calder Calder

Kinetic ArtKinetic Art Miro InfluencedMiro Influenced

Art as a Political Statement-Art as a Political Statement-Picasso – Guernica 1937Picasso – Guernica 1937

Nazi Bombing – air raid Nazi Bombing – air raid

Lange – Migrant Mother -Lange – Migrant Mother -19351935

SadnessSadness DepressionDepression Treasury Relief art Treasury Relief art

Project & WPAProject & WPA

Hopper – Nighthawks - 1942Hopper – Nighthawks - 1942

Lawrence – Migration of the Lawrence – Migration of the Negro – NO. 49Negro – NO. 49

Harlem, NYHarlem, NY African and art and African and art and

historyhistory Exodus of blk labor Exodus of blk labor

from Southern U.S.from Southern U.S. Disillusioned with their Disillusioned with their

lives in the south, lives in the south, Black culture moved Black culture moved from the Southfrom the South

Experiences of Experiences of migrating peoplemigrating people

Dining area -CubistDining area -Cubist

--Regionalism- Regionalism- Grant Wood – American Gothic 1930Grant Wood – American Gothic 1930

Turned attention to Turned attention to rural life instead of rural life instead of citycity

Focus on American Focus on American subjectssubjects

Neat houseNeat house American StrengthAmerican Strength Rejection of avant Rejection of avant

garde stylegarde style

Thomas Hart BentonThomas Hart Benton

Missouri – rural Missouri – rural scenesscenes

HistoryHistory Complex Complex

compositionscompositions FluidityFluidity

Diego Rivera – Ancient Mexico Diego Rivera – Ancient Mexico History of Mexico FrescosHistory of Mexico Frescos

Modern to Post ModernModern to Post Modern

WWII Global DevastionWWII Global Devastion 1945 Hiroshima & Nagaski Nuclear WAR!!!1945 Hiroshima & Nagaski Nuclear WAR!!! Disruption and Upheaval – British left IndiaDisruption and Upheaval – British left India Us emerged relatively unscathed from WWIIUs emerged relatively unscathed from WWII Civil rights struggles on University CampusesCivil rights struggles on University Campuses Vietnam War – Rebellion of young AmericansVietnam War – Rebellion of young Americans Sexual revolution Sexual revolution

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

Existentialism Existentialism Art world shifts- Paris to NYArt world shifts- Paris to NY

American Clement Greenberg American Clement Greenberg says to embrace abstractionsays to embrace abstraction

Promote avante gardePromote avante garde 35mil dead in Europe35mil dead in Europe Bacon- Reflection of war Bacon- Reflection of war

butchery butchery Based photos on war Nazi Based photos on war Nazi

LeadersLeaders Umbrella- Neville Umbrella- Neville

Chamberlain – Brit Prime Chamberlain – Brit Prime Minister Minister

Remake ViolenceRemake Violence

Dubuffet Dubuffet

encrusted tortured encrusted tortured worldworld

Used Impasto – thick Used Impasto – thick pigment, plaster, pigment, plaster, glue, sand asphalt glue, sand asphalt and scribblingand scribbling

Art of children, Art of children, mentally ill are the mentally ill are the most genuinemost genuine

Giacometti – Men Pointing -Giacometti – Men Pointing -19471947

Gestural Abstraction & Gestural Abstraction & Chromatic AbstractionChromatic Abstraction

Relied on the Relied on the expressiveness expressiveness of energetic of energetic applied pigment.applied pigment.

Chromatic Chromatic abstraction – abstraction – focused on colors focused on colors

Pollock – Number 1- 1950 Pollock – Number 1- 1950

Action PtgAction Ptg Abstract Abstract

ExpressionismExpressionism NY School 1940sNY School 1940s Rhythmic patterns Rhythmic patterns

splatterssplatters Jack the “Dripper”Jack the “Dripper”

Willem De Koonig – Woman I - Willem De Koonig – Woman I - 19501950

Gestural brush Gestural brush strokesstrokes

Slashing linesSlashing lines Female models – Female models –

advertising advertising billboardsbillboards

What is Beauty?What is Beauty? Agitated patches of Agitated patches of

colorcolor

Rothko-No.14 1960Rothko-No.14 1960

2 or 3 rectangles of 2 or 3 rectangles of pure colorpure color

Color doorway to Color doorway to another realityanother reality

Formal elements Formal elements no figuresno figures

Raises emotionsRaises emotions

David Smith – Cubi XIX-1964David Smith – Cubi XIX-1964

1930 David saw 1930 David saw Picasso’s Picasso’s sculpturessculptures

Created monolith Created monolith sculpturessculptures

Only outdoorsOnly outdoors Homage to CubismHomage to Cubism

Post Painterly AbstractionPost Painterly Abstraction

Minimal Art = Minimal Art =

Ptrs emphasized flatnessPtrs emphasized flatness Sculptors focus on 3-d as the unique Sculptors focus on 3-d as the unique

characteristic and limitationscharacteristic and limitations 1960s1960s Clean simple bareClean simple bare Technique – machine madeTechnique – machine made Meaning? – You are the judge Meaning? – You are the judge

Minimal ArtMinimal ArtTony – Die - 1962Tony – Die - 1962

Donald JuddDonald Judd

19691969 Abstract, absolute Abstract, absolute

minimumminimum

Maya Lin - Vietnam War Maya Lin - Vietnam War Memorial 1981-1983Memorial 1981-1983

Nevelson – Sky Cathedral - Nevelson – Sky Cathedral - 19571957

Dada and Dada and Surrealism Surrealism influenceinfluence

Readymade Readymade objectsobjects

Bourgeois – Cumul IBourgeois – Cumul I

Heads protrudingHeads protruding More personalMore personal BareBare

Pop Art -1950s StartPop Art -1950s Start

Taken from Modern Consumer Mass Taken from Modern Consumer Mass Culture Culture

Advertising, comic books and moviesAdvertising, comic books and movies

Richard Hamilton –Richard Hamilton – Just What is it that Just What is it that Makes Today’s Homes so Different, So Makes Today’s Homes so Different, So

Appealing? -1956Appealing? -1956

Pop Art – Jasper Johns -Pop Art – Jasper Johns -

Lichtenstein – Hopeless - Lichtenstein – Hopeless - 1963 1963

WarholWarhol

Warhol - Warhol -

WarholWarhol

Superrealism Superrealism Flack - MarilynFlack - Marilyn

Chuck Close Chuck Close

SuperrealismSuperrealism Post modernismPost modernism 19671967

Christo - Christo -

Aware of spaceAware of space

Frank Lloyd Wright – Frank Lloyd Wright – Guggenheim Museum -1959Guggenheim Museum -1959