biodiesel tu vi tao

8/6/2019 Biodiesel Tu Vi Tao

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm

Khoa 09-Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

Ti Tiu Lun Mn Cng Ngh Sinh Hc Mi Trng

GVHD:c Nguyn Th Qunh Mai

Thnh Vin

V Mnh Thanh Tun

L Trng Nhn

V Hoi Nam

Hunh Quc Vit

Nguyn Thanh Huy

TP. HCM Ngy 15-6-2011


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Mc Lc

1/ Cc vi sinh vt hin din trong nc thi .............................................................................................. 3

2/ Nhu cu v ngun nguyn liu mi ...................................................................................................... 4

3/ Vi to (Microalgae).............................................................................................................................. 5

Diesel sinh hc ( BIODIESEL) ................................................................................................................... 15

5/Tim nng ca Biodiesel t vi to ....................................................................................................... 17

6/ Tnh hnh sn xut bidiesel Vit Nam v th gii ............................................................................ 18

7/ Nui cy sinh khi vi to ................................................................................................................... 19

Cc m hnh nui sinh khi vi to ...................................................................................................... 21

a/ RACEWAY POND....................................................................................................................... 21

b/ B phn ng quang sinh hc (photobioreactor) ............................................................................... 23

8/ Thu sinh khi..................................................................................................................................... 27

9/Tnh kinh t ca cc sn phm Biodiesel ............................................................................................. 29

10/Quy trnh chit xut Biodiesel t vi to ............................................................................................. 29

11/Mt s ng dng khc ca vi to ....................................................................................................... 31

Ti liu tham kho: ................................................................................................................................ 31


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1/ Cc vi sinh vt hin din trong nc thi

bao gm cc vi khun, vi rt, nm, to, nguyn sinh ng vt, cc loi ng v thc vtbc cao.

Cc vi khun trong nc thi c th chia lm 4 nhm ln: nhm hnh cu (cocci) cng knh khong 1 3 mm; nhm hnh que (bacilli) c chiu rng khong 0,3 1,5 mmchiu di khong 1 10,0 mm (in hnh cho nhm ny l vi khunE. coli c chiu rng0,5mm chiu di 2 mm); nhm vi khun hnh que cong v xon c, vi khun hnh quecong c chiu rng khong 0,6 1,0 mm v chiu di khong 2 6 mm; trong khi vikhun hnh xon c c chiu di c th ln n 50 mm; nhm vi khun hnh si c chiudi khong 100 mm hoc di hn. Cc vi khun c kh nng phn hy cc hp cht huc trong t nhin cng nh trong cc b x l. Do c im, chc nng ca n phic tm hiu k. Ngoi ra cc vi khun cn c kh nng gy bnh v c s dng lmthng s ch th cho vic nhim ngun nc bi phn. iu ny s bn k trong phnsau.

Nm c cu to c th a bo, sng hiu kh, khng quang hp v l loi ha d dng.Chng ly dng cht t cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Cng vi vi khun, nm chutrch nhim phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. V mt sinh thi hc nm chai u im so vi vi khun: nm c th pht trin trong iu kin m thp v pH.Khng c s hin din ca nm, chu trnh carbon s chm li v cc cht thi hu c stch t trong mi trng.

To gy nh hng bt li cho cc ngun nc mt v iu kin thch hp n s pht

trin nhanh bao ph b mt ao h v cc dng nc gy nn hin tng "to n hoa". Shin din ca to lm gim gi tr ca ngun nc s dng cho mc ch cp nc bi vchng to nn mi v v.

Nguyn sinh ng vt c cu to c th n bo, hu ht sng hiu kh hoc ym khkhng bt buc ch c mt s loi sng ym kh. Cc nguyn sinh ng vt quan trngtrong qu trnh x l nc thi bao gm cc loi Amoeba, Flagellate v Ciliate. Ccnguyn sinh ng vt ny n cc vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc do , n ng vai trquan trng trong vic cn bng h vi sinh vt trong cc h thng x l sinh hc. Mt snguyn sinh ng vt gy bnh cho ngi nh Giardalamblia v Cryptosporium.

ng vt v thc vt bao gm cc loi c kch thc nh nh rotifer n cc loi gipxc c kch thc ln. Cc kin thc v cc loi ny rt hu ch trong vic nh gi mc nhim ca cc ngun nc cng nh c tnh ca cc loi nc thi.

