biogas projects giz - introduction

This project is part of the International Climate I nitiative. The German Federal Ministry for the Envi ronment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety sup ports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bunde stag.

Dr. Dunja Hoffmann, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbHAnkaraAnkaraAnkaraAnkara, , , , 11.05.201111.05.201111.05.201111.05.2011

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1. Biogas-Training

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction totototo Biogas ProjectsBiogas ProjectsBiogas ProjectsBiogas Projects

This project is part of the International Climate I nitiative. The German Federal Ministry for the Envi ronment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag.

Starting point of the projectStarting point of the projectStarting point of the projectStarting point of the projectEnvironmental problem: Waste from livestock and waste water from agro Environmental problem: Waste from livestock and waste water from agro Environmental problem: Waste from livestock and waste water from agro Environmental problem: Waste from livestock and waste water from agro

industry is responsible for:industry is responsible for:industry is responsible for:industry is responsible for:

• Water pollution

• Greenhouse gas emissions

• Smell


2 level approach of the project?2 level approach of the project?2 level approach of the project?2 level approach of the project?2. Local level: Industrial pilot 2. Local level: Industrial pilot 2. Local level: Industrial pilot 2. Local level: Industrial pilot

biogas plants in the regionsbiogas plants in the regionsbiogas plants in the regionsbiogas plants in the regions• Support of the local government agencies

and farmers capacities: Technical advisory for modernization of the agriculture, barns and construction of infrastructure and biogas

• Biogas investment trough private sector/investor

• Using German Know-How and technology • Technical and financial support for holistic

biogas concept biogas concepts (Feasibility studies, business planes, investment and operation models, construction support)

• Enforcement of the environmental laws

1. National 1. National 1. National 1. National levellevellevellevel: : : : Promoting Promoting Promoting Promoting Framework conditionsFramework conditionsFramework conditionsFramework conditions

� Development of a national biogas strategy

� Dialogue with political decision makers, private sector, science NGOs,

� Integration of sustainable biogas (waste, energy, fertilizer) in laws and regulations

� Capacity Building on national level (building up an neutral biogas/bioenergy institution)

� Private investment strategy for biogas (also PPP)

� Using german Know-How and technology

� Monitoring of impact


Bioenergy projects in international Bioenergy projects in international Bioenergy projects in international Bioenergy projects in international cooperationcooperationcooperationcooperation


Structure• GIZ in the Energy-Area and Biogas-Projects world wide• General Information on Biogas production• Important aspects for planning and development of biogas

projects• Important questions for implementing biogas potentials• Steps to be followed to implement a biogas project• Important parts and equipment of a industrial size biogas plant• Main steps to calculate a biogas plant technically and

economically


GTZ Services for Energy – Regional DistributionEnergy Projects 2009

Dr. Dunja Hoffmann, Münster, 7.5.2009

Ongoing

Projektportfolio:81 Vorhaben in 42 Ländern(Vol.: 230 million €)

• Asien / Pazifik: 36%

• Afrika: 26%

• Lateinamerika & Karibik: 24%

• Südosteuropa,Kaukasus, Zentralasien 10%

• Mittelmeer & Naher Osten: 4% Biogas components


Areas of action in the energy sector� Energy access/basic energy

� Cooking energy� Rural electrification

� Strategic processes, Energy and Climate protection� International Processes and Networks� Energy planning� Carbon markets / Emission trading

� Renewable Energy� Wind energy � Bioenergy � Hydropower

� Mini-Hydropower� Sustainable large Hydropower

� Solar energy � Others (Geothermal, …)

� Energy Efficiency� EE in Buildings� EE in Equipment� EE in the Industry� EE in therm. Power plants


GTZ – Targets of Energy Projects• Overarching goal: Poverty reduction

• Cover basic energy needs to improve living conditions

• Secure a sustainable economic development • Reduce dependency on energy imports

• Reduce environmental damage• Implement international conventions (i.e. Kyoto Protocol)

• Improve technical/organizational capacities of institutions and experts


GTZ StrategyGoal: Sustainable Alignment of the Goal: Sustainable Alignment of the Goal: Sustainable Alignment of the Goal: Sustainable Alignment of the

Energy SectorEnergy SectorEnergy SectorEnergy Sector

• Demand-side orientation• Support of endogenous capabilities

and possibilities


GTZ Instruments and Levels of Intervention

International Level

Macro Level

Meso Level

Micro Level

� bilateral partnerships� renewables2004� REN21 (www.ren21.net)

� developing appropriate sector and cross-sector policies

� national and regional energy planning� integrating energy efficiency and

renewable energy promotion policies

� institutions building� organizing multi-stakeholder initiatives� supporting private sector activities (PPP)

� training/capacity building� pilot dissemination of new technologies� business development support� audits, study tours, seminars C

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The GIZ – Multi level approach for Renewable Energy

MacroLevel

Mikro Level

MesoLevel

Policy consultancy to implement RE-ProjectsNational and regional Energy planningSupport of the RE-Markte by political targets

