Biodiesel:-From Soil to Soil, From People to People

Suchada Butnark and Kunn KangvansaicholOn behalf of Mrs.Ratanavalee Inochanon,

Vice President of Fuels and Lubricants Research DepartmentPTT Research and Technology Institute (PTT RTI)

September 3, 2007

Outline

• PTT RTI and Biodiesel Research• Biodiesel Overview• Biodiesel Process and Works at PTT RTI• Biodiesel Applications• Biodiesel Current Issues• Biodiesel R&D Trends • Conclusion• Acknowledgements

PTT-RTI and Biodiesel Research

TRAINING CENTER

FUEL & LUBE LAB.

ANALYTICAL LAB.

GYMNASIUMGYMNASIUMACCOMMODATIONACCOMMODATION

ENGINE TEST LAB.

UTILITY

PTT TRAINING CENTER

Total Area: 75 Rai

PTT-RTI and Training Center

Research Capability

Researcher 51Technician 15Staff 22

• NGV development with OEMs (commercialized in 2007)• International Standard Natural Gas and Pipeline Operation and Maintenance Excellence

Natural Gas

• Capability to research and develop process, catalyst, product development (engineering plastics, nanomaterials)

• Network and Partnership within PTT Group for combined strength• Technical and R&D Service Center for Petrochemical and Refining Business Group

Petrochemical and Refining

• World class fuel and lubricant product development and lab facility• Collaborative development with OEMs for superior quality products• Leader in cleaner products

Oil

PTT-Research and Technology Institute

• The Nation’s Qualified Biodiesel Analysis and Engine Testing Labs

• Fuel Formulation and Product Development

Biodiesel Projects at PTT RTIProjectsNational Interests

• Superior PTT Biodiesel B5 Formula with Suitable Lubricant

• PTT Biodiesel Pilot Plant (Complete by July 2007)

• Joint Study on Biodiesel from Variety of Feedstock (CPO, CJO, UCO) (TISTR)

• Biodiesel as Diesel Lubricity Additive (Patent Pending)

• How is Biodiesel Performance and Compatibility?

• Is Biodiesel Quality Consistent?

• How to Produce High Quality Biodiesel from CPO, CJO and UCO with Optimized Cost?

• What about Lubricant?

• PTT-CP Joint Study on Fully Integrated Palm Biodiesel Industry (on going)

• Collaborative Research and Development Project on Jatropha Biodiesel for Diesel Vehicles (PTT-KU-Toyota 2006-2008)

• PTT-MTEC Joint Study on LCA and LCCA Analyses on Biodiesel Industry(on going)

• Low Yield, Not Competitive with Other Plants

• How to Make BiodieselIndustry Sustainable without Government Subsidy?

• Environmental and Economic Issues on BDF

Biodiesel Overview

Overview

• What is Biodiesel?– Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be made from animal

fats or vegetable oils also known as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)

– Main natural sources are rapeseed, soy bean, palm oil, used frying oil, animal fats and tallow

• Biodiesel for automotive fuel is specified by an European Norm EN 14214 or ASTM D6751

Triglyceride + Alcohol Glycerine + Mono Alkyl Ester

(with catalyst e.g. KOH, NaOH, etc.)

(Oil & Fat) (or Biodiesel)

Biodiesel Reaction

How is Biodiesel made?

• Biodiesel Production Technology

Oil and FatOil and Fat BiodieselBiodiesel BxxBxx

Transesterification Blending

GlycerineGlycerine

Oil and FatOil and Fat Renewable DieselRenewable Diesel Premium DieselPremium Diesel

Hydrotreating Blending

Property similar GTL used in Premium Diesel

HydrogenHydrogen

MethanolMethanol

Biodiesel usage and Biodiesel-blended Vehicle Technology

• Biodiesel Blended Fuel with Petroleum Based Diesel is known as Bxx, where “xx” is the percentage volume of biodiesel– B10 10% Biodiesel + 90% Diesel

• Biodiesel 100% is sometimes called “Neat Biodiesel” or B100

• B20 or less Diesel Vehicle– Blended with 20% and less Biodiesel generally do not require any

engine modifications typically for “Heavy Duty Fleet/Truck”– Users should consult their OEM and engine warranty statement

• B100 Diesel Vehicle (or fueling with more than B20)– Higher blends and neat biodiesel may be used in some engines (built

since 1994) with little or no modification

Source: Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/whatis_biodiesel.html