Vi rt l cc loi k sinh bt buc, cc loi vi rt phng thch ra trong phn ngi c khnng ly truyn bnh rt cao. Mt s loi c kh nng sng n 41 ngy trong nc vnc thi 20oC v 6 ngy trong nc sng bnh thng.


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2/ Nhu cu v ngun nguyn liu miTip tc s dng ngun nhin liu du m c nhn ra l khng th tr c lu, bi ssuy yu ca ngun cung cp nhin liu v v s gp phn vo vic tch lu C0 2 trong mitrng. Cc loi nng lng ti sinh, nhin liu chuyn i l cn thit cho mi trng

hn bao gi ht cng nh cn thit cho sc chu ng ca nn kinh t th gii. Trc ccnhu cu , Biodiesel c xem l ng vin c tim nng trong cc ngun nhin liuchuyn i c kh nng thay th c du m. Khng may, Biodiesel chit xut t ccloi thc vt c du, du n b i hoc cht bo ng vt khng th tho mn c nhucu thc t. Nhng vi s xut hin ca vi to, vn trn c gii quyt. Biodieselt vi to xut hin nh l ngun nhin liu chuyn i c th p ng c nhu cu cath gii. Ging nh thc vt, vi to s dng nng lng nh sng mt tri sn xut dunhng hiu qu hn nhiu so vi thc vt. Nng sut du t nhiu loi vi to vt trihn nhiu ln so vi thc vt ly du. Nh vy, Biodiesel t vi to c kh nng cnh

tranh kinh t vi cc ngun du m hin nay.

Vi to l nhng t bo thc vt s dng nng lng nh sng mt tri chuyn C02thnh dng nhin liu sinh hc tim nng v nhiu hp cht khc. Khng ch c vy,nhng vi sinh vt quang hp ny thc s hu ch trong cc ng dng phc hi sinh hc.

Vi to c th cung cp nhiu loi nhin liu sinh hc khc nhau. Bao gm metan csn xut t h hp k kh ca sinh khi vi to, Biodiesel c chit t du ca vi to, vsn xut hydro sinh hc. Sng kin s dng vi to nh l mt ngun nhin liu khngmi nhng hin nay ang c quan tm ng mc v s leo thang ca gi du, hn na,ngy cng ni ln s quan tm v vn nng ln ton cu gy ra bi vic t nhin liuho thch

Biodiesel hin nay c sn xut t thc vt v du ng vt, nhng khng c snxut t to. V vy nhiu cng ty c gng thay i sn phm Biodiesel t vi to thng mi ho. Biodiese l mt ngun nhin liu y th thch. Cng ngh sn xutv s dng Biodiesel c bit n v thc hin t 50 nm trc. M, Biodieselc sn xut ch yu t u nnh. Nhng ngun Biodiesel c th thng mi ho khcnh: du canola, cht bo ng vt, du hng dng, du bp, du n b i, v du

jatropha. Nhng qu trnh in hnh trong vic sn xut sn phm Biodiesel thng mic gii thch bng 1. Bt k sn phm Biodiesel thng mi no trong tng lai cngu mong mun s dng cng 1 qu trnh nh vy.


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3/ Vi to (Microalgae)

Vi to (Microalgae) l tt c cc to (Algae) c kch thc hin vi. Mun quan st chng phi sdng ti knh hin vi.Trong s khong 50 000 loi to trn th gii th vi to chim n khong2/3.

Nm 1969 R.H. Whitake a ra h thng phn loi 5 gii, trong ton b Toc xp trong gii Nguyn sinh. Sau khi xut vic phn chia sinh gii thnh 3 lnhgii (domain) Carl R. Woese xut h thng phn loi 6 gii ( Vi khun, C khun,

Nguyn sinh, Nm, Thc vt, ng vt) th ton b To vn c xp trong gii Nguyn

sinh.

C nhiu h thng phn loi to rt khc nhau. Chng ti gii thiu h thng cc ngnhTo (bao gm c Vi khun lam- Cyanophyta) v cc lp , b ch yu theo Peter Pancik( http://www.thallobionta.czm.sk ) nh sau:

Cyanophyta - Vi khun lam

1.1 Chroococcales

1.2 Oscillatoriales

Prochlorophyta - Ngnh To tin lc

Rhodophyta- Ngnh To

1 Bangiophycidae

2 Florideophycidae

Heterokontophyta- Ngnh To lng roi lch


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1 Chrysophyceae- To vng nh

1.1 Chrysomonadales

1.2 Rhizochrysidales1.3 Chrysocapsales

1.4 Chrysosphaerales

1.5 Phaeothamniales

2 Xantophyceae- To vng lc

2.1 Heterochloridales2.2 Rhizochloridales

2.3 Heterogloeales

2.4 Mischococcales

2.5 Heterotrichales

2.6 Botrydiales

3 Bacillariophyceae- To silic

3.1 Coscinodiscales

3.2Naviculales

4 Phaeophyceae- To nu

4.1 Isogeneratae

4.2 Heterogeneratae

4.3 Cyclosporae

5 Raphidophyceae


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Haptophyta- Ngnh To lng roi bm

Eustigmatophyta- Ngnh To ht

Cryptophyta- Ngnh To hai lng roi

Dinophyta- Ngnh To hai rnh

Euglenophyta- To mt

Chlorophyta- Ngnh To lc

1 Prasinophyceae

2 Chlorophyceae- Lp to lc

2.1 Volvocales

2.2 Tetrasporales

2.3 Chlorococcales

2.4 Ulotrichales

2.5 Bryopsidales

2.6 Siphonocladales

3 Conjugatophyceae- Lp To tip hp

3.1 Zygnematales

3.2 Mesotaeniales

3.3 Desmidiales

4 Charophyceae- Lp To vng

Vi to ch yu thuc v cc chi trong cc ngnh sau y:


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1-Ngnh To lc (Chlorophyta):

Cc chi Closterium, Coelastrum, Dyctyosphaerium, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum,Staurastrum, Dunaliella, Chlamydomonas, Haematococcus, Tetraselmis,

Chlorella,...

2- Ngnh To lng roi lch (Heterokontophyta)

Cc chi Melosira, Asterionella, C ymatopleurra, Somphonema, Fragilaria,Stephanodiscus, Navicula, Malomonas, Dinobryon, Peridinium, Isochrysis,

Chaetoceros, Phaeodactylum, Skeletonema, Nitzschia......

3- Ngnh To mt (Euglenophyta):

Cc chiPhacus, Trachelomonas, Ceratium...

4- Ngnh To (Rhodophyta):

Cc chiPorphyridium, Rhodella...

Vai tr ca vi to trong t nhin v trong i sng nhn loi:

To ni chung v vi to ni ring c vai tr rt quang trng trong t nhin vtrong i sng nhn loi. Chng ta bit rng i dng chim 71% din tch

b mt Tri t. Mt s tc gi Hoa K cho rng hng nmg to c th tnghp ra trong i dng 70-280 t tn cht hu c. Trong cc thy vc ncngt to cung cp xy v hu ht thc n s cp cho c v cc ng vt thysinh khc. To gp phn bo v mi trng nui thy sn bng cch tiu th

bt lng mui khong d tha. Canh tc bin l nhm trng v thu hochcc to sinh khi ln v c hm lng dinh dng cao. Nhiu to bin cnkhai thc sn xut thch (agar), alginate, sn phm giu iod... Nhiu ton bo c nui trng cng nghip to ra nhng ngun thc n chongnh nui tm hay thuc b tr giu protein , vitamin v vi khong dngcho ngi. Mt s vi to c dng sn xut carotenoid, astaxanthin, ccacid bo khng bo ha... To silic to ra cc m diatomid, l loi nguynliu xp, nh, mn c dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip.

To phn b ht sc rng ri khp mi ni, t nh ni cao n y bin su.


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Nhng to s ng lp nc pha trn c gi l To ph du(Phytoplankton) cn nhng to sng bm di y thy vc, bm trn ccvt sng hay thnh tu thuyn c gi l To y (Phytobentos).

Dng to cng sinh vi nm thnh a y cng l dng phn b rt rng ri vnhiu loi c khai thc dng lm dc phm, nc hoa, phm nhumv cc mc ch kinh t khc (hin bit ti 20 000 loi a y thuc 400 chikhc nhau).

Hnh thi v cu to t bo ca To:

To c hnh thi c th rt a dng. C th chia thnh 8 kiu hnh thi nh sau:

1) Kiu Monad: To n bo, sng n c hay thnh tp on, chuyn ng nhlng roi

2) Kiu Pamella: To n bo, khng c lng roi, cng sng chung trong bc chtkeo thnh tp on dng khi c hnh dng nht nh hoc khng. Cc t bo trongtp on khng c lin h ph thuc nhau

3) Kiu Ht: To n bo , khng c lng roi, sng n c.

