Biochemistry of Cells

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Carbon CompoundsSection 2.3

Carbon CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Monomer:Monosaccharide

Made up of:Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen (H:O in 2:1 ratio)

Lipids

Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen(H:O not in 2:1 ratio)

Proteins

Monomer: Amino Acid

Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Nucleic Acids

Monomer: Nucleotide

1) 5 Carbon sugar, 2) phosphate group 3)nitrogenous base

Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Organic CompoundsAll compounds are either ORGANIC, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, or INORGANIC.

The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.

Carbon Bonding:Carbon has FOUR valence electrons Needs eight electrons to be stable

Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon

Carbon BondingCarbon can form straight chains,

branched chains, or rings Leading to a great variety of organic

compounds

Carbon BondingSingle Bond Sharing 2 electrons A single line

Double Bond Sharing 4 electrons Two parallel lines

Triple Bond Sharing 6 electrons Three parallel lines

Large Carbon Molecules:

In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as MONOMERS.

Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as POLYMERS. Large polymers are also called MACROMOLECULES The process of reacting monomer molecules together in a

chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks - POLYMERIZATION

2-3 Carbon CompoundsOrganic Chemistry – The study of

all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Draw a Carbon- atom with the proper number of valence electrons.

2-3 Carbon CompoundsWhat is so unique about Carbon? Can form up to four covalent bonds Can form single, double, or triple bonds Can bond to other carbons forming long chains and

rings

Hydrocarbons: Are the main

molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars

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The hydrocarbons of fat molecules

provide energy for our bodies

The six most abundant elements of life

Macromolecules“Giant Molecules”Formed by a process

known as polymerization.

Monomer – smaller unitsPolymer – larger units

formed by monomers.

How are Polymers formed?

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Cells link monomers by a process called dehydration

synthesis (removing a molecule of water)

How are Polymers Digested?

Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)

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Polymers in our Body

Proteins

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Lipids

Carbohydrates Nucleic

Acids

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Carbohydrates

1:2:1 Ratio of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen

Plants and Animals use carbohydrates as main source of energy

CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN

Carbohydrates Monomer = monosaccharide - a single sugar unit like those found in soda

Ex:

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

CarbohydratesPolymer Disaccharides: Two sugar units combined like those found in cereal, candy, or milk.

CarbohydratesPolymer Polysaccharide: many sugar units combined

like those found in pasta and potatoes

Ex:Starch: multiple glucose units - how plants store carbs

Carbohydrates Ex:

Glycogen: multiple glucose units how animals store carbs (1 or two days max)

Cellulose:multiple glucose unitsused to build cell wallof plants

Nucleic AcidsMonomer: nucleotide

Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.

Polymer: polynucleotide or nucleic acid

Store and transmit hereditary or genetic material

Ex: DNA or RNA

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