biodiversity and evolution - apes -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biodiversity and Evolution
Chapter 4
![Page 2: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about the American Alligator?
Largest reptile in North America
1930s: Hunters and poachers
Importance of gator holes and nesting mounds
1967: endangered species
1977: comeback, threatened species
![Page 3: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The American Alligator
![Page 4: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4-1 What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important?
Concept 4-1 The biodiversity found in genes, species, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on earth.
![Page 5: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth’s Natural Capital
Vital renewable resource
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Functional diversity
![Page 6: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Natural Capital: Major Components of the Earth’s Biodiversity
![Page 7: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Animation: Evolutionary tree of life
![Page 8: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Active Figure: Matter recycling and energy flow
![Page 9: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Video: Frogs galore
![Page 10: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4-2 Where Do Species Come From?
Concept 4-2A The scientific theory of evolution explains how life on earth changes over time through changes in the genes of populations.
Concept 4-2B Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with these traits (natural selection).
![Page 11: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Biological Evolution by Natural Selection Explains How Life Changes over Time
Biological evolution
Natural selection • Charles Darwin • Alfred Russel Wallace
Tree of Life
![Page 12: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Six Major Kingdoms of Species as a Result of Natural Selection
![Page 13: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig. 4-3, p. 81
Cenozoic Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian
Mill
ions
of y
ears
ago
First humans Extinction of dinosaurs Plants colonize land
Origin of multicellular organisms
Oldest eukaryotic fossils
Accumulation of O2 in atmosphere from photosynthetic cyanobacterium
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Origin of Earth
Earth cool enough for crust to solidify
Oldest prokaryotic fossils
Animals Fungi Plants Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria
0
500
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
![Page 14: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Fossil Record Tells Much of the Story of Evolution
Fossils • Physical evidence of ancient organisms • Reveal what their internal structures looked
like
Fossil record is incomplete: why?
![Page 15: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fossilized Skeleton of an Herbivore that Lived during the Cenozoic Era
![Page 16: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Genetic Makeup of a Population Can Change
Populations evolve by becoming genetically different
Genetic variations • First step in biological evolution • Occurs through mutations in reproductive cells
![Page 17: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Individuals in Populations with Beneficial Genetic Traits Can Leave More Offspring
Natural selection: acts on individuals • Second step in biological evolution • Adaptation may lead to differential reproduction • Genetic resistance
When environmental conditions change, populations • Adapt • Migrate • Become extinct
![Page 18: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 19: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fig. 4-5, p. 83
A group of bacteria, including genetically resistant ones, are exposed to an antibiotic
Most of the normal bacteria die
The genetically resistant bacteria start multiplying
Eventually the resistant strain replaces the strain affected by the antibiotic
Normal bacterium
Resistant bacterium
![Page 20: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fig. 4-5, p. 83
Most of the normal bacteria die
The genetically resistant bacteria start multiplying
Eventually the resistant strain replaces the strain affected by the antibiotic
A group of bacteria, including genetically resistant ones, are exposed to an antibiotic
Normal bacterium
Resistant bacterium
Stepped Art
![Page 21: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Case Study: How Did Humans Become Such a Powerful Species?
Three human adaptations • Strong opposable thumbs • Walk upright • Complex brain
![Page 22: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Adaptation through Natural Selection Has Limits
Genetic change must precede change in the environmental conditions
Reproductive capacity
![Page 23: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Three Common Myths about Evolution through Natural Selection
“Survival of the fittest” is not “survival of the strongest”
Organisms do not develop traits out of need or want
No grand plan of nature for perfect adaptation
![Page 24: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Animation: Adaptive trait
![Page 25: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Animation: Modeling genetic drift
![Page 26: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Animation: Disruptive selection
![Page 27: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Animation: Evolutionary tree diagrams
![Page 28: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Animation: Change in moth population
![Page 29: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Animation: Stabilizing selection
![Page 30: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Video: Dinosaur discovery
![Page 31: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4-3 How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution?
Concept 4-3 Tectonic plate movements, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climate change have shifted wildlife habitats, wiped out large numbers of species, and created opportunities for the evolution of new species.
![Page 32: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Geologic Processes Affect Natural Selection
Tectonic plates affect evolution and the location of life on earth • Location of continents and oceans • Species physically move, or adapt, or form new
species through natural selection
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
![Page 33: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Movement of the Earth’s Continents over Millions of Years
![Page 34: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 4-6, p. 85
225 million years ago 135 million years ago
65 million years ago Present
![Page 35: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fig. 4-6, p. 85
225 million years ago 135 million years ago
65 million years ago Present
Stepped Art
![Page 36: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Climate Change and Catastrophes Affect Natural Selection
Ice ages followed by warming temperatures
Collisions between the earth and large asteroids • New species • Extinction
![Page 37: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Changes in Ice Coverage in the Northern Hemisphere During the last 18,000 Years
![Page 38: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig. 4-7, p. 85
18,000 years before present
Modern day (August)
Northern Hemisphere Ice coverage
Legend Continental ice
Sea ice Land above sea level
![Page 39: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Science Focus: Earth Is Just Right for Life to Thrive
Certain temperature range
Dependence on water
Rotation on its axis
Revolution around the sun
Enough gravitational mass
![Page 40: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Animation: Continental drift
![Page 41: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Animation: Stanley Miller's experiment
![Page 42: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4-4 How Do Speciation, Extinction, and Human Activities Affect Biodiversity?