Biodiesel Process and Works at PTT RTI

Biodiesel Process and Works at RTI

• Biodiesel Production at PTT-RTI– From lab-scale to pilot plant

• Feedstock Selection • Lab-Scale Experimental

– How to make biodiesel that passes specification? – New approach on post-treatment– Results & Discussion– Specifications

• Pilot-Scale Experimental– Results & Discussion

Conventional Biodiesel Production at PTT-RTI - 2007

• Goals– To optimize production from various types of crude vegetable oils– Developing in-house standard operating procedure (SOP) that results

in B100 under DOEB’s specification through lab-scale unit – Properties-composition relationship – Process scale-up– Pilot-scale demonstration plant

• Deliverables– Operating units for conventional biodiesel production (Lab & Pilot)– Producing B100 under DOEB’s specification from lab and pilot scales– Consistency in lab-scale production of B100– New successful approach on post-treatment

Feedstock Selection

Refined Vegetable Oils

Refined Palm Oil (RPO) Soybean Oil (SBO) Sunflower Oil (SFO)

Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO)

Crude Palm Oil (CPO)

Used Cooking Oil (UCO)

Feedstock Characterization

Vegetable Oil ≅ Triglyceride

Fat Triglycerides in native fat or oil- Left part: glycerol- Right part from top to bottom: palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3)- Chemical formula: C55H98O6- Molecular weight: 854- Right part can be varied from C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, etc.- Molecular weight ~ 700-900

Fatty Acid Compositions in Vegetable Oil Feedstock

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 2 3 4 5

%w

tC18:3C18:2C18:1C18:0C16:0C14:0

RPO SBO SFO CPO CJO

RPO: Refined Palm Oil CPO: Crude Palm OilSFO: Sunflower Oil CJO: Crude Jatropha OilSBO: Soybean Oil

Crude Palm Oil

Crude Jatropha Oil

Chromatograms of Fatty Acid Composition of CPO and CJO

C16:0

C18:2

Recap of Transesterification

KOH

From Lab-Scale to Pilot-Plant

1st Generation Lab-Scale: 100 – 250 mL

New Technologiesheterogeneous catalyst,ultrasonic, microwavecosolvent, etc.

Pilot Plant: 1000 L/batch

2nd Generation Lab-Scale: 10 L

Lab-Scale Experimental

Approach (Lab-Scale)

• Feedstock characterization– Fatty acid composition– Free fatty acid content– Moisture, insoluble impurities, unsaponifiable matter (MIU)– Water content

• Pre-treatment– Filtration, Degumming– Esterification by H2SO4 (if FFA > 5%)

• Transesterification– Methanol:Oil = 6:1, 9:1– KOH:Methanol = 0.5-10% wt– Temperature = Room temp to 60ºC– 2 Steps

• Post-reaction– Semi-Dry washing (Oil:Water = 3:1)– Different technique for water removal– Filtration (1-micron filter bag)

Important Analytical Techniques

• Fatty acid composition GC• Free fatty acid content (FFA)

– Autotitrator = Total Acid Number (TAN)– FFA ~ TAN/2

• Moisture, insoluble impurities, unsaponifiable matter (MIU) (AOCS Method)

• Water content (ppm) Karl Fischer• Metal content IC• Glycerin (Total, Mono-, Di-, Tri-) GC• Methanol GC• Methyl Ester GC • Oxidation stability Rancimat• Total contamination 0.8 micron filtration

Schematic Diagram of Lab-Scale Biodiesel Production at PTT-RTI

1

2

3

Mass Balance Transesterification of Triglyceride to Methyl Ester

Triglyceride + 3 Methanol 3 Methyl Ester + GlycerolKOH

MW ~900 32 270-298 (C16:0-C18:0) 92

Basis (g) 100 g ? - -

Input (mol) 100/900 mol ? - -

Stoichiometric XTG = 100 g XMeOH = 100/900*3*32 ~ 10 g

XME = 100/900*3*270 = 90 gXME = 100/900*3*298 = 99 g

XME ~ 90-99 g (average)

XGly=100/900*92 ~ 10 g

Mass Balance (g) Feedstock ~ 110 g Products ~110 g and conversion yield > 90%

20 or 30 g (access) 20/32 or 30/32 mol

MeOH: Oil = 6:1 or 9:1

100/900 molExcess MeOH 10-20 g recycled MeOH for 2nd step Transesterification (pilot-scale)

Results and Discussion

Consistency in Glycerin Contents from 10-L Transesterification of CJO at Each Step