Development of service systems and institutionsOrganization of Multi-Stakeholder InitiativesSupport of PPP-Activities

Training, capacity buildingDevelopment and Implementiation of diefferenmodel projekts with multiplication charakterSupport for business development


IPCC-Technology-CycleCompatibility of GIZ-Activities in multi level approach

•

Makro

•Meso

•Mikro

Basic Science Applied Science and

DevelopmentDemonstration Market -

introduction Market coverage

Energy and Transport policy

Strategy development RE & EnEff

Feed in conditions, Tarif systems

R&D-Policy for climate frendlyTechnologies

Environmental standards

Cooperation with Science

Techn.Standards, Norms, Meassuring, Quality control l

Technology consulting and Information

Financing systems

PPP-measures to implement innovative Technologies

Technical an economic project planning

Support of dissemination of newtechnologies

Tax incentives, Subventions


Objective: Bilateral TC to adapt and disseminate RE T� Analyses of potentials and framework conditions� Set-up of programmes for decentralised rural electrif ication� Technology transfer, market tests, models of financ ing, quality

control

� Electrification level less than 15%

� High share of fossil power plants

� Large potential for wind and solar energy

� Active private sector

� National programme for rural electrification with f inancing system

� 30,000 villages to be electrified� Capital and service jobs substitute fuel imports� 50 MW wind realised by private sector (additional:20 0 MW)

� 250 MW wind saves 500,000 t CO2/a

� 250 MW wind parks = 300 Mill. $ investments

Example: Special Energy Program (SEP) Morocco


Renewable Energy Project in ChileRenewable Energy Project in ChileRenewable Energy Project in ChileRenewable Energy Project in Chile

Basic Data

Objective: Increase the percentage of renewable energies in the electrical grid to provide disctrib ution security

Partner: Comisión Nacional de Energías - CNE

Start of the project: Agosto 2004

Duration: until October 2010

Budget: 4,2 Mío €

Financing: BMZ

Focus areas� Optimization of legal framework conditions by political

consultancy� Optimization of the investment climate for RE by

support mechanisms and information� Capacity Development in the public sector


16

Source: SEIA, CNE, own elaboration

In the last 2 years projects with a total capacity of more than 1.900 MW have been introduced to theDIA.

Projects in the environmental approval process (SEIA) 2007 - Late 2008

Type Nº MW Investment(Mio. US$)

BaselineSIC-SING

(2007)

Hydro-power 33 269,4 389,03 117

Wind 22 1.531,4 2.832,35 18

Biomass 6 111,6 244,00 191

Total 61 1.912 3.465,38 326

WhenWhenWhenWhen allallallall thethethethe projectsprojectsprojectsprojects are are are are implementedimplementedimplementedimplemented, 3.4 , 3.4 , 3.4 , 3.4 MioMioMioMio. t . t . t . t CO2 - Emissions can can can can bebebebe savedsavedsavedsaved. . . .

Nº: 54%

Nº: 36%

Nº: 10%MW: 14%

MW: 80%

MW: 6%

Projects entered into the Environmental Impact Assessment Evaluation System

(SEIA)2007 - late 2008

Hydropower Wind Biomass

Results for the protection of the climate

RenewableRenewableRenewableRenewable EnergiesEnergiesEnergiesEnergies Chile: Chile: Chile: Chile: OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview


TERNA Wind Energy Results

Wind measure-

ments

Feasibilitystudies

Political consul-tancy

Results

AsiaAsiaAsiaAsia SitesSitesSitesSites SitesSitesSitesSites

Bangladesch 3 0,9 MW implementes

China 1 1 TZ-program Wind, Legal framweork

Jordan 2 2 90 MW in tender process

AfricaAfricaAfricaAfrica

Ethiopia 9 3 120 MW in legal process, legal framework.

Mali 1 1 Interest of investors

Marocco 3 60 MW implemented, 740 MW planned

Namibia 2 2 Interest of investors

Senegal 2 ongoing 50 MW Study, Interest of investors

Southafrika GridGridGridGrid studystudystudystudy Political, technical and legal framework.

LatinamericaLatinamericaLatinamericaLatinamerica

Colombia 1 1 20 MW implemented, 200-400 MW planned


What do we support?

TERNA – Phase 2

Windparks withTERNA-participation80 MW am 80 MW am 80 MW am 80 MW am ImplementedImplementedImplementedImplemented approxapproxapproxapprox. 120 Mio. . 120 Mio. . 120 Mio. . 120 Mio. €€€€

120 MW in 120 MW in 120 MW in 120 MW in construcctionconstrucctionconstrucctionconstrucction 210 Mio. 210 Mio. 210 Mio. 210 Mio. €€€€390 MW in tendering740 MW en planification

Effect 330 Mio.330 Mio.330 Mio.330 Mio.€€€€ / 4 Mio./ 4 Mio./ 4 Mio./ 4 Mio.€€€€ = 75= 75= 75= 751.000 Mio.1.000 Mio.1.000 Mio.1.000 Mio.€€€€ / 4 Mio./ 4 Mio./ 4 Mio./ 4 Mio.€€€€ = 250 !!= 250 !!= 250 !!= 250 !!

SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilityMaroccoMaroccoMaroccoMarocco: : : : pol. Aim and planification to implement 1000 MW until 2012EthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopia: Development of a national planification and implementaion and technology transfer by PPPChina: China: China: China: own wind energy program for technology cooperation, capacity developmentSouthafrikaSouthafrikaSouthafrikaSouthafrika: : : : Western Cape planns implementation, ESKOM support of planning of implementation

process on national level.


General aspects on biogas


Biological process of biogas production

fermentative Bacteria

Acetic acid building bacteria

Methane building bacteria

Biogas (esp. Methane and

carbon dioxide)

Acetic acids Hydrogen

Sugar, organic acids,

alcoholes

Degradable organic material

Vereinfachte Darstellung des Abbaus organischer Substanz bei der BiogasgewinnungQuelle: FNR (2002)


Typical areas where biogas is produced

• Waste water treatment plants• Landfills• Agriculture – especifically in diary farms and

meat production• Industry with organic residues


Waste water treatment

• Two general types of water treatment– Aerob � treatment with oxigen� the sludges still

contain degradable biomass– Anaerob � witout oxigen � production of metae �

sludges are stabilized


Biogas in landfills and dumpsites

• Organic material is degrading � non controlledproduction of gas with high methane content

• Landfills are in many countries obligated tocapture the landfill gas

• Burning of this gas reduces greenhouse gas emissions

• Energy can also be used


Types of biogas plants for solid residues

� Individual plants� Cooperation Plants

� Different farmers or� Integration of other partners, such as investors, external

substrate deliverer etc.� Agricultural plants

� use only agricultural residues (without external contamination)� Output of the plant is used for agricultural fertilizing

� Plants with organic residues� Municipal and industrial residues, sludges, fat separator etc.� Require hygenization (depending on law) to be used in

agriculture


Biogasplant with cofermentation


Principio functional de una planta CHP

Dunja Hoffmann: Desarrollo y gestión Dunja Hoffmann: Desarrollo y gestión Dunja Hoffmann: Desarrollo y gestión Dunja Hoffmann: Desarrollo y gestión de proyectos de bioenergíade proyectos de bioenergíade proyectos de bioenergíade proyectos de bioenergía


Motores de biogás como CHP´s




Biogas yields by different substrates


Gute Biogassubstrate



General framework for biogas plants� Enough substrates and cosubstrates

� For single farm plants >100 GV (German conditions)� The more the better

� Minor transport distances for common plants:� Manure 2-5 km � Renewable primary products up to 10 km� Wastes with disposal revenues up to 50 km

� Heat customer as close as possible (max. 1 km)� Access to feeding point for electricity

�� General conditions depend on legal framework for input material


GIZ Experience in the biogas area


Types of Biogas projects

• By objective:– Poverty reduction by energy access– Waste water treatment by anerobic digestion– Reduction of CO2 emissions– Production of renewable energy– Generation of economic benefits

• By Inputs:– Agricultural Residues: Manure, dung, residues from animal feed etc.– Industrial residues: organic residues from food and feed proessing industry, from

pharmaceutical industry, slaughter houses etc.– Municipal Residues : Organic residues from housholds, separaded or non

separaded


Types of Biogas projects

• By Technology– Low cost: mainly to use gas in decentral areas– Middle cost lagoon plants : for waste waters with high organic contend

and use of own energy content– High tech-Plants: For the optimized production of energy, mainly to sell

energy (in many cases to sell electricity to the grid)

• Technology– Wet fermentation– Dry fermentation


What powerplants are relevant for the technicalcooperation?• From the past until now:

– Decentralized powerplants for the electricity generation for poor people, – Many powerplants in China, India, Nepal– Very little positive long-term experience in Africa and Latinamerica– Gtz had an approach in biogas with its institution GATE– Current: Comeback of biogas powerplant oriented towards the reduction of

poverty due to the rise of energy prices. • Today:

– Developing countries have own expierience in the field of anaerobic watertreatment � Reduction of environemental pollution, in many cases based on environmental laws.

– First powerplants exist, that uses agricultural waste for the electricity production, which is consumed within the company (eg Brazil, Thailand, China)

– CDM process makes the burning of landfill gas economical � from the energy point of view this is not always efficient

– The agricultural industry and economy discovered the energy potential of biogas and ask for the technology and knowledge


Development of biogas priorities in the development cooperation

Increasing development / economic growth in countri es and regions

DecentralizedHoushold-plants

Aim: Electricity generation, cooking / lightingCountries: Nepal, India, China

Middle-Tech

Aim: Reduction of pollution / CDM and energy production for own use Countries: Brasili, China, Thailand, India

High-Tech

Aim: Efficient electricity generationand feed-in to the grid Coutries: China, Philippines, Chile, Turkey…


Example: Biogas in Cambodia

• The insufficient access to reliable power is an important reason for poverty and low standards of living and results in low economic productivity of enterprises.

