“bioethics -- literally "life ethics." it is usually used in a way that includes medical...
TRANSCRIPT
2nd International Conference on “INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY”
Jānis GrāvītisUniversity of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia, e-mail:
GREEN BIOBASED CHEMISTRY PLATFORM FOR SUSTAINABILITY
11-14 May, 2005, Jūrmala, Latvia
What is biomass?Biomass (in our case more correctly phytomass) as very
diverse material has no exact chemical formula. For average biomass the mole ratio formula of main elements – C, H, and O (S
and N are minor) is:Biomass = CH1.4O0.6
This formula is workable for a large number of tree and plant species in case when the water and ash are eliminated from
biomass. On the basis of this formula is possible to write approximate chemical equations for different biomass chemical
conversion processes. For instance, gasification of biomass would be presented:
CH1.4O0.6 + 0.35O2 ? 0.4CO + 0.6H2 + 0.4CO2 +0.1H2O + 0.2C
NATIONALNATIONAL RESEARCHRESEARCH COUNCILCOUNCIL (NRC) (NRC) OFFERSOFFERS TARGETTARGET FORFOR US US BIOBASEDBIOBASED PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
999995959090MaterialsMaterials
>>909025251010Organic chemicalsOrganic chemicals
5050101011--22Liquid fuelsLiquid fuels
2090209020202020CurrentCurrentProductProduct
PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION LEVELLEVEL (%)(%)
Source: Chemical & Engineering News, vol.78, No.22, 2000, p.40
What is biorefinery?We guess that concentrate answer is given in the US National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) definition:“A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment
to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the most promising
route to the creation of a new domestic biobased industry.By producing multiple products, a biorefinery can take advantage of the differences in biomass components
and intermediates and maximize the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery might, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel, while generating electricity and process heat for its own use and perhaps enough for sale of electricity. The high-value products enhance profitability, the high-volume fuel helps
meet national energy needs, and the power production reduces costs and avoids greenhouse-gas emissions.”
productsproducts
biorefinerybiorefinery
biomassbiomass COCO22
chemistrychemistry
biotechnologybiotechnology
engineeringengineering
wastewaste
-- food;food;-- bioplasticsbioplastics;;-- solvents;solvents;-- fibers;fibers;-- biodetergentsbiodetergents;;-- …….…….
WHAT IS BIOREFINERY?WHAT IS BIOREFINERY?
SWEET SORGHUM PLANTATIONS
HARVESTING
TRANSPORT
BAGASSE
CONVEYOR
GRINDER
ELECTRICITYHEAT
SILOS
GRAINS LEAVES(fodder)
FOOD & FEEDCANE CRUSHING & SUGAR
JUICE EXTRACTOR
BAGASSE DRIER / PELLETISER
SILOS FOR PELLETS STORAGE
COGENERATION UNIT
DISTILLATION UNIT
96% ETHANOL STORAGE
SUGAR JUICE CONCENTRATION (liquid sugar)
CONTINUOUS MULTI-STAGE FERMENTATION UNIT
O
OHOH
O O
OHO
OH
O
OH OH
O
O
OHOH
ONH2
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OOH
OH
OH
O
OH
NH2
O
O
OHOH
O
CH2
OH
O
CH3
O
OH OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH OH
OHOH
OH
O
OH
O
Succinic acid 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid 3-Hydroxypropionic acid
Aspartic acid Glucaric acid Glutamic acid
Itaconic acid Levulinic acid 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone
Glycerol Sorbitol Xylitol
CO2CH3
CO2CH3
CO2CH3
CO2CH3
CH2 CHCH3CO
O O
CH3
O O
+
Diels-Alder
Ionic liquid
Hydroformylation
+ + H2
Rh catalystHCCH2CH2CH3 + HCCHCH3
Hydrogenation
Pd, H2
Supercritical CO2
98% yield
> 99% yield
OHOH
O
OOH
O
OOH
MeOOMe
OHOH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
H
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OHOH
OH
Esterification NaBH4
CH3OHtetrahydrofuran + NaB(OCH3)4
Pseudomonas fragi Escherichia coli
Malic acid
D-Xylose
Current commercial route
Enzymatic route
OH
OH O
OH OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
O O
O OH
O
O
O
O
O
OH
NH
O
O
OH
10-Deacetylbaccatin III(natural product)
11 synthetic stepsSeven isolation steps
IMPROVING ON SUCCESS Bristol-MyersSquibb improved on its semisynthetic routeto paclitaxel by developing a plant-cellfermentation process that has no chemicalsynthesis steps. Key to the process arepaclitaxel-producing yew tree cells
No synthetic stepsPurified by chromatography andcrystallization
Paclitaxel
OH OH
*O O
O
*
O
n
Corn-derivedglucose
E. coli fermentation
1,3-Propanediol
Polypropylene terephthalate
“Bioethics -- literally "life ethics." It is usually used in a way that includes medical ethics as a subset. (For this reason, you also see the term "biomedical ethics.") As the more general category, bioethics seems to include additional issues that are not necessarily a part of medical ethics, e.g., research ethics, ethical issues related to new scientific techniques such as cloning, and environmental policy. In general usage, persons may sometimes try to contrast bioethics with medical ethics by seeing the former as a more general and philosophical approach to the same issues that the latter considers from a strictly clinical case-oriented approach. For instance, we can talk about ethical issues related to abortion from a general philosophical approach, e.g., what kind of society do we become if abortion is a frequently used method of birth control? Or a clinical perspective, e.g., What right does the doctor have to impose treatment on a dying woman in order to try to bring a fetus to viability?”
Albert R. Jonsen. The Birth of Bioethics, NY, Oxford University Press, 1998.
BIOMASSBIOMASS
t° Steam, Catalyst
CO 2
Acetic acidAcetic acid Furfural
Glucose Levoglucosan Charcoal Charcoal
MicrocristallineMicrocristallineCelluloseCellulose
Lignin + Lignin + SugarsSugars
Bioethanol
ActivatedCarbon
ActivatedCarbon
CO2
Version 1 -Steam Explosion
Version 2 -Hydrolysis
Version 3 -Fast Pyrolysis
Version 4 -Pyrolysis
t° t°
t° t°
t°
t°
Steam Catalyst
pressure
LIGNOCELLULOSELIGNOCELLULOSE
LigninLignin
Non Non condensablecondensablegasesgases
PyroligneousPyroligneousvapourvapour
PyroligneousPyroligneousvapourvapour
Boiler HouseBoiler House
BIOMASSBIOMASS
PlasticPlastic
CarbonCarbonmaterialmaterial -- FuelFuel
-- Raw materialRaw material-- ProductsProducts-- Energy carrierEnergy carrier
Zero Emissions Biomass Refinery Zero Emissions Biomass Refinery Industrial ClusterIndustrial Cluster