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Mike Pelly's biodieselmethod

Updated!

Mike Pelly livesin the US NorthWest. "I live forrenewable energyprojects," he says.Mike's beenmaking his ownbiodiesel fuelfrom waste

cooking oil forthe last five years,using it in several different cars. He finds it "farsuperior" to fossil-based diesel fuel.

Mike sent us a full report on how he makes biodiesel."It's a result of my work over the past five years alongwith contributions from other experimenters," he said."Pass it along to anyone you please." Here it is.

Biodiesel From Used Kitchen

Grease or Waste Vegetable Oil

by Mike Pelly

This is how to makeyour own biodieselfuel from usedcooking oil. The oil --waste vegetable oil(WVO), used fryergrease, animal fats,lard -- is often free forthe taking. All youneed is a few commonchemicals and someequipment you can easily buy or make yourself. Theresult is a cheap, clean-burning, non-toxic, renewable,high-quality diesel motor fuel you can use in your carwithout modifications.

Mike's biodiesel trailer

Getting ready for the fair... Mikepromotes biodiesel wherever he can.

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CAUTION: Wear proper protective gloves, apron, andeye protection and do notinhale any vapors. Methanolcan cause blindness and death,and you don't even have todrink it, it's absorbed through

the skin. Sodium hydroxidecan cause severe burns anddeath. Together these twochemicals form sodiummethoxide. This is anextremely caustic chemical.Wear a mask and full bodycovering for safety, that meanschemical-proof gloves withcuffs that can be pulled upover long sleeves -- no shorts

or sandals. These aredangerous chemicals -- treatthem as such! Always have ahose running when working with them. The workspacemust be thoroughly ventilated. No children or petsallowed.

Making biodiesel

Ingredients

Mixture:Waste vegetable oil (WVO) -- used cooking oil, fryergrease, animal fats, lardMethanol (CH3OH) -- 99%+ pureSodium hydroxide (NaOH -- caustic soda, lye) -- mustbe dry

Titration:Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) -- 99%+ pureDistilled waterPhenolphthalein solution (not more than a year old,

kept protected from strong light)

Washing:VinegarWater

Procedure

1. Filter WVO to remove any food scraps or solid

See "Make fuel fromused kitchen

grease" by MikePelly in the Jan/Feb

2001 issue ofCountryside Magazine.

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pond

HOMeR

School and youthprograms on the Web

Education resourceson the Web

Children's poetry

Scale for measuring out lyeand chemical supplies used

for a titration.

Sample of used oil about to be

titrated.

Color of titrated liquid sample

when at the correct pH.

Weighing correct amount of

lye.

particles.2. Heat WVO to remove any water content

(optional).3. Perform titration to determine how much catalyst

is needed.4. Prepare sodium methoxide.5. Heat WVO, mix in the sodium methoxide while

stirring.6. Allow to settle, remove the glycerine.7. Wash and dry.8. Check quality.

This procedure iscalledtransesterification,similar tosaponification. Soundfamiliar?

Saponification is soapmaking. To make soapyou take a transfattyacid or triglyceride (oil or kitchen grease) and blend itwith a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH, causticsoda or lye) and water. This reaction causes the esterchains to separate from the glycerine. These esterchains are what becomes the soap. They're also calledlipids. Their unique characteristic of being attracted topolar molecules such as water on one end and tonon-polar molecules like oil on the other end is whatmakes them effective as soap.

In transesterification, lye and methanol are mixed tocreate sodium methoxide (Na+ CH3O-). When mixedin with the WVO this strong polar-bonded chemicalbreaks the transfatty acid into glycerine and also esterchains (biodiesel), along with some soap if you're notcareful (more on that later). The esters become methylesters. They would be ethyl esters if reacted with booze(ethanol) instead of methanol.

Figures 1-3 show these two reactions. The zigzag lines

in the triglyceride diagram (Figure 1) are shorthand forcarbon chains. At both ends of each line segment is acarbon atom.

Figure 1

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Lighting burner under

transesterifyer vessel.

View of sodium methoxidemixer (left) and transesterifyer

vessel (right).

View of sodium methoxidemixer being drained into

transesterifyer vessel (note

thermometer).

Valve on bottom oftransesterifyer vessel user to

decant out more denseglycerin from less dense

esters.

Fuel pump and f ilters -- theseare used last, after soapyresidues and lye have had

time to settle out of biodiesel.

