Basic Chem.

Cell Biology

Genetics Evolution

Microscope

Ecology

Lab safety

Life

Processes

compounds thatcontain carbon

(derived from living things)

organic compound

Starch

form in which store

glucose

plants

A Carbohydrate

glycogen

form in which

store glucose

animals

A Carbohydrate

region on an enzyme that can bind with a specific substrate or substrates

Active site

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

• compound that stores energy in cells

• consists of - adenine - ribose - 3 phosphate groups

unicellular

organism that consists of only one cell

osmosis

diffusion of water

through a selectively permeable membrane

active transport

movement of substances

into or out of cells against a concentration

gradient

Needs energy= ATP

tissuegroup of

similar cells that perform

a common function

Ex – muscle tissue

organ

several types of tissues that interact to perform a specific function

• example – heart

Aerobic respiration

requires oxygen

enzyme

Proteins that are catalysts in cells

Proteins that are catalysts in cells

1) speed up a reaction by lowering activation

energy

2) allow reactions to take place at lower temperatures

glucose

supplies energy for the

cell’s metabolic activities

sugar

Let’s continue

replication process by which DNA is

duplicated before a

cell divides

Eukaryote

a multicelllular organism whose cells contain complex structures inside the membranes. ...

living things that make their own food by building organic

molecules from inorganic substances

autotrophic

Producers

heterotrophic

living things

that take in food from other

sourcesConsumers

Evolution

theory that species change over time

habitat

consumer

producerdecomposer

predator

Prey

Carrying capacity

nicheEcological

Balance

ecosystema system

formed by the interaction of a community of organisms

with their physical

environment

population

group of organisms of the same species that live in the

same area and interbreed

communitygroup of various

species that live in the

same place and interact

with each other

decomposer

breakdown of complex organic substances into

simpler ones

Carrying capacity

• prevents populations from growing at their reproductive potential

largest population that an

environment can support at any given

time

isotonicconcentrationof water

inside cell

concentrationof water

outside cell

Equal

hypotonic

concentrationof water

outside cell

concentrationof water

inside cell

greaterthan

More solute inside cell

Hypertonic

concentrationof water

inside cell

concentrationof water

outside cell

greaterthan

More solute outside cell

Protein- organic compounds

- contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

- organic compounds

- contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Amino acid

• proteins are made of basic units called….

amino acids

• proteins are made of basic units called….

amino acids (Triplet)

A C G

human sexcells

Haploid (n)

cell that has only one chromosome of each homologous pair

23

Total

Diploid (2n)

cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair

46Total

human bodycells

or 23 Pairs

Natural selection

living things

come only from other

living things

Biogenesis

living things that affect an

organism

plants

animals

dead parts

nonliving parts

air

water

rocks

light

temperature

biotic factors

abiotic factors

Cancer

abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread

from one part of the body to another

- controls the activities of the cell

- contains chromosomes

(made of DNA and protein)

- usually contains a nucleolus

(assembles ribosomes)

1.Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

Nucleus

• Outer boundary of cell

• Keeps insides in and outside out!

• Separates the cell from its surroundings

Cell Membrane

1.Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

surrounds organelles inside the

cell

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

carry out chemical reactions that release energy from nutrients

taken into the cell (respiration)

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

provides passageways for the movement of materials

throughout the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Smooth ER no ribosomes attached to it

•Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

Ribosome

organelles where proteins are made

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

Golgi Apparatus

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

prepares and packages materials for secretion

outside the cell

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

• Stores- food,

- wastes,

- water

vacuole

Cell wall

• surrounds the cell membrane

• gives shape and rigidity to plant cells

1. Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

1.Know the functions of the following cell organelles and structures

organelle where food is made

Chloroplast

• Photosynthesis takes place

• Contains chlorophyll

XY

Male

XX

Female

2. What are the sex chromosomes of a

normal human male and female?

3. List the steps of the scientific method

1. State the Problem

2. Form a Hypothesis

3. Test the Hypothesis

5. Form a Conclusion

4. Record and Analyze Data

(repeat) work

Educated guess

Answer

Question

Experiment

charts, graphs, tables

6. Replicate

4. How do enzymes affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

• An enzyme is a molecule that increases the speed of biochemical reactions

• Enzymes hold molecules close together and in the correct orientation and lowers the activation energy needed

By assisting enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis

5. How is energy released from ATP?

A P P

ADP

P A P P P

ATP

+ + Energy

To anothermolecule

PhosphorylationPhosphorylation

magnification

Eyepiece

XObjective lens

=

6. How is the total magnification

of a microscope calculated?