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2%

m/m

Step 1Step 2Average

Free Glycerol Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Total Glycerin

Total Glycerin = Free Glycerin+0.255(Monoglyceride)+0.146(Diglyceride)+0.103(Triglyceride)EN 14105

Semi-Dry Washing Result

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

SBME SBME-washed

SFME SFME-washed

RPME RPME-washed

RPME RPME-washed

UCOME UCOME-Washed

JME JME-washed

% m

/m

Total Glycerin

Triglyceride

Diglyceride

Monoglyceride

Free Glycerol

Methyl Esters(Spec.>96.5%)

Chromatograms of PME and JME

Palm Methyl EsterC16:0 Cold Flow

PropertiesProblem

Jatropha Methyl EsterHigh C18:2 Oxidative

instability

C18:2

C16:0

Soybean Methyl EsterHigh C18:3 Oxidative

instability

Sunflower Methyl Ester

Chromatograms of SBME and SFME

B100 Methyl Ester Content

Contents SBME SFME RPME PME JME

99.0 99.99

-

Methyl Ester Content (%wt) 98.5 98.3

-

99.5

-C18:3 Methyl Ester (%wt) 5.87 -

Soybean Sunflower Cooking Oil Palm Refined Palm Jatropha

Other Specifications

Analysis Results of PME (B100)Item Property Unit Test Method Specification Result

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728

Viscosity at 40ºC Flash pointWater contentTotal acid numberMonoglycerideDiglycerideTriglycerideFree glycerinTotal glycerinDensity at 15.0ºC10%Carbon residueSulfated ashSulfur contentCopper strip corrosionOxidation stability at 110ºCTotal contaminationMethyl esterLinolenic acid methyl esterIodine valueMethanol contentSodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumPhosphorusPour pointCloud pointCold filter plugging point

cSt.ºC

%wt.mg KOH/g

%wt.%wt.%wt.%wt.%wt.

kg/m3%wt.%wt.%wt.

Numberhr.

%wt.%wt.%wt.

g Iodine/100 g%wt.

mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg%wt.ºCºCºC

ASTM D445ASTM D93

ASTM D6304ASTM D664EN 14105EN 14105EN 14105EN 14105EN 14105

ASTM D4052ASTM D4530ASTM D874ASTM D5453ASTM D130EN 14112EN 12662EN 14103EN 14103EN 14111

Inhouse methodASTM D5185ASTM D5185ASTM D5185ASTM D5185ASTM D4951ASTM D97

ASTM D2500ASTM D6371

3.5-5.0120 min

0.050 max0.50 max0.80 max0.20 max0.20 max0.02 max0.25 max860-9000.30 max0.02 max

0.0010 max1 max6 min0.0024

96.5 min12.0 max120 max0.20 max

} 5.0 max

} 5.0 max0.0010 max

---

4.449174

0.1180.420.1400.0210.019

00.041874.70.01

< 0.0050.0001

1a20.0

0.0013100Nil50NilNil

<1.50.56<0.15

Nil13

13.614

Analysis Results of JME (B100)

Item Property Unit Test Method Specification Result

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425

Viscosity at 40ºC Flash pointWater contentTotal acid numberMonoglycerideDiglycerideTriglycerideFree glycerinTotal glycerinDensity at 15.0ºC10%Carbon residueSulfated ashSulfur contentCopper strip corrosionOxidation stability at 110ºCTotal contaminationMethyl esterLinolenic acid methyl esterIodine valueMethanol contentSodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumPhosphorus

cSt.ºC

%wt.mg KOH/g

%wt.%wt.%wt.%wt.%wt.

kg/m3%wt.%wt.%wt.

Numberhr.

%wt.%wt.%wt.

g Iodine/100 g%wt.

mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg%wt.

ASTM D445ASTM D93

ASTM D6304ASTM D664EN 14105EN 14105EN 14105EN 14105EN 14105

ASTM D4052ASTM D4530ASTM D874ASTM D5453ASTM D130EN 14112EN 12662EN 14103EN 14103EN 14111

Inhouse methodASTM D5185ASTM D5185ASTM D5185ASTM D5185ASTM D4951

3.5-5.0120 min

0.050 max0.50 max0.80 max0.20 max0.20 max0.02 max0.25 max860-9000.30 max0.02 max

0.0010 max1 max6 min0.0024

96.5 min12.0 max120 max0.20 max

} 5.0 max

} 5.0 max0.0010 max

4.347162

0.0100.20

<0.2500.110<0.050<0.0050.074*880.50.20

< 0.0050.0003

1a22.0 (0.4)