4) Kiu Tp on: Cc t bo sng thnh tp on v gia cc t bo c lin h vinhau nh tip xc trc tip hay thng qua cc si sinh cht

5) Kiu Si: Cu to thnh tn (thallus) a bo do t bo ch phn i theo cngmt mt phng ngang, si c phn nhnh hoc khng.

6) Kiu Bn: Tn a bo hnh l do t bo sinh trng nh hay gc phn itheo cc mtphng c ngang ln dc. Bn cu to bi mt hay nhiu lp t bo.

7) Kiu ng: Tn l mt ng cha nhiu nhn, c dng siphn nhnh hay dngcy c thn , l v r gi (rhizoid). cc t bo thng vi nhau v tuy phn chianhng khng hnh thnh vch ngn

8) Kiu Cy: Tn dng si hay dng bn phn nhnh, hoc c dng thn- l- r gi.Thng mang c quan sinh sn c mc phn ha cao.


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Di y l nh chp mt s chi tiu biu trong ngnh To lc ( theo http://botanika.biologija.org) :

T bo ca to c nhiu c im chung ca cc sinh vt c nhn tht (Eukarya).

Thnh t bo ca to cu to bi polysaccharide. Thnh t bo gm cc sicellulose lin kt thnh b xng (skeleton) nhm bo v v duy tr hnh dng nnh cho t bo. Mt s to c mannan hay xylan thay th cho cellulose. Ngoi racn c phn v nh hnh to nn cht nn ca thnh t bo. Bn ngoi thnh t bo mt s to c mng keo cha cc polysaccharide c gi tr thc tin nhalginate, fucoidine, agar, carragenan, porphyrane, furcelleran, funoran... Nhiu ton bo thnh t bo ch l cht nguyn sinh m c hay chu cht (periplast).Thnh t bo ca to silic cu to bi cht silic. Mt s to c lp mui oxyd stcalcium carbonat bn ngoi thnh t bo.

T bo ca nhiu to vn ng c l nh Lng roi (flagella). Roi cu to bi 9cp vi ng bao quanh 2 vi ng gia v c bao bc bi mng sinh cht. Hai ving gia xut pht t a gc (dense plates) v th gc (basal body).


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Haematoccocus pluvialis

Botryococcus braunii

Coscinodiscus granii

Thalassiosira baltica


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Chaetocerus impressus

Chaetoceros danicus

u im ca vi to khi dng sn xut diesel sinh hc:

_Sn lng du trn mi khu vc nui to c nng sut vt tri hn so vi nhng loithc vt ly du tt nht

_Nui d dng bng nc bin. nc mn hoc trn vng t khng th trng trt

_Khng cn thuc dit c v phn bn

_Vi to c th t quang hp chuyn quang nng thnh ho nng

_Vi to c th c nui trong thng cho ra sinh khi vi nng sut cao

_Cung cp nhiu nng lng v tn t chi ph cho vic to thnh

_C th dng ngun nc thi lm cht dinh dng nui trng

Nhc im:

_ C th b nh hng bi cc cht nhim hoc cc loi to khng mong mun trongmi trng nui cy

_Kh duy tr c 1 loi chn lc trong mi trng nui cy.


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4/ DIESEL-BIODIESEL

Du diesel l mt loi nhin liu lng, sn phm tinh ch t du m c thnh phn chng ctnm gia du ho (kesosene) v du bi trn (lubricating oil). Chng thng c nhit bc hit 175 n 370 C. Cc nhin liu Diesel nng hn, vi nhit bc hi 315 n 425 C cngi l du ma dt.

Du Diesel c t tn theo nh sng ch Rudolf Diesel, v c th c dng trong loi ngc t trong mang cng tn, ng c Diesel


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Dieselsinhhc ( BIODIESEL)

Diesel sinh hc l mt loi nhin liu c tnh cht tng ng vi nhin liu dudiesel nhng khng phi c sn xut t du m m t du thc vt hay m ngvt. Diesel sinh hc ni ring, hay nhin liu sinh hc ni chung, l mt loi nnglng ti to. Nhn theo phng din ha hc th diesel sinh hc l methyl este canhng axt bo.

sn xut diesel sinh hc ngi ta pha khong 10% mtanol vo du thc vt vdng nhiu cht xc tc khc nhau (c bit l hirxt kali, hirxt natri v cc


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ancolat). p sut thng thng v nhit vo khong 60 C lin kt este caglyxrin trong du thc vt b ph hy v cc axt bo s c este ha vimtanol. Cht glyxrin hnh thnh phi c tch ra khi du diesel sinh hc sauy.

Thng qua vic chuyn i este ny du diesel sinh hc c nht t hn du thcvt rt nhiu v c th c dng lm nhin liu thay th cho du diesel m khngcn phi ci bin ng c ph hp.

Mt mu diesel sinh hc

Ngun du c s dng to Bidiesel c cha nhm chc Triglyceride gm 3 phn tacid bo l este vi 1 phn t glycerol. Trong vic to ra du, Tryglyceride s phn ngvi methanol trong 1 phn ng este ho hoc ru ho. Phn ng este ho s cho ra sn

phm l cc methyl este ca acid bo, chnh l Bidiesel v Glycerol. Phn ng s xyra qua cc bc: Tryglyceride u tin c chuyn ho thnh Diglyceride, sau chuyn thnh dng Mono v cui cng l Glycerol.

Qu trnh chuyn ho yu cu 3 mol alcohol cho mi mol cho mi mol Tryglyceride sn xut 1 mol glycerol v 3 mol Methyl este (Bidiesel). Phn ng chuyn i c xc


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tc bi acid, kim v enzyme lypase. Phn ng este ho c xc tc bi kim s nhanhhn 4000 ln so vi phn ng c xc tc bi acid. Cc loi kim nh NaOH v KOHthng c s dng nh l nhng cht xc tc c tnh thng mi vi khi lng sdng ch bng 1% lng du. Cc cht kim v d nh Natri methoxide s xc tc tt hn

KOH v ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Vic s dng enzyme lypase l mt bc tinquan trng nhng hin nay khng kh dng v to ra sn phm c gi thnh cao. Ccphn ng xc tc bi kim c thc hin 600 C di p sut kh quyn. Nu p ng cc iu kin trn, phn ng to ra Biodisel ch cn 90 pht hon thnh. CHng tacng c th thc hin phn ng nhit v p sut cao, nhng nh vy cng s lmtng gi thnh sn phm. Chng ta cng c th s dng 1 loi cn khc thay choMethanol, nhng Methanol l la chn t tn km nht. ngn chn vic mt snlng trong sut phn ng, du v alcol phi c sy kh, khng nhng vy, du cn

phi c lng acid bo t do thp nht.Biodiesel c th c thu hi bng cch ra li

vi nc loi b Glycerol v Methanol.

5/Tim nng ca Biodiesel t vi toC th thay th tt c ngun nhin liu chuyn i M bng Biodiesel vi nhu cukhong 0.53 t m3 hng nm vi mc tiu th nhin liu nh hin nay. Du thc vt, cht

bo ng vt v du n b i khng th p ng nhu cu thc tin.

Thcvt

Sn lng(L/ha)

Din tch t cnthit (Mha) a

Phn trm din tch trng Hoa K a

Ng 172 154 846

utng

446 594 326


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Bng 1cho thych vi 1lng din

tch tnh nui cyvi to,

Nng sutdu (L/ha)to ra cth hnhn cc

loi thcvt khc.

Du cha trong vi to c th vt hn 80% trng lng kh. Nng sut du, l khilng ca du c sn xut trn mi n v th tch ca canh trng vi to mi ngy,

ph thuc vo s pht trin ca to v lng du cha trong sinh khi.

6/ Tnh hnh sn xut bidiesel Vit Nam v th giiT cc nm 1980 c cuc li ngc dng nhm a nhin liu sinh hc tr v vaitr cn bn sau khi nh mt vo thi pht trin du m trong cc nm 1920. Chu u

c tc pht trin biodiesel nhanh nht vi quy trnh sn xut t ht ci du Brassicanapus. Tn dng u th nhit i, vng ng Nam nhn c nhiu ngun u t vonhin liu sinh hc; trong 3 nc Thi Lan, Malaixia v Innxia s dng cc loidu c, Philippin cng nh Trung Quc v n chn loi du ca cy u cc ro (cngi cy du m) Jatropha curcas. Tri li, cc tp on du kh khng u t sn xut

biodiesel t cy trng trn cn m nhm vo cc loi rong to, c bit vo nhm to ph

Ci du119 223 122

M 189 140 77

Da 268 99 54

C du 595 45 24

Vi tob 136900 2 1.1

Vi toc 587 4.5 2.5


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du - phytoplankton - vn c cu trc t bo n gin, tc sinh sn cc k nhanh vhm lng cht bo li rt ln. Ngi ta gi phong tro u t ny bng cu ni t algaen oilgae.

Vit Nam

+Thnh cng ca Cng ty TNHH Minh T (qun Mn, TP Cn Th) trong vic nghincu thnh cng qui trnh sn xut du Biodiesel t m c tra, c ba sa vo thi im nacui nm 2006 thu ht c s quan tm ca nhiu ngi. Cng ty TNHH Minh Tcn cho bit s a nh my sn xut du Biodiesel vo sn xut thng mi dp u nm2007

+Pha Nht Bn ang mun y nhanh vic nghin cu kh thi d n sn xut biodieselt da ti Bnh nh.

Theo nghin cu ban u, ti Bnh nh s xy dng 1 nh my sn xut du diesel sinhhc c cng sut 100 tn/ngy i hi vng nguyn liu ln ti 50.000 ha da. D kintng vn u t cho d n khong 80 - 100 triu USD, trong , vn xy dng nh mytrn 20 triu do cc doanh nghip ca Nht Bn v Bnh nh lin doanh thc hin, cnli s u t bng vn ODA cho ngi trng da v cc c s ch bin du da th.

7/ Nui cy sinh khi vi toThng thng th vic sn xut sinh khi t vi to s t hn l trng thc vt. Qu trnh

pht trin ca chng cn nh sng, CO2 v cc mui v c. Nhit phi c duy trtrong khong 20-30 C. gim thiu ph tn, sn phm Biodiesel phi ph thuc vongun nh sng t nhin, bt chp cc iu kin v mc nh sng theo ngy hay theoma. Mi trng ca vi to phi c cung cp cc nguyn t v c cu to nn t boca to. Cc nguyn t thit yu bao gm N, P, Fe v mt vi nguyn t khc. Nhngnguyn t cn thit c th c on c bng cng thc cu to ca sinh khi vi to:CO0.48H1.83N00.11P0.01. Cng thc ny c cn c trn d liu c trnh by biGrobbelaar (2004). Nhng nguyn t nh P phi c cung cp mt cch hp l v P cth to thnh phc vi ion st, v th vic thm P vo c th l cn thit hoc khng cnthit. Nc bin c cha Nitrate v Phosphate c b sung vo cng vi 1 vi nguyn tvi lng khc c th s dng cho s pht trin ca cc loi vi to bin. Mi trng sinhtrng ny thng khng t tin. Sinh khi ca vi to c cha khong 50% C trongtrng lng kh. Tt c nhng cacbon ny u c bt ngun t CO 2. Sn xut 100tsinh khi vi to s cn tiu th 183t CO2. CO2 phi c b sung lin tc vo thi im

ban ngy. Vic thm CO2 vo phi c kim sot bi b phn cm ng tn hiu pH


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gim thiu vic tht thot CO2 hoc gim gi tr pH. CHng ta c th s dng ngunCacbon t thc vt thi ra hoc t nhin liu ho thch sn xut Biodiesel. Cc ngunCacbon ny l hon ton min ph. Lng cn ln t sinh khi ca vi to tip tc c sdng nui cy. trong phng php ny, mi trng nui cy mi s c b sung vo

1 lng nht nh bt bin v tng ng vi khi lng canh trng b mt. Khong25% sinh khi c sn xut ban ngy c th b mt trong sut thi gian ban m v sh hp. S mt mt ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: mc nh sng sinh khi phttrin, s gia tng nhit , v nhit ban m.

Cc ngun dinh dng chnh cho vi to pht trin:

Carbon v hydro: Ngun cacbon l t CO2 kh quyn (0,03 %) v ngun hydro l tnc.

Nitrogen: 1 ngun dinh dng quan trng khc l nit, chim 10-13 % trng lng sinhkhi kh ca vi to. Vi to c th s dng nit dng hu c (ur) hoc v c (nitrate,nitric, ammoniac)

Phospho: Pht pho l mt cht dinh dng quan trng cho s pht trin ca to.Hn ch pht pho cng s gy ra gim t l tng trng. Cc hnh thc ln PO43-,H2PO4-v H2PO42- l cc ngun v c quan trng nht cho to. Tuy nhin, to cth c c t cc hp cht pht pho hu c, m phi c thy phn vi

phosphatases. Nng pht pho l tng trong mi trng tng trng khc nhau

gia cc loi khc nhau. Nng trung bnh trong khong t 20 n 50g / lSilica : thnh phn quan trng trong thnh t bo vi to

Vitamin :Mt s to cn b sung vitamin cho s pht trin ti u. Ccvitamin quan trng nht l B12, thiamine v biotin. Nng c th t 10/01n 1 / 100 g / l.


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Cc m hnh nui sinh khi vi to

a/ RACEWAY POND

c to thnh bi nhng knh lu thng tun hon xon gn nhau, vi su ca miknh khong 0.3m. S khuy trn v lu thng tun hon c to nh nhng bnhgung.


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bnh gung (Paddle wheel)

Dng chy c iu chnh quanh ch un nh nhng mng ngn. Cc knh ny c

xy dng bng b tng hoc cc loi t kt dnh v c ngn cch vi nhau bng nhatrng.

Mng ngn

Sut khong thi gian ban ngy, vic nui cy c cung cp cht dinh dng lin tc pha trc bnh gung ni dng chy bt u.


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My bm

Canh trng c thu hoch sau bnh gung-im kt thc ca nhng knh xon tunhon. Bnh gung s c cho hot ng lin tc trnh tnh trng ng cn.

Vic nui cy sinh khi bng Raceway pond c s dng t nhng nm 1950. iu

ny s to ra nhiu kinh nghim trong vic vn hnh Raceway pond. Raceway pond lnnht tng c bit n dng sn xut sinh khi c din tch 440 000 m2 , c dng sn xut sinh khi vi khun Cyanuabacteria dng trong thc phm. Trong Raceway

pond, vic lm mt ch c th t c bng cch lm cho bay hi. Nhit s dao ngln xung theo chu k.

b/ B phn ng quang sinh hc (photobioreactor)Cng nh h thng Raceway pond, cc b phn ng quang sinh hc cho php nui cy

n l cc loi vi to cn thit. B phn ng quang sinh hc thnh cng trong vic sdng sn xut s lng ln sinh khi vi to.

Cu to gm cc b phn nh hnh di. Cc ng thuc b phn ng quang sinh hc gm1 mng cc ng trong sut thng hng thng c lm bng nha hoc thu tinh.

Nhng ng ny, hay cn c gi l thit b thu nhn nng lng nh sng mt tri, nim nh sng mt tri c gi li. Cc ng ny thng c ng knh 0,1m hoc t hn.ng knh ca ng phi b hn ch nh vy v nh sng mt tri khng th thm nhpqu su trong canh trng nui cy dy c. iu ny l cn thit m bo nng sutsinh khi cao ca b phn ng. Canh trng vi sinh vt c tun hon t bcha(ngun) ti cc ng v tr v b cha.


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A tubular photobioreactor withparallel run horizontal tubes

Cc b phn thu nng lng (cc ng) c nh hng c th nhn c lng nhsng mt tri ln nht. Trong 1 cch sp xp in hnh,nhng ng thu nng lng ct song song nm ngang vi nhau v cao hn mt nn. Nhng ng ny i khi cngc sp xp nh kiu hng ro c gng gia tng s lng ng trong 1 n v din tchcho sn. Cc ng thng quay theo chiu Bc-Nam. Mt nn bn di b phn hp thnh sng mt tri c sn mu trng hoc c bao bc bi cc ming lt nha tngt l phn x.


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A fence-like solar collector.

Thay v b tr nm ngang trn mt t, cc ng c th c to thnh t nha do vcun quanh 1 khung to thh nhng vng cun xon c. Nh c th hin trnhnh 4. Nhng b phn ng nh vy c tim ng s dng cho s sinh trng ca 1 thtch nh canh trng vi sinh vt. S ng cn sinh khi trong cc ng c th ngn chn

bng cch duy tr dng chy xoy ri mc cao. Dng chy trong cc ng cun nyc to ra bng cch s dng bm c hc (hnh 2) hoc bm cao p. S dng bm chc c th lm tn thng sinh khi nhng d thit k, vn hnh v lp t. Bm cao pt linh hot hn bm c hc v phi cn cung cp kh vn hnh. B phn ng quangsinh hc phi c v sinh nh k. iu ny cng c th d dng t c bng cch sdng cc chc nng t ng ca my.


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A 1000 L helical tubular photobioreactor at MurdochUniversity, Australia. Courtesy of Professor Michael Borowitzka, Murdoch University.

S quang hp to ra Oxy, di cng bc x cao ca nh sng mt tri, s sinh ra oxyt t l cao nht trong nhng ng ca b phn ng. Khi lng Oxy sinh ra c th t10g /m3/pht. Nhng s tp tung cao ca nng O2 kt hp vi nh sng mt tri cng mnh c th sinh ra cc yu t oxy ho lm tn thng t bo ca to. ngn chn

s tn thng v c ch ny, mc oxy ho tan ti a c th t c khng nn vtqu 400% gi tr khng kh bo ho. Oxy khng th ly ra khi cc ng ca b phn ng,v vy vic hn ch chiu di ti a ca cc ng l iu cn thit. Sinh khi nui cy phic quay li 1 vng kh c nh k. Vng kh c l ni ln gii phng oxy tchlu bng cch cho ni bt kh. Mun thit k chiu chnh xc ca ng cn phi da vonhiu yu t: s tp trung sinh khi, mc nh sng, tc dng chy v s t hp caOxy u vo cc ng. Chiu di ti a ca mt ng khng nn vt qu 80m. Phi kthm rng, loi b lng Oxy ho tan tch lu, vng kh c phi c kh nng lm bchi tt c cc kh si bt t canh trng .

Khi canh trng di chuyn dc theo cc ng, pH s tng v s tiu th cc sn phm nhCO2. CO2 c cho vo vng kh c to ra phn ng iu chnh pH. V l do , victhm cc im trao i CO2 trn cc ng s l iu cn thit c th ngn chn vic giatng qu mc ca Cacbon v lm nh hng n pH.

So snh gia Raceway pond v cc ng ca b phn ng quang sinh hc.


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Bng 3 so snh phng php Raceway pond v cc ng ca b phn ng quang sinh hcdng sn xut sinh khi vi to. So snh ny c thc hin trn 100 tn sn phm sinhkhi ca mi m canh trng hng nm. C hai phng php u tiu th mt lng CO2nh nhau (bng 3). Cc b phn ng quang sinh hc cho ra sn lng du vt tri hn

trn mi hecta so vi phng php Racew

ay pond. S d c iu ny l bi v nng suttrn mt n v th tch ca b phn ng quang sinh hc ln hn gp 13 ln .

8/ Thu sinh khi

Nhng phng php thu sinh khi to ch yu l: phn ng ln bng, lc, ly tm, tchlp

+Ln bng

Huyn ph sinh ra ca to cn phi c tp trung li. N c tip tc cho ln bng vkt hp vi phng php tch phn lp. Phn ng ln bng c s dng tp trung t

bo vi to trong mi trng nui cy v lm tng kch thc ca chng ln cht t.

dy thnh t bo y chnh l vt cn tr ln. dy mng ca thnh t bo vi to phthuc vo khong thi giant thu hoch.

Phn v st clorua l nhng cht ln bng c s dng thu hoch to. Xt trn mtkha canhj no th phng php ny kh t tin. Tuy nhin ngun cacbon trong hthng nui cy to c th lm to t ln bng.


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microalgae flocculation process

Lc

Phng php ny c th dng ly cc mng cellulose ra vi s h tr ca bm ht. 1bc tin b tuyt vi ca phng php ny l c th thu hoch t bo vi to vi mt dy c. Phng php ny thch hp cho cc loi vi to ln: Coelastum proboscideum vS.platensis.

Ly tm

l phng php chia tch to lm lng xung y b. Phng php ny hu ch trongthng mi v cng nghip.

Tch lp

S dng tch lp kt hp ln bng thu sinh khi vi to trong nc thi. y l phngphp n gin,bng cch ny , vi to s c lm ni ln b mt mi trng v ly ra bn

ngoi vi s h tr ca my nn kh


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9/Tnh kinh t ca cc sn phm BiodieselDu t vi to c tim nng thay th hon ton du m v tr thnh ngun nguyn liuHydrocacbon cho ngnh cng nghip ho du. Cng thc quan h gia gi thnh sn phm t vito v du m:

Calga oil = 6.9 x 10-3Cpetroleum

Calga oil: Gi tin (tnh bng ) trn mi lt

Cpetroleum: Gi tin ( la) du th tnh trn mi thng

10/Quy trnh chit xut Biodiesel t vi to


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OriginOils Single-Step Algal Oil Extraction


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11/Mt s ng dng khc ca vi to

_lm thc n cho vt nui hoc c

_lm thc phm

_lm phn bn

Ti liu tham kho:

http://vietsciences.org/khaocuu/nguyenlandung/vitao01.htm

Biodiesel from Microalgae Final degree Project ( Royal school of Technology,Stockholm, Sweeden 2010)

En.Wikipedia.org


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biodiesel tu vi tao

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