7. List the three parts of the Cell Theory

1) All living things are composed of

one or more cells

2) Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function

3) Cells come only from existing cells

8. What are the functions of proteins?

• structural and functional compounds in cells

• form chemicals essential for life processes in plants and animals (enzymes)

• structural and functional compounds in cells

• form chemicals essential for life processes in plants and animals (enzymes)

9. Give examples of the following carbohydrates.

Polysaccharides

starch

cellulose

glycogen

Monosaccharide

glucose

Disaccharides

lactose found in milk

sucrose table sugar

10. What factor limits cell size?

Surface to Volume Ratio

ratio between its volume and outer surface area

• As a cell grows, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area

11. List the steps of mitosis and describe what occurs during each step (PMAT)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

1. Prophase

• chromosomes become visible

• nuclear membrane disappears

• centrioles move to opposite ends of cell and form the spindle fibers

2. Metaphase

• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

3. Anaphase

• chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

4. Telophase

• chromosomes become threadlike forming chromatin

• nucleus forms in each cell

12. How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis?

cell membrane

is selectivelypermeable

only certainmaterialspass in

andout of the

cell

cellmaintains

homeostasis

13. What are the levels of organization

in a multicellular organism?

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

a.

b.

c.

d.

14. What are the two types of gametes?

Egg

Sperm

15. List the reactants and products of photosynthesis.

6O2

oxygenC6H12O6

glucose

6H2Owater

6CO2

carbondioxide

+

+

lightenergy

Products

Reactants

16. What are the products of respiration?

6CO2

carbondioxide

+ 6H2O

water

17. What information is encoded in the DNA molecule?

• Controls the production of proteins within the cell

• Controls all chemical processes of the cell

18. What are the base paring rules for DNA?

T

C G

A

A

T

C

G

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Nitrogen Bases

Base Pairing

A-T

T-A

C-G

G-C

19. list three differences between DNA and RNA

1. DNA is a double chain of nucleotides.

2. DNA has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose.

3. DNA has the nitrogen base thymine.

1. RNA is a single chain of nucleotides.

2. RNA has the 5- carbon sugar ribose.

3. RNA has the nitrogen base uracil.

20. How many chromosomes does a normal human body cell contain?

23 pairs

46

21. Who developed the Theory of Evolution?

Charles Darwin

22. What type of genetic disorder is hemophilia?

• alleles appear

only on the X chromosome

•males express recessive sex-linked alleles

Sex-Linked Traits

23. Explain Mendel’s principle of dominance and recessiveness.

• Each trait is controlled by 2 factors, one factor (dominant ) may mask the other factor (recessive ) preventing it from having an effect.

P1 F1 F2

.

1. Homozygous dominant

2. Homozygous recessive

3. Heterozygous dominant

24. Using the letters A and a, write the

alleles for the following

AA

aa

Aa

25. What happens to the number of chromosomes during meiosis?

division of the nucleus that reduces the number of chromosomes by half

reduces the number

of chromosomes by half

46X

23

26. Arrange the following organisms in the correct sequence showing the path of energy flow in a meadow food chain (snake, grass, mouse, hawk)

grass

mouse snake hawk

27. What happens to the number of chromosomes during mitosis?

46(2N)

46(2N)

46(2N)

ItRemains

The Same

2 identical Daughter cells are created

27. What limits the number of trophic levels in an ecological pyramid?

Energyless Energy

Lessbiomass

29. How many nitrogen bases code for one amino acid in a protein?

3

(Triplet)

A C G each DNA tripletcodes for

an amino acid

30 a. What type of cell division produces gametes?

b. How many gametes are produced as a result?

Mitosis

Meiosis

31. What must organisms do in a changing environment if they are to survive?

Move away

Adapt

32. What is the ultimate source of energy for most living things?

SUNThe

33 In guinea pigs, rough fur (R) is dominant over smooth fur (r). What would be the genotype and phenotype ratio of a cross between a heterozygous dominant guinea pig and a recessive guinea pig?

phenotype

genotype

r

R r

r

r

r

r

r

r

rR

R2 Rr 2 rr

2 rough

2 smooth

34. What happens to the amount of available energy in an energy pyramid as it moves from lower to higher trophic levels?

shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to the

next trophic level

35. Describe how a test cross is used to determine the genotype of an individual whose phenotype is dominant.

Test crossTest cross – – an individual an individual withwith

unknown genotypeunknown genotype isis crossed withcrossed with

aa homozygous recessivehomozygous recessive individualindividual

36. How are the offspring produced by asexual reproduction different from the offspring produced by sexual reproduction?

Only needs one parent

Binaryfission

Budding

37. What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype

genetic makeup of an

organism physical characteristics of an organism

(genes)

Phenotype

External

Internal

This is

The Finale

9th