0.000499.4Nil86

0.05Nil

1.74NilNilNil

Heat of Combustion (J/g)

Diesel Type Heat of Combustion (J/g)

Conventional Diesel 45,968

B100(PME) 39,550

B100(SBME) 39,350

B100(JME) 39,000

B100(SFME) 39,450

Source: TISTR

Pilot-Scale Demonstration Plant

Biodiesel: Pilot Plant and Operation Supports

Second floor

Ground floor

Storage tanksPilot Plant – Plot Plan

• Biodiesel Pilot Plant for future Fully Integrated Biodiesel Complex (as in Master plan on Biofuels 2006PTT)

• NEW FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT through in-house production with VARIETY OF FEEDSTOCK including used cooking oil, palm oil, jatropha oil, etc.• COST REDUCTION through process optimization and new technology implementation• SHOWCASE with ultra-low waste process with high quality EN14214 standard fuels • Completion in July 2007 (with guaranteed quality of BDF from CPO, UCO and CJO)

• EN14214• 2,000L/d (1,000L/batch)• CPO, RBDPO, UCO, CJO• Ultra-low waste

Approach (Pilot-Scale)

• Four Feedstocks: UCO, CPO, high-FFA CPO and CJO• Feedstock characterization

– Fatty acid composition– Free fatty acid content– Moisture, insoluble impurities, unsaponifiable matter (MIU)– Water content

• Pre-treatment– Filtration, Degumming with water and H3PO4– Esterification by acid catalyst (in case of FFA > 5%)

• Transesterification– Methanol:Oil = 9:1– KOH:Methanol = varied by FFA contents (correlation curve)– Temperature = 60ºC– Second step transesterification = constant KOH/Methanol solution

• Post-reaction– Semi-Dry washing (Oil:Water = 22:1)– Vacuum dehydration at 90ºC– Filtration (75- and 1-micron filters)

Schematic Diagram of Pilot-Scale Biodiesel Production at PTT-RTI

Production Cost of Biodiesel

Oil82%

Chemicals12%

Utility6%

Source: PTT Research and Technology Institute Team Analysis, data from 5 commercial licensors

Components Cost (THB) Cost (%)

Oil 16.00

2.69

Utility (Water, Steam, Electricity, etc.)

1.13 6%

82%

Chemicals (Methanol, KOH, H2SO4)

12%

• The price of biodiesel mainly depends on the price of oil feedstock just like HSD on crude oil.• The other costs come from chemicals, utility and labour (excluded in the analysis) just like in the refinery

Results and Discussions (Pilot-Scale B100 Production)

• Successfully produced B100 that pass specification

• Esterfication of high-FFA feedstock– FFA has been reduced from 15% to 0.3%

• Conversion yield > 90% for most cases

• Only 5% of washing water has been utilized and removed effectively to be below 500 ppm as DOEB’s specification

• Free fatty acid value seemed to be high for JME production due to vacuum dehydration at 90ºC

Analysis Results of UCME, PME, JME

Item Property Unit Specification UCME PME JME

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425

Viscosity at 40ºC Flash pointWater contentTotal acid numberMonoglycerideDiglycerideTriglycerideFree glycerinTotal glycerinDensity at 15.0ºC10%Carbon residueSulfated ashSulfur contentCopper strip corrosionOxidation stability at 110ºCTotal contaminationMethyl esterLinolenic acid methyl esterIodine valueMethanol contentSodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumPhosphorus

cSt.ºC

%wt.mg KOH/g

%wt.%wt.%wt.%wt.%wt.

kg/m3

%wt.%wt.%wt.

Numberhr.

%wt.%wt.%wt.

g Iodine/100 g%wt.

mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg%wt.

3.5-5.0120 min

0.050 max0.50 max0.80 max0.20 max0.20 max0.02 max0.25 max860-9000.30 max0.02 max

0.0010 max1 max6 min0.0024

96.5 min12.0 max120 max0.20 max

} 5.0 max

} 5.0 max0.0010 max

4.434-

0.1750.510.5110.110<0.050<0.0050.152*

-------

95.11.0--

NilNilNilNilNil

4.465160.50.0720.280.630<0.050<0.050<0.0050.168*875.5

-<0.001

-1a19

0.000799.60.456

0.06NilNilNilNilNil

4.324158

0.0760.5

0.4960.0580.073<0.0050.147*879.8

-<0.001

-1a9-

99.6Nil-

0.03-----

Process Conclusion and Future Works

• Lab-scale: successfully produced various B100 types that pass specification– Developed in-house SOP that makes qualified B100s– Consistency in B100 production