In Figures 2 and 3 these zigzags are shorthanded as R1,2 and 3.

Figure 2

Figure 3

1. Filtering

Filter the WVO to remove food particles. You mayhave to warm it up a bit first to get it to run freely, 95deg F (35 deg C) should be enough. Use a double layer

of cheesecloth in a funnel, or a restaurant orcanteen-type coffee filter.

2. Removing the water

Many people heat the WVO first to remove any watercontent. Waste oil will probably contain water, whichcan slow down the reaction and cause saponification(soap formation). The less water in the WVO thebetter.This is how they do it. Raise the temperature to 212

deg F (100 deg C),hold it there and allowany water to boil off.Use the mixer toavoid steam pocketsforming below the oiland exploding,splashing hot oil outof the container. Ordrain water puddles

Mike and

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Overview of trailer-mountedprocessor: propane tank is for

heating grease, PVCcontainers on either side are

soap settling tanks forbiodiesel prior to pumping

through filters. Pick-up line forfilter pump is inserted into tank

only deep enough to siphonesters and not soaps on

bottom.

The finished product.

Mike's original 5 gallonbiodiesel mill.

Contact us

To Keith [email protected] To Midori [email protected]

Homepagehttp://journeytoforever.org/

Handmade ProjectsChiba Pref.Japan

out from the bottomas they form -- youcan save any oil thatcomes out with thewater later.

When boiling slows,

raise the temperature to 265 deg F (130 deg C) for 10minutes. Remove heat and allow to cool.

You may be lucky and find a regular source of WVOthat doesn't need to have the water boiled off, in whichcase don't do it -- boiling means extra energy and time.Personally I don't boil off the water first, I'd ratheravoid the extra step in the process and save the energyit uses. But unless you're sure, it may be better to be onthe safe side.

3. Titration

To determine the correct amount of lye required, atitration must be performed on the oil beingtransesterified. This is the most difficult step in theprocess, and the most critical -- make your titration asaccurate as possible.

IMPORTANT: The lye must be dry -- keep it awayfrom water, store it in an airtight container.

Make up a solution of one gram of lye to one liter ofdistilled water. Put the solution in a blender to ensure itdissolves completely. This sample is then used as areference tester for the titration process. It's importantnot to let the sample get contaminated, it can be usedfor many titrations.

Mix 10 milliliters of isopropyl alcohol in a smallcontainer with a 1 milliliter sample of WVO -- makesure it's exactly 1 milliliter. Take the WVO titrationsample from the reaction vessel (Figure 5 #1) after it's

been warmed up and stirred.

Add to this solution 10 drops of phenolphthalein, anacid-base indicator that's colorless in acid and red inbase. Phenolphthalein can be bought from swimmingpool or hot tub supply stores.

IMPORTANT: Phenolphthalein has a shelf life ofabout a year, it is very sensitive to degradation by lightso after a while it will start giving erroneous readings.

,organic

farmer whomakes 40gallons ofbiodiesel a

week for thefarm truckand tractor.

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Using a graduated eye dropper (with incrementsmarked in tenths of milliliters) or some other calibratedinstrument (from medical supply outlets), whilecarefully keeping track of the amounts, drop measuredamounts of the lye/water solution a couple of tenths ofmilliliters at a time into the

WVO/isopropyl/phenolphthalein solution.

Follow each drop with vigorous stirring of the solution.In cold weather the WVO might congeal and not workso you might need to do the titration in a heated room.If conditions are right eventually the solution will turnlight purple when stirred. This is the indicator color fora pH range of 8-9 (see the photograph in the leftcolumn of this page, "Color of titrated liquid samplewhen at the correct pH"). It's important to find the exactamount, to just reach this pH without dropping in too

much!

It's a good idea to do this entire process more than onceto ensure that your number is correct. I've found thatdepending on the type of WVO, how hot it got in thefryer, what was cooked in it and how long it was used,the amount of lye/water solution needed to titrate it isusually 1.5 to 3 milliliters. You can also use litmuspaper or a digital pH tester instead of thephenolphthalein. Try it with fresh cooking oil fromyour kitchen too, it should need much less lye to reachpH 8-9.

The calculation

The next step is to determine the amount of lye neededfor the reaction. Take the number of milliliters derivedfrom the titration and multiply by the number of litersof WVO to be transesterified.

There is one more thing to be included in thecalculation. Every liter of neat vegetable oil (fresh --never been cooked) needs 3.5 grams of lye for the

reaction. So for every liter of WVO to be transesterifiedadd an additional 3.5 grams of lye.

Example: The titration determined that it took 2.4milliliters to reach pH 8-9 and you'll be transesterifying150 liters of oil.

2.4 grams times 150 liters equals 360 grams lye

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Plus 3.5 grams times 150 liters equals 525 grams lye

360 + 525 = 885 grams lye

If the titration result was 1.8 milliliters to reach pH 8-9,the final amount of lye needed for the reaction wouldbe 795 grams.

I've found over time that the number of grams of lyeneeded per liter of WVO has generally been between 6and 7.

Test batches

The first few times you do this process or if you'replanning on transesterifying a lot of WVO it is a goodpractice to first try out your lye amounts on a 1 literbatch in a kitchen blender. This works really well and

you don't need to heat up the WVO too much, justenough so it will spin well in the blender. Blenders arevery thorough at mixing the ingredients so heating isnot as critical.

Start by mixing up the lye and methanol in a blender(one that will never be used for food again). First makesure the blender and all utensils used are dry. Formingthe exothermal sodium methoxide polar molecule willheat up the blender container a bit. Keep mixing untilall the lye has been dissolved.

Once the sodium methoxide is prepared, add to theblender 1 liter of WVO. Make certain all your weightsand volumes are precise. If you're unsure of the titrationresult numbers then use 6-6.25 grams of lye per liter ofused WVO, or 3.5 grams for fresh vegetable oil.Blender batches need only be run for about 15-20minutes for separation to be completed beforeswitching off. The settling takes some time tocomplete. The solution can be poured from the blenderinto another container right after switching off theblender.

It is good to do a few batches with varying amounts oflye recorded so later when checking results one canchoose the lye quantity that did the best job.

When too much lye is used the result can be atroublesome gel that is tough to do anything with. (SeeGlop soap.) When not enough lye is used the reactiondoes not go far enough so some unreacted WVO will

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be mixed with the biodiesel and glycerine. This willform three levels with biodiesel on top above unreactedWVO with glycerine on the bottom. If there is toomuch water in the WVO it will form soaps and settleright above the glycerine forming a fourth level in thecontainer. This layer is not too easy to separate fromthe unreacted WVO and glycerine layers.

4. Preparing the sodium

methoxide

Generally the amount of methanol needed is 15-20% ofthe WVO by mass. The densities of these two liquidsare fairly close so measuring 15% of methanol byvolume should be about right. To be completely sure,measure out a half-liter of both fluids, weigh, andcalculate exactly what 15% by mass is. Different

WVOs can have different densities depending on whattype of oil it originally was and how long it was used inthe deep fryer. Experience will tell just how muchmethanol is needed. If uncertain it's better to go heavyon the methanol, up to 20%.

Example: When transesterifying 100 liters of WVO,use 15 to 20 liters of methanol.

The methanol is mixed into a solution with the sodiumhydroxide (lye), creating sodium methoxide in anexothermic reaction (ie it gets warm from bondsforming). Keep all utensils the lye comes in contactwith as dry as possible.

CAUTION:Treat sodium methoxide with extreme caution! Do notinhale any vapors! If any sodium methoxide getssplashed on your skin, it will burn you without yourfeeling it (killing the nerves) -- wash immediately withlots of water. Always have a hose running whenworking with sodium methoxide.

Sodium methoxide is also very corrosive to paints. Lyereacts with aluminum, tin and zinc. Use glass, enamelor stainless steel containers -- stainless steel is best.Used restaurant equipment supply stores and scrapmetal recycling yards are two good places to look forthis type of equipment. Braze on plumbing fittings fordrains, etc. where needed.

5. Heating and mixing

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Pre-heat waste vegetable oil reclaimed from arestaurant's waste grease barrel to 120-130 deg F(48-54 deg C).

A propeller or paint stirrer coupled to a 1/2-inchelectric drill held securely in a jig works fine as a

mixer.

Too much agitation causes splashing and bubblesthrough vortexing and reduces mix efficiency. Thereshould be a vortex just appearing on the surface. Adjustthe speed, or the pitch or size of the stirrer to get theright effect.

If you want a quieter processor, an electric pumpplumbed to form a mixing loop for stirring the WVOwould do a nice job. Mount the pump above the level

that glycerine will gel at to prevent clogging up thepump (see below).