Concept 4-4A As environmental conditions change, the balance between formation of new species and extinction of existing species determines the earth’s biodiversity.
Concept 4-4B Human activities can decrease biodiversity by causing the premature extinction of species and by destroying or degrading habitats needed for the development of new species.
![Page 43: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
How Do New Species Evolve?
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
![Page 44: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Geographic Isolation Can Lead to Reproductive Isolation
![Page 45: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fig. 4-8, p. 87
Southern population
Early fox population
Spreads north and south and separates
Northern population
Adapted to heat through lightweight fur and long ears, legs, and nose, which give off more heat.
Different environmental conditions lead to different selective pressures and evolution into two different species.
Arctic Fox Adapted to cold through heavier fur, short ears, short legs, and short nose. White fur matches snow for camouflage.
Gray Fox
![Page 46: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Extinction is Forever
Extinction
Endemic species • Particularly vulnerable
![Page 47: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Golden Toad of Costa Rica, Extinct
![Page 48: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Extinction Can Affect One Species or Many Species at a Time
Background extinction
Mass extinction • How numbered is debated: 3–5
![Page 49: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Science Focus: We Have Two Ways to Change the Genetic Traits of Populations
Artificial selection
Genetic engineering, gene splicing
Consider • Ethics • Morals • Privacy issues • Harmful effects
![Page 50: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Genetically Engineered Mice
![Page 51: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Animation: Speciation on an archipelago
![Page 52: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Animation: Transferring genes into plants
![Page 53: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Video: Cloned pooch
![Page 54: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Video: Creation vs. evolution
![Page 55: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
4-5 What Is Species Diversity and Why Is It Important?
Concept 4-5 Species diversity is a major component of biodiversity and tends to increase the sustainability of ecosystems.
![Page 56: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Species Diversity: Variety, Abundance of Species in a Particular Place
Species diversity • Species richness • Species evenness
Diversity varies with geographical location • Most species-rich communities
• Tropical rain forests • Coral reefs • Ocean bottom zone • Large tropical lakes
![Page 57: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Variations in Species Richness and Species Evenness
![Page 58: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Science Focus: Species Richness on Islands
Species equilibrium model, theory of island biogeography • Rate of new species immigrating should balance
with the rate of species extinction
Island size and distance from the mainland need to be considered
![Page 59: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Species-Rich Ecosystems Tend to Be Productive and Sustainable
Species richness seems to increase productivity and stability or sustainability
How much species richness is needed is debatable
![Page 60: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
4-6 What Roles Do Species Play in Ecosystems?
Concept 4-6A Each species plays a specific ecological role called its niche.
Concept 4-6B Any given species may play one or more of five important roles—native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, or foundation roles—in a particular ecosystem.
![Page 61: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Each Species Plays a Unique Role in Its Ecosystem
Ecological niche, niche • Pattern of living
Generalist species • Broad niche
Specialist species • Narrow niche
![Page 62: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Specialist Species and Generalist Species Niches
![Page 63: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fig. 4-11, p. 91
Num
ber o
f ind
ivid
uals
Specialist species with a narrow niche
Resource use
Region of niche overlap
Niche breadth
Niche separation
Generalist species with a broad niche
![Page 64: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Case Study: Cockroaches: Nature’s Ultimate Survivors
Cockroaches • Generalists • High reproductive rates
Giant panda and tiger salamanders • Specialists • Low reproductive rates
![Page 65: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Cockroach
![Page 66: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Specialized Feeding Niches of Various Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland
![Page 67: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fig. 4-13, p. 93
Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface
Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Avocet sweeps bill
through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds
Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Herring gull
is a tireless scavenger
Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates
Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud
Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation
Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish
Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak
Knot (sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide
Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches
![Page 68: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Niches Can Be Occupied by Native and Nonnative Species
Native species
Nonnative species; invasive, alien, or exotic species • May spread rapidly • Not all are villains
![Page 69: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Indicator Species Serve as Biological Smoke Alarms
Indicator species • Can monitor environmental quality
• Trout • Birds • Butterflies • Frogs
![Page 70: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Case Study: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? (1) Habitat loss and fragmentation
Prolonged drought
Pollution
Increase in UV radiation
Parasites
Viral and fungal diseases
Climate change
Overhunting
Nonnative predators and competitors
![Page 71: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Case Study: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? (2)
Importance of amphibians • Sensitive biological indicators of environmental
changes • Adult amphibians
• Important ecological roles in biological communities
• Genetic storehouse of pharmaceutical products waiting to be discovered
![Page 72: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Life Cycle of a Frog
![Page 73: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Fig. 4-14, p. 94
Sexual reproduction
Adult frog (3 years) Young frog
Tadpole develops into frog
Tadpole
Egg hatches
Organ formation
Fertilized egg development
Eggs
Sperm
![Page 74: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Keystone, Foundation Species Determine Structure, Function of Their Ecosystems
Keystone species • Pollinators • Top predator
Foundation species • Create or enhance their habitats, which benefit
others • Elephants • Beavers
![Page 75: Biodiversity and Evolution - APES - Homefrancisapes.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/4/5/9945479/chapter4.pdf · Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland . Fig. 4-13, ... Flamingo feeds on minute](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022008/5ae71a297f8b9a9e5d8e9a88/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Case Study: Why Should We Protect Sharks?
Keystone species • Eat dead and dying fish in the ocean • Strong immune systems
• Wounds do not get infected • Almost never get cancer • Could help humans if we understood their immune
system