• Pilot-scale:– Optimization of conditions for B100 production– Handling high free fatty acid up to 20% through esterification technique– Semi-dry washing technique using only 5% water

• Potential technologies of biodiesel production and analyses at RTI– Constructing a 50-L scale unit that can be modified/retrofitted for:

• Heterogenous catalysts• Co-solvent method• Ultrasonic method• Low wastewater production• Lipase-catalyzed production for community biodiesel

– HPLC utilization for compositional analysis

Biodiesel Applications

– Fueling with B5/Biodiesl supports domestic industry and agriculture and save money from imported oil and support sufficiency economy– Fueling with Biodiesel supports R&D

Should we use Biodiesel?

- Fueling with B5 helps lower the emission- Fueling with B5/Biodiesel minimizes the environmental impact

National Economy Benefit

Consumer Benefit

Environment Benefit

– Fueling with B5 can help you save more money than with Petro Diesel

Yes, we should because …

Fueling with B5 helps lower the emission

• Emission Impact Summary– Depend on Percentage Mixture (B2-B100)

• THC reduction: 10 - 60%• CO reduction: 10 - 40%• Black Smoke reduction: 10 – 60%

– Since biodiesel contains oxygen content, it improves the combustion of the engine

• NOx tends to increase (5 – 40%) but needs to investigate further

Environment Benefit

EmissionFuelsTHC NOx CO PM Formal. Acetal.

PSME B2 NS NS NS NS NS NS -14%

PSME B5 -12 % NS NS -9% -14% NS -15%

PSME B20 -26% +7% -18% -10% -10% -27% -22%

PSME B100 -56% +23% -38% -59% -22% -53% -66%

RME B2 NS NS NS NS NS NS -16%

RME B5 NS NS NS -11% NS NS -23%

RME B20 -17% +11% NS -34% NS -28% -98%

RME B100 -29% +34% -18% -67% +43% NS -60%

BlackSmoke

Source: PTT Research and Technology Institute

Fueling with Biodiesel minimizes the environmental impact

• Life Cycle Analysis of Biodiesel compared to Diesel

Environment Benefit

Source: Lifecycle Summary, www.biodiesel.org (National Biodiesel Board)

Emission Comparion:- Base Diesel vs Biodiesel

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CO2 CO ParticulateMatter

Sulfur Dioxide

%

Base Diesel Biodiesel

78%

35% 32%8%

• Emission reduction can be up to 78% from Life Cycle Analysis

Fueling with B5/Biodiesl supports domestic industry and agriculture and save money from imported oil and support sufficiency economy

• Agriculture has more channels than only food but also energy. This results in price stability.• Biorefinery Industry in Thailand to add value to every part of palm e.g. animal feed, paper

pulp, fertilizer• Labor throughout various industries

Palm Farmers Oil Extraction Industry

Biodiesel Industry

Picture

For Biodiesel B100 1 Liter, we need

5.88kg of fresh fruit bunch 1 Liter of crude palm oil 1 Liter of biodiesel B100

Price 2.70THB/kg 17THB/Liter 22-24THB/Liter

Money circulating in that industry (assumed 8.5MML/d in 2012 as B10)

135 Million THB/d or 50,000 Million THB/y

140 MillionTHB/d or 53,000 Million

THB/y

187-204 Million THB/d or 68,000-74,000 Million THB/y

Reduced Imported Oil 202 Million THB/d or upto 75,000 Million THB/y

Assumption 17% oil yield 100% conversion yield

By-products not included By-products and electricity not included

By-products not included

Source: PTT Biofuel Masterplan 2006 Team Analysis

National Economy Benefit

Fueling with Biodiesel supports R&D

• R&D throughout the whole value chain– Seed and Plantation Management

• Palm, Jatropha and other oil crops– Refinery

• Oil Extraction • Transesterification• By-product Utilization

– Applications • B5, B10, B100, SVO• Storage and Handling• Emissions

– Life Cycle Assessment

National Economy Benefit

Source: PTT RTI Team Analysis

Customers’ Benefit: Fueling with Biodiesel/B5 can help you save more money than with Diesel

List Diesel B5 DifferenceDistance Same -

Simplified Calculation

Consumption (Liter) 100 100.72 +0.72%

Price (THB) 2,534 2,482 -52 or 2.06%

24.64

Fuel Consumption Base Case +0.72% +0.72%

Price (THB/Liter) 25.34 -0.70 or -2.76%

Source: Price as of 17 May 2007 retail price, www.pttplc.com

Fuel Consumption tested at the same condition and results taken from PTT Research and Technology Institute

Consumer Benefit

Consumer Benefit

Biodiesel Current Issues

Current Issues

• Inadequate Supply of Raw Materials– Palm and Used Cooking Oil

• Biodiesel Quality– Biodiesel Production– Biodiesel Distribution System

Today, we will focus on biodiesel quality issue!!!

Poor quality biodiesel has negative impacts on vehicles such as poor performance, stalling, fuel leaks, etc,

through its impact on fuel injection equipment

Characteristics Impact on FIE Impact on Vehicles

Free Glycerin •Corrosion, sediments, lacquering

•Poor performance, increased smoke, no start

Polymers, insoluble (gum/sludge)

•Filter clogging•Deposits formation inside FIE•Injector coking•Seizure of moving parts

•Poor performance, stalling•No start•Poor performance, increased smoke

Polymers, soluble •Resins formed inside FIE •Stalling, no start

Aging acids •Corrosion of metal parts•Soap formation with metal ions from wear or corrosion

•Poor performance, increased smoke•Stalling, no start

Peroxides •Embrittlement of elastomers Fuel leaks, poor performance

FIE = Fuel Injection Equipment

Problems resulting from poor quality biodiesel

In addition, during fuel distribution, there are also many factors such as oxidization, moisture, contamination, etc.,

having negative impacts on vehicles

Storage

Transport / Fueling

Blending

•Moisture•Oxidization

•Contamination(metal, rust, other fuels)

•Moisture

•Contamination(metal, rust, other fuels)

•Moisture•Poor mixing

•Acid

•Sludge •Deposit at Injector

•Deposit in Injectorand Inj. Pump

•Metal Corrosion

•Organic materialCompatibility

•Abrasive wear in Injector and Inj. Pump

•Fuel Filter Plugging

•Corrosion

•Additives for Pipeline

Countermeasures to the Issues of Biodiesel Distribution System in Thailand

METank

Service Station

Refinery

Blend

Methyl EsterPlant Methyl Ester

HSD

Bxx

BulkTerminal

METank

BulkTerminal

Pipeline

Barge/Ship

Rail

TruckTruck

Methyl Ester

HSD

Underground Storage Tank

Blending

• Automatic In-line Blending

Fuel Quality Monitoring System

(FQMS)

QCQC

QCQC

In-lineBlending

Storage

• No long storage

• Improving oxidation stability (using anti-oxidant agents)

• Cleaning storage tank in dry condition

• Water monitoring and drain water

Distribution

• Cleaning and removing residue inside

• Change material in the system

• Metals : Zn, Cu, Pb (including alloy like Bronze, Brass) should be replaced to stainless steel or aluminum

• Rubber and seals

• No use of incompatible additive with FAME (ex. anti-corrosion additive containing Na)

Biodiesel R&D Trends

Biodiesel and Biodiesel-blended Diesel R&D Trend

FeedstockFeedstock• Yield improvement

- Commercial feedstock such as palm oil, coconut oil, jatropha curcas• New feedstock

- Microalgae• Harvesting Technique

- Find new ways to harvest those energy crop industrially

BiodieselBiodiesel ProductionProduction• Transesterification

- Solid catalyst/Co-solvent/Supercritical Methanol/Enzyme lipase- Ultrasonic/Microwave Enhancement- Production from variety of feedstock

• Washing Process- Dry Washing with Adsorbent/Molecular Seive

• New Process- Hydrotreating and integration to existing refinery

Product Development Product Development (control and improve the quality of (control and improve the quality of biodieselbiodiesel from various feedstock)from various feedstock)

• Mixture higher than B5• Improve oxidation stability of various feedstock• Improve cold flow property of biodiesel from various feedstock

Source: PTT RTI Team Analysis

Conclusion

• From today presentation, we know …1. What Biodiesel is…,2. The activity of Biodiesel R&D at PTT RTI, from Lab to Pilot-

plant3. We should use Biodiesel because of benefits to environment,

national economy and consumers,4. There are many issues related to biodiesel quality and

solutions, and5. Where the Biodiesel R&D is heading.

Acknowledgements

• REVO International, Japan

• TISTR

• Summer Interns from Srinakharinwirot and SilpakornUniversities

• PTT-RTI Fuel and Analysis Research Teams

Thank you for your attention !!!