Add the sodium methoxide to the WVO while stirring;stir the mixture for 50 minutes to an hour. The reactionis often complete in 30 minutes, but longer is better.

The transesterification process separates the methylesters from the glycerine. The CH3O of the methanolthen caps off the ester chains and OH from the NaOH(lye) stabilizes the glycerine.

6. Settling and separation

Allow the solution to sit and cool for at least eighthours, preferably longer. The methyl esters -- biodiesel-- will be floating on top while the denser glycerinewill have congealed on the bottom of the containerforming a hard gelatinous mass (the mixing pump mustbe mounted above this level).

An alternative method is to allow the reactants to sit for

at least an hour after mixing while keeping the brewabove 100 deg F (38 deg C), which keeps the glycerinesemi-liquid (it solidifies below 100 deg F). Thencarefully decant the biodiesel.

This can be done by draining the reactants out of thebottom of the container through a transparent hose. Thesemi-liquid glycerine has a dark brown color; thebiodiesel is honey-colored. Keep a watch on whatflows through the sight tube: when the lighter-colored

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biodiesel appears divert it to a separate container. If anybiodiesel stays with the glycerine it is easy to retrieve itlater once the glycerine has solidified.

If you left the mixture in the tank until the glycerinegelled, reheat the tank just enough to liquify theglycerine again. Don't stir it! Then decant it out as

above.

Figure 4 shows one example of a system for separatingtwo liquids with different densities. This could make agood pre-filter or be used to separate oils, soap andglycerine/esters goop. Marine/boat fuel cleaningsystems do a good job of filtering.

Figure 4 Figure 5

Figure 5 shows the reaction vessel (#1) where theWVO is mixed (also could be done with a pump) andheated. Heating is accomplished by (#2) a hotplate,propane-burner, or a diesel stove would work well.A proposed alternative using very little electricity is

illustrated in Figure 6. Thissystem would use afurnace-type burner run onreclaimed esters to heat itsreaction vessel. The vessel'sstirring action is created by

thermo inversion currentsgenerated by the vessel'sexternal cooling tubes and abaffled exhaust vent that runsup through its center.

Figure 5 also shows a blender(#3) used to mix up the sodium methoxide. Whenmaking 16 liter (5 gal) batches, I use a yard-sale glass

Figure 6

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blender for the sodium methoxide solution (and fornothing else!), but I can't fit it all in at once, so Imeasure out three separate portions.

Glycerine

The glycerine from WVO is brown and usually turns toa solid below about 100 deg F (38 deg C). Glycerinefrom fresh oil often stays a liquid at lowertemperatures.

Reclaimed glycerine can be composted after beingvented for three weeks to allow residual methanol toevaporate off or after heating it to 150 deg F (66 deg C)to boil off any methanol content (the boiling point ofmethanol is 148.5 deg F, 64.7 deg C).

Another way of disposal, though a great bit more

complicated, would be to separate its components,mostly methanol, pure glycerine (a valuable product formedicines, tinctures, hand lotions, dried plantarrangements and many other uses -- see Glycerine)and wax. This is often accomplished by distilling it, butglycerine has a high boiling point even under highvacuum so this method is difficult.

I was able to find someone who could use my glycerine(for dried flower arrangements) through the IndustrialMaterials Exchange (IMEX) in Seattle. IMEX has a

publication that comes out every other month withlistings, looking for and offering all types of surplusindustrial materials. Many areas have similarexchanges.http://www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/imex/

The glycerine by-product makes an excellentindustrial-type degreaser/soap. One way to purify it isheat it to 150 deg F (65.5 deg C) to boil off excessmethanol, making it safe for skin contact (takeprecautions with fumes). Once the glycerine is back toa liquid the impurities sink to the bottom and the color

will become a more uniform dark brown. This can becut with water leaving it a tan color, less concentratedand softer and easier to handle when washing hands.Produced this way the degreaser could be sold insqueeze or pump dispensers.

Other ideas for disposing of the glycerine are breakingit down to usable methane gas, with a methane digesteror, for a much wilder idea, it could be broken down

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with pyrolisis. Pyrolisis was used extensively to runcars on firewood in oil-scarce Europe and elsewhereduring World War 2. The processor has a heat sourcethat heats the fuel (wood or glycerine) in an airtightbox without oxygen. This allows the fuel to release itsmethane while not allowing it to burn. The methane istrapped in an inflatable storage container or

compressed into a tank. This is an area of biodieseldevelopment that warrants further work.

Soap residue

Suspended in the biodiesel will also be some soapyresidues. These are the result of Na+ ions from thesodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacting with water createdwhen the methanol bonds with the ester chains alongwith any other water that was suspended in the WVO.

If the reaction produces more than the usual amount ofsoap, this happens when lye comes into contact withwater before it has a chance to react with the WVO --in this case the excess water should have been boiledoff first. (See Step 2, above, Removing the water.)

The part of the process where it's vital to keep all waterout of the reaction is when making the sodiummethoxide. Keep the blender and all utensils the lyecomes in contact with as dry as possible. The chancesof a good clean splitting of esters from glycerine with

little soap by-product are much better on a warm drysummer day than on a damp winter day.

7. Washing and drying

There is more than one school of thought on gettingthe biodiesel from this stage to the fuel tank. One is tolet it sit for a while (about a week), allowing themajority of the soap residues to settle before runningthe biodiesel through a filtration system then into thevehicle/home fuel tank.

Another method is to wash the soaps out of the fuelwith water, one or more times. When washingbiodiesel the first time it's best to add a small amountof acetic acid (vinegar) before adding the water. Theacetic acid brings the pH of the solution closer toneutral because it neutralizes and drops out any lyesuspended in the biodiesel.Figure 7 shows a simple way of washing using a

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translucent PVC type container with avalve 3-4 inches from bottom. For 5gallon batches use those 5-7 gallonbuckets found everywhere these days. Ifa translucent container can't be foundone fabricated with a sight tube (#6)ought to work.

Fill with water until it is halfwaybetween the container's bottom and thevalve, then fill up with the biodiesel tobe washed. After a gentle stirring (keep it gentle, youdon't want to agitate up soaps) followed by 12-24 hoursof settling, the oil and water will separate, the cleanedoil can be decanted out the valve, leaving the densersoapy water to be drained out the bottom (#5).

This process might have to be repeated two or three

times to remove close to 100% of soaps. The secondand third washings can be done with water alone. Afterthe third washing any remaining water gets removed byre-heating the oil slowly (Figure 8), the water and otherimpurities sink to bottom. The finished product shouldbe pH 7, checked with litmus paper or with a digital pHtester.

The water from the third wash can beused for the first or second washes forthe next batch. The impurities can beleft in the re-heater for the next batchand removed when it accumulates.The soaps can be concentrated,left-over biodiesel can be decantedout and what's left is a biodegradablesoap good for many industrial-typeuses (degreasers etc.).

I had some success with trapping the concentrated veryhydrated sodium from this soap. The way I did this wasby pouring the soap onto a stretched cheese cloth andallowing the water to run through leaving the sodium

on the cloth. This is as far as I've gone with this so farbut it seems one could press much of the water fromthe sodium then vacuum dessicate this saturatedsodium under dry conditions back to a usable sodiumhydroxide.

Transesterified and washed biodiesel will becomeclearer over time as any remaining soaps drop out ofthe solution.

Figure 8

Figure 7

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Another idea I have been working with is chillingdown the biodiesel thus allowing the soaps to condenseand settle out faster. When the oil gets chilled it seemsto speed up the settling of the residual lye. With a shortsettling time the oil clears considerably.

Bubble washing

Some experimenters are getting good results with theIdaho bubble washing technique. It takes longer, butuses less water. They find it very effective, giving aclean, polished product.

Here's how they do it. The bubbles are formed bycompressed air passing through an air stone. For asmall installation, buy an aerator at an aquarium shop --they come in several sizes and cost about $10 to $40.

Sometimes they have a filter attached -- throw it away.

Add about 30 milliliters of vinegar (acetic acid) per100 liters of biodiesel and then about 50% water. Thendrop in the air stone.

The air stone sinks to the bottom of the tank. When youswitch on the aerator, the air bubbles rise through thebiodiesel, carrying a film of water which washes thebiodiesel as it passes through. At the surface, thebubble bursts, leaving a small drop of water which

sinks back down through the biodiesel, washing again.

If the mixture is still cloudy after a couple of hours, adda little more vinegar.

Bubble-wash for 12 hours or longer (up to 24), thendrain off the washing water, skim off any wax floatingon top. Repeat the bubble wash two more times; keepthe water from the 2nd and 3rd wash for washing thenext batch.

For severe soap formations, first heat the biodiesel/soap

mixture to 122 deg F (50 deg C). Add enough vinegarto bring the pH to slightly below 7. Stir for half anhour, cool and continue with bubble drying as usual.

8. Quality

The quality of the fuel product can be checked byvisually examining it and checking its pH. The pH ofthe finished product can be checked with pH paper or a

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digital tester. It should be neutral (pH 7). It should looklike clear vegetable oil with a light brown tint, similarto filtered apple cider.

There are not supposed to be any films, particles orcloudiness to it. Films would be remaining soapyresidue, re-wash or re-filter it at 5 micron or finer.

Cloudiness would be water still in it, re-heat it.Particles could be anything and indicates the filter isfailing.

Any oils will clear up considerably when heated but thetest is, when it cools back down is it still clear? If it isnot yet clear than allowing it to settle out for anadditional week or two should be enough to clear it up.

For final filtering it is best to use a marine-type fuelfilter -- the ones with a transparent canister so it is

possible to keep an eye on the fuel's clarity. I used totrust when I washed it to just pouring fuel into the tankthrough folded cheesecloth in a funnel. After runninginto an increased number of dirty fuel filters I'vebecome more careful.

It is important to know also that biodiesel does a greatjob of cleaning up fossil diesel fuel films coating theinterior parts of any old diesel engine. For this reason,take care to check and change your vehicle's fuel filterswhen first switching over to biodiesel. I like putting asmall, cheap, clear or translucent plastic in-line fuelfilter right before my vehicle's stock filter. This willprefilter the fuel before it reaches the vehicle's fuelfilter, which is more expensive to replace. This alsomakes it easy to see when fuel is flowing and to keepan eye on the condition of the filter.

Limitations

Biodiesel does have some limitations. First it hascold-weather starting problems. Around 40 deg F (4-5deg C) it starts to solidify. One remedy is to mix with a

proportion of fossil diesel. Or try a Racor orDieseltherm electric fuel heater. Heated garages arenice too. Some people report that standard antigellingcompounds work fine, others say they're unpredictable.(Be aware that antigelling agents can be highly toxic.)

For biodiesel purists there are a couple of otherpossibilities. One is to make a portion of yourcold-weather biodiesel from coconut oil. Coconut oil

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has very short ester chains so it is more volatile in thecold and also has a lower gelling point. The resultantglycerine would be a good base for a soap once themethanol has been thoroughly evaporated off.

Another cold-weather idea is the two-stage methodrecommended by Aleks Kac. He has found that doing

the reaction this way leaves him with a fuel that worksbetter in colder conditions.

Retard the injection timing by 3 degrees -- thisovercomes the effect of biodiesel's higher cetanenumber. The engine loses a bit of the extra power youget with biodiesel, but it runs quieter and the fuel burnscooler, reducing NOx emissions. (See also NOx

emissions and biodiesel.)

There can be an increased rate of corrosion of rubber

parts in the fuel system over time with 100% biodiesel.Newer cars do not use rubber parts. Biodiesel has beenused in many older motors without any problems.Viton parts are best, but others are just as good. Checkthis table: "Durability of Various Plastics: Alcohols vs.Gasoline", see Methanol.

For anyone interested in biodiesel and other renewableenergy sources I encourage you to look through theextensive Journey to Forever website. This is a mostexciting project so please spread the word about it.

Thanks go to Keith and Midori at Journey to Forever,the creators ofThe Fat of The Land video, to TomReed for the assistance he gladly dispensed to me whenI first got started, Aleks Kac, Terry de Winne ("TerryUK"), Dave Elliott ("Dave UK"), Bill Battagin, MartinSteele, Peter Pessiki at the Evergreen State College(TESC) in Olympia, Washington, USA, and the manyinteresting and generous contributors at The BiodieselDiscussion Group and Message Board.

Have fun with it. And be safe!

For any questions or comments on how this projectworks out for you I can be reached [email protected]. And once you have a systemup and running send pictures and how-to's [email protected] so we all can share whatyou have learned.

2000 Mike Pelly

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Mike's method in Spanish: Formula de Mike Pellyhttp://eureka.ya.com/energiaweb/mike.htm

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source of the material is stated and a reference to the Journey to Forever website URL is included(http://journeytoforever.org/). All material is provided as is without guarantees or warranty of any kind,

either expressed or implied.


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