Objective of the project:• Improve the living conditions of people in the country by

using renewable energies


Concept of the cooperation in CambodiaActivities at different levels:

Micro: Development and implementation of several pilot projects with multiplication character, PPP projects

Meso: Dissemination of information to entrepreneurs , training of service providers (especially in the fi eld of biogas)

Macro: Policy advice / Awareness raisingfor the implementation options of decentralized RE p rojects; preparation of models and experiences for the furth er spread �� recommendations for the support of the RE market by political guidelines


Current biogas projects: Thailand

• The topic biogas production already exists in Thailand for 20 years

• Used to clean water from the palm industry• Start the CDM technology with comparably

cheap technology • Problem: Efficiency reaches only 30% of the

expected � The adequate amount ofcertificates CDM (CER) is not received

• Therefore:– Development of an association to

support biogas plant operators– Implementation of monitoring systems

to improve the analysis (PPP with CDM developer First Climate)

– Participation of Thai operators anddevelopers in a GIZ workshop in China


Current biogas projects: China

• More and more large projects are implemented in China, but the efficiency of the plants is very low.

• In cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture the project was developed

– „Use of bioenergy for heat and power production in the framework of technicalcooperation“

Renewable Energies:

Optimization of Efficient Biomass Utilization


Vertical Support to Biogas-DEMO Projects

Component A: Support to 3-5 Biogas ‘best practice’ demonstration projects in 2-3 Provinces

EZ-approach in the SINO-German Biomass Utilization Project: ‘Renewable Energies – Optimization of Biomass Utilization’

Horizontal Support to ADB sub-projects

Component B: Capacity building, dissemination and r eplication for large scale biogas plants

Component C: Sector policy frameworkComponent D: Technical support to central and provi ncial PM for ADB Project implementation

Example:

Biogas in the GIZDr. Dunja Hoffmann17.02.2010


Short List of 19 Demo project candidates and 7 Demo Projects proposals (green)*

7个示范项目短名单个示范项目短名单个示范项目短名单个示范项目短名单

Short List of 19 Demo project candidates and 7 Demo Projects proposals (green)*

7个示范项目短名单个示范项目短名单个示范项目短名单个示范项目短名单

Biomass Utilization Project MOA/GTZ China

see Annex 3: Preliminary short list of 7 SINO-GERMAN Demonstration Projects


2mn Chicken from 40 farms and 40.000 c/d processing Centralized co-fermentation project (chicken-chicken-sewage sludge from slaughterhouse)Cooperation capacity: high as partner of MC-Donalds , KFC, Japan and Europe, and the existing WWTP as a referenceADB+GEF+CEFPF+GTZ , NDRC (MOA support), private investors (DEG,)middle size 40.000t/yr, 0.9 MW, budget: 27.6 million CNY, Planner: FSR by Tianren, detail designer and BG te chnology to be decided Specific site requirement: in the JingHang water sup ply canal protection area, Provincial Training Center possible Main Risk: BG technology selection

Lunan – Yingtai, Shandong: ADB+GEF+CEFPF+GTZ Demopro ject chicken breeding and processing 山山山山东鲁南盈泰东鲁南盈泰东鲁南盈泰东鲁南盈泰（（（（肉鸡养殖和加工肉鸡养殖和加工肉鸡养殖和加工肉鸡养殖和加工））））Lunan – Yingtai, Shandong: ADB+GEF+CEFPF+GTZ Demopro ject chicken breeding and processing 山山山山东鲁南盈泰东鲁南盈泰东鲁南盈泰东鲁南盈泰（（（（肉鸡养殖和加工肉鸡养殖和加工肉鸡养殖和加工肉鸡养殖和加工））））

Biomass Utilization Project MOA/GTZ China Renew able Energy Programme


middle size, 20.000 pigs36.000 t/yr, 0.1 MW,

ADB (MOA support) 8 Million CHYfailed with UASB BGP investment in 2005

CDM: project too smallPlanner: not decidedMain Risk: small budget, low project owner motivati on towards GTZ TA

support.

Suichuan, Jiangxi, (middle size pig BGP)

江西遂川（中等江西遂川（中等江西遂川（中等江西遂川（中等规模猪场沼气工程规模猪场沼气工程规模猪场沼气工程规模猪场沼气工程））））

Suichuan, Jiangxi, (middle size pig BGP)

江西遂川（中等江西遂川（中等江西遂川（中等江西遂川（中等规模猪场沼气工程规模猪场沼气工程规模猪场沼气工程规模猪场沼气工程））））

Biomass Utilization Project MOA/GTZ China Renew able Energy Programme


Partner:EnviTec Biogas AG; Malavalli Power Plant Private Limi ted – MPPPL; GTZObjective:Adaptation of the Envitec biogas technology to India n conditions, particularly by building reliable policy-makers for sustainable electricity supply through biogas.By 2012, implementation of 750 MW el

Measures: � Study of locally available biomass

resources and development of a "best practice" – model

� Monitoring of the construction of four plans (MW size) at various locations in India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab) -strong delay by delaying the start of construction

� Accompanying study of the social acceptance of the plants

IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia: PPP: PPP: PPP: PPP----Project Project Project Project withwithwithwith EnviTecEnviTecEnviTecEnviTec Biogas AGBiogas AGBiogas AGBiogas AG

� Assistance in determining

relevant framework requirements

� Comparison of technologies of

biogas plants in India, and Germany

� Analysis of the Input-materials

for biogas plants

� Training of the operating

personnel

� Sensitisation of decision makers

and other actors of the biomass

supply chain


IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia: PPP: PPP: PPP: PPP----Project Project Project Project withwithwithwith EnviTecEnviTecEnviTecEnviTec Biogas AGBiogas AGBiogas AGBiogas AGReasonsReasonsReasonsReasons totototo penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate thethethethe Indian Indian Indian Indian marketmarketmarketmarket ((((accordingaccordingaccordingaccording totototo EnviTecEnviTecEnviTecEnviTec))))– Large Large Large Large electricityelectricityelectricityelectricity supplysupplysupplysupply gapgapgapgap in rural in rural in rural in rural areasareasareasareas– AppropriateAppropriateAppropriateAppropriate conditionsconditionsconditionsconditions andandandand financingfinancingfinancingfinancing optionsoptionsoptionsoptions– FeedFeedFeedFeed----in in in in tariffstariffstariffstariffs existentexistentexistentexistent– Favorable market situation with supporting loan programsFavorable market situation with supporting loan programsFavorable market situation with supporting loan programsFavorable market situation with supporting loan programs– CarbonCarbonCarbonCarbon CreditsCreditsCreditsCredits– Creation of jobs in the Creation of jobs in the Creation of jobs in the Creation of jobs in the bioenergybioenergybioenergybioenergy sectorsectorsectorsector– Establishment Establishment Establishment Establishment ofofofof furtherfurtherfurtherfurther industryindustryindustryindustry throughthroughthroughthrough thethethethe electrificationelectrificationelectrificationelectrification


Chances of biogas projects

• Biogas is an option for different types of goals• Biogas can be used as an energy storage in different forms (direct

use of gas, heat energy, electrical energy, gas entering the grid, liquid, implementation as fuel)

• Biogas facilitates the use of waste that would otherwise cause environmental problems

• The substrate of a biogas plant can be used as fertilizer (High Quality)

• The plant size can be adapted to the need for the project.


Challenges

• Biogas projects need to be adapted to the location• Planning defines the efficiency of the plant• Operators must be trained• High efficiency and high quality technology require a higher investment• New markets mean challenges and technical adaptation to the requirements

of the country• German companies in the area of biogas currently do not depend on

markets in developing or emerging countries and thus have only limited motivation to develop projects in these countries

• The implementation of large scale projects on an economic base requires the installation of a structure for the operation and maintenance (Maintenance of engines and technical details)


Challenges in developing new biogas markets• Technical Technical Technical Technical feasibilityfeasibilityfeasibilityfeasibility � Availability of materials, know-how, local

institutions and personnel, will to implementation, technical adaptation to local conditions

• IIIInvestmentnvestmentnvestmentnvestment security security security security � legal and political framework• Economic framework conditions Economic framework conditions Economic framework conditions Economic framework conditions � sales possibilities for the

products (electricity, heat, gas, fertilizer, CO2 certificates, environmental services)

• SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainability � assurance of the sustainable operation, knowledge transfer

• Maintenance structures Maintenance structures Maintenance structures Maintenance structures � required minimum sizes, know-how• Cultural knowledge Cultural knowledge Cultural knowledge Cultural knowledge � avoid misunderstandings, create realistic

planning and implementation planning


The services offered by GIZ for new biogas markets

• Support of First-Movers through PPP-Projects • Development and promotionpromotionpromotionpromotion of business models• Capacity BuildingCapacity BuildingCapacity BuildingCapacity Building (project developers, staff for the construction, operation,

production of components)• Support for horizontal policy integrationhorizontal policy integrationhorizontal policy integrationhorizontal policy integration• Advice on grid feed inAdvice on grid feed inAdvice on grid feed inAdvice on grid feed in, grid connection, etc.• (Further) development of licensing procedureslicensing procedureslicensing procedureslicensing procedures• Building supply and disposal chainssupply and disposal chainssupply and disposal chainssupply and disposal chains• Development of standards / quality of infrastructurestandards / quality of infrastructurestandards / quality of infrastructurestandards / quality of infrastructure• Construction of a biogas partnership network biogas partnership network biogas partnership network biogas partnership network for the promotion of

knowledge cooperation


Important aspects for the planningof biogas projects


Activation of bioenergy potentialsPotential owner

Energy consumer

Identificaction of potentials

Economic feasibility

Dimensioning of the plant

Technology selection

Preparation requirements

Financing of the plant

Operation of the plant

Electricity generation

Electricity distribution


Aspects for project development (1)

1. Definition of the project objectives2. Definition of the project location or region3. Definition of the potentials4. Definition of the project actors5. Market for the products and potentials6. Selection and design of the technology and possible

scenarios7. Economic calculation8. Financing


Aspects for project development (2)

9. Negotiation with the actors10. Detailed planning11. Licensing12. Construction13. Operation


Project objectives (1)• Meeting a necessity

– Necessities exist– Necessities must be highlighted or dismissed

• Generate solutions for problems– Which problems are the most important ones?– Who has the problems?– The project solves perfectly the problem or the solution is a secondary

issue?– What approaches exist to solve the existing problems?

• Generate benefits– Operation on an economic base

• What means “economic” for the investor?


Project objectives (2)

• Generate energy– What type of energy is to be / shall be generated? – Are there consumers for the generated energy?– Are more byproducts generated?– Are there consumers for the byproducts?

• Presentation object for innovation– What objectives and assumptions does the partner have for the

project?• Presentation object for the field of environment

– Are there funds from other parts for the support of the project?


Questions for the investigation ofpotentials

• Which area are we talking about? • What potential-categories do we consider? • How are they calculated? • Who owns the potentials? • Which value do they have? • Which parts of the potentials are already being used?• How can they be activated?


Types of potentials

• Capital potential• Labor potential• Infrastructure potential• Area potential• Environmental potential• Market potential (consumer) • Sociocultural potential• Decisions• Landscape potential� Potentials of renewable energies consist of several of these

potentials


Theoretical potentials• Maximum of the sustainable potential that

exists and for which the technical use ispossible

• “Primarily energetic potential“• Not considering losses through harvest or

transport


Technical / ecological potential • Amount of technical potential that can be

transformed into an energy container withexisting technologies and considering the existing laws and principles of sustainability

• The ecological potentials are included


Economic potentials• Potential that is implemented by the actors in case they

receive an economical benefit from the implementationof the potentials

• These potentials are always influenced by thespecifications of the economy of an investment, by thepolitical conditions, support and expected prices forsubstitutes

• Depend on the time, place and preferences of the actors


Long-term implementable potentials

• Economic potentials that do not consider the monetaryand technical restrictions

• For the implementation of such, a changein the structure of the shortage situation isneeded as well as a change of sub-optimallaws and the elimination of non-monetarybarriers (information, communication, qualification)


Potentials available at short-term

• Potential that can be made available withinone year with the existing political and economical conditions and structures

• Initiation potential


Potentials of bioenergy

Theoretic potentials

Long term availablepotentials/ Technical and ecologic Potentials

Economic Potencials

ImplementablePotentials

Short term availablepotentials / accessablepotentials

Actual Imple-mentation

Implementación a corto plazo probables por que no hay grandes obstáculos

Implementación económico está dificultado por obstáculos que se tiene que eliminar

Potenciales económicos que no pueden ser implementados por obstáculos no eliminables

Potenciales disponibles que no son económicos


Finding available potentials

• The availability of potentials depends on the situation of the producer and on the existing prices for theproducts/waste

• All the potentials have a different price• With the available potentials a problem can be solved or

systems can be improved


Clasificacion of biomases

Biomasa

Biomasa seca

Biomasa húmeda

Desechos de poda y maleza

Desechos de plantaciones

Agroindustria

Forestal

Residuos de matadero

Grasas y aceites

Lodos PTA

Residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU)

Estiércol avícola

Residuo industrial liquido (Ril)

Aguas residuales domesticas

Estiércol vacuno

Estiércol porcino

1

2

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

Biomasa

Biomasa seca

Biomasa húmeda

Desechos de poda y maleza

Desechos de plantaciones

Agroindustria

Forestal

Residuos de matadero

Grasas y aceites

Lodos PTA

Residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU)

Estiércol avícola

Residuo industrial liquido (Ril)

Aguas residuales domesticas

Estiércol vacuno

Estiércol porcino

1

2

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4


Potentials of the agroindustry• Theoretical and techical potentials:

Potenciales teóricos y técnicos: All the waste produced in the process

• Available potentials: Waste, that has a lower price or higher costs for thecompany than the use of bioenergy �

market assessment for the use of waste �

expected development in the future


Calculation of potencials• The best data are the exact data of

different years � almost never exist• Si no hay datos exactos, se tiene que

buscar factores para acercar los datos los mas posible y definir los puntos inseguros– % del producto que está residuo– Fracciones de los residuos (orgánicos –

inorganicos, ligninosa – sin lignocelulosa)– Residuos por unidad de animales


Calculación de potenciales• Producción durante el año

– Cambio de la composición– Meses con alta y baja producción

• Reduce los potenciales que se pierde en la cosecha, durante el transporte o el procedimiento


Important aspects in order to define potentials ofbiogas (1)• Where are the potentials/substrates?• How far are the residuals from the plant?• What kind of transport can be used (truck, pumps)?• How are the substrats generated (the quality of the material

depends on the process)?• Are there differences between the substrates of one single

place (time, part of the process etc.)?• When do these potentials occur?• What is the percentage of dry material they contain?• What is the percentage of organic percentage they contain?


Corn Silage 1 Mg 30% TS 94% VS 700 l/kgVS 197 m³ Biogas Wheat Silage 1 Mg 30% TS 90% VS 600 l/kgVS 162 m³ Biogas Grass Silage 1 Mg 30% TS 89% VS 550 l/kgVS 145 m³ Biogas

Cattle Manure 1 Mg 8% TS 80% VS 200/500 l/kgVS 13/32 m³ BiogasPig Manure 1 Mg 6% TS 75% VS 350/500 l/kgVS 16/23 m³ Biogas

Poultry Manure 1 Mg 24% TS 85% VS 300/550 l/kgVS 61/112 m³ BiogasKitchen Waste 1 Mg 20% TS 90% VS 700 l/kgVS 126 m³ BiogasPotato Residues 1 Mg 20% TS 95% VS 620 l/kgVS 118 m³ BiogasFats 1 Mg 25% TS 95% VS 1.000 l/kgVS 238 m³ Biogas

Biogas Production

Fuente: Krieg&Fischer Ing.


Important aspects in order to definepotentials of biogas (2)• Who is the owner of the present potentials (reliable

availability?)?• How are the potentials currently being used?• Which price/value do the potentials currently generate?• Are there problems which need to be solved regarding

the substrats?• What happens with the substrats if they need to be

stored?


Current use of the potentials

• Actors involved in the management of the potentials �

– How is the relationship among the actors?– Who keeps the knowledge and the infrastructure to handle the

potentials?– Will some lose if we change the way of treatment?– Are there long-term contracts?


Actors of the project

• Provider of the potential• Current user of the potentials• Responsible authorities• Actors with know-how or the infrastructure for

parts or aspects of the projects• Beneficiaries of the current situation


Actors of the project

• Consumers of energy• Consumers of physicial products• Haulers• Responsible authorities• Beneficiaries of the project• Negatively affected actors


Communication among the actors

• How are the connections between the different actors?• How do the actors communicate with each other?• Are there organizations who ware geting actors

together?• What kind of comunication is needed to implement the

project?


Possible markets (1)• Electric energy

– Electricity grid• Fixed price for each kWh• Different prices for defined times of the day

– Company as a consumer of electric energy• Capacity required• Piek time• The whole consumption


Possible markets (2)• Thermal energy

– Company as a consumer• Low temperature heat (< 90 °C)• High temperature heat (>90 °C)• Water vapor

With co-generation: warming-up water up to 85°C

– Creation of new consumers of low temperature heat


Possible markets (3)• Cold energy

– Company as a consumer of coldness in adsorption system• Gas

– Company consuming gas for combustion– Gas grid with pre-treatment– Gas bottle or balloon for decentral consumption with pre-

treatment and compression– Gas as a combustible with pre-treatment and compression

(infrastructure is necessary)


Possible markets (4)• Liquid fertilizers

– Local agriculture with irrigation• Compressed solid fertilizers

– Local agriculture– Regional agriculture

• Composted solid fertilizers– Local agriculture– Regional agriculture– Municipality for parks and gardens– Private persons (via regional markets)


Possible markets (5)• Service fees for waste collection

– Industry pays less for residuals– Company gains more for its residuals– Municipalities reduce problems connected

with organic residuals– In the long-run municipalities reduce costs for

treatment of residuals– Dumpsite operator increases life-time of

dumpsite


Possible markets (6)• Market for certificates for carbon dioxid emission

– Register the project in order to certificate the project and togenerate income for each tonne of CO2 reduced

• CDM-market• Voluntary market

• Residuals– Dumpsite/waste collection– Use in other processes

• As a product• As a combustible


Analysis of the market• What are the conditions of the markets or the companies

where the products are being produced?• What are the prices at present and in the future?• What requires each product in order to be sold?• What are competing products?• Which product is the most valuable according to the

market analysis?


Selection and design of the technology under possible scenarios


Selection of the technology

• Which technologies exist in order to implement thepotentials given the existing markets?

• What is the optimal plant size to achieve the objectives?• Does the technology exist already completely or partly in

the region or the country?• Which parts and knowledge is lacking and needs to be

brought from other parts of the country or outside the country?


Demand side analysis

• In the case of one company buying the energy thedemand for energy needs to be calculated

• Consumption of electric energy in kWh/month• Energy prices with high or low consumption levels �

system to calculate energy costs


Example• High season:

– May until September between 18 and 23 o’clock 0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

kW e

lect

ric in

stal

led

Generador

Red electrica

05

1015202530354045

Precio pro medio de electicidad/mes en $ (incluso cargo fijo)

Precio pro medio de electicidad/mes en $ (incluso cargo fijo)


Analysis for demand of energy

• Thermal energy can be utilized in different forms• Important:

– Form of the energy container– Quality of the energy– Quantity of energy in kWh/month– Capacity of the installed energy– Days of operation/week– Hours of operation/day– Demand for low-temperature heat


Consumption of monthly thermal energy

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000kW

ther

mic

o


Línea de duración del consumo de calor

Time (hours)

Cap

acity

kW


Creation of scenarios

• Dependent on various factors:– Objective of project� model project , industrial project etc.– Potentials� various technologies– Demand � various plants or demands for a restricted

option– Product prices� different efforts in order to realize the

prices– Possibilities to combine technologies � search for the

best combination


Biogas Technology


Biogas concept with upright digester

Storage Tank

Input device��piston pump, screw etc. (solids)��pump (fluids)

Upright digester

mixer

Pump

Heat exchanger

Biogas

Digested substrate��storage and

use as fertilizer ��treatment

Gas utilization��CHP (power, heat)��direct use (heating,

cooking, light)��upgrading (gas grid fuel, fuel cell)

Substrate

manureorganic wasteenergy crops

Secondary digester

mixer



Operation Top Mounted Mixer• Permanent=24 h/d• 13-18 rds/m• 11,5 – 30 KW• Frequency inverter for low

energy consumption

Tall Digester, Top Mounted Mixer



BGA Wietzendorf, GermanyBuilt: 2000-2002Digester: 4 x 2,500 m³, steel tanksCHP: 4 x 2.1 MWe gas enginesSubstrate: potato waste



Top mounted mixer



Biogas concept with flat digester

Storage Tank

Input device��piston pump, screw etc. (solids)��pump (fluids)

Digester Pump

Biogas





Substrate


Secondary digester

mixer mixer



BGA Porta, SpainBuilt: 2006Digester: 1,360 m³, concrete tankCHP: 191 kWe dual fuelengineSubstrate: pig manure, waste



Flat digester, submerged mixer



Biogas concept with a horizontal digester

Storage Tank

Input device��piston pump, screw etc. (solids)

Digester Pump

Biogas





Substrate


Secondary digester

stirrer paddle

mixer



Stirring andmixing technology

Horizontal digester



Relevant aspects for planning of a biogas plant

⇒ Type of input substrate

⇒ Amount of input substrate per year

⇒ Local circumstances

⇒ Heat usage

⇒ Pre treatment, pasteurisation

⇒ Automation level


Relevant aspects for planning of a biogas plant

⇒⇒⇒⇒ Calculation of biogas amount

⇒⇒⇒⇒ Size of digester

⇒⇒⇒⇒ Size of engine

⇒⇒⇒⇒ Flow sheet

⇒⇒⇒⇒ Site layout

⇒⇒⇒⇒ Estimate of costs


Introduction into Planning and Construction

• Important building materialsconcrete – steelconstruction work tanks

• Suitable material for equipmentPVC, PE, Steel, stainless steel

• Technical principalspumps, valves

• Special parts Process control units



Important building materials

Where do we need tanks ?

1. Digester, secondary digester2. Storage tanks3. Reception tanks4. Mixing tanks5. Gas holder



Important building materials

How to differentiate the tanks ?

• 1. By function• 2. By material

– Concrete (in situ; precast; pre-stressed)– Steel (glass coated steel; stainless steel) – Others (fiberglass)



Concrete or Steel Tank ?

• Main argument is the price – if the design is done properly

• Typical types of use– Concrete tanks as storage tanks or flat digester:

diameter up to 30 m; height up to 8 m– Concrete tanks as high digesters:

up to 14 m by 14 m diameter (500 kW-plant )– Steel tanks as high digester:

height more than 15 m by 15 m diameter (for example 18*18 m for a 1 MW-plant )



ComparisonDigester made of Digester made of Digester made of Digester made of

concreteconcreteconcreteconcrete

• construction on site by local companies

• concrete has to be protected at least in the gas phase

• cheaper < 2,500 m³ volume (in Germany)

• tightness has to be tested after 28-56 days

• renaturation difficult

Digester made of glass coated steel

• preproduction in the factory (only 3 - 4 companies worldwide)

• corrosion protection by enameling

• cheaper > 2,500 m³ volume

• tightness can be tested after 4 weeks; leakiness very few and easy to correct

• recycable



SCHORNBUSCH

Concrete tank under construction



Concrete tank under construction:ExcursionExcursionExcursionExcursion „„„„concreteconcreteconcreteconcrete““““

• Concrete is a mixture of water, gravel and cement. • By using reinforced concrete the good attributes of

steel and the good attributes of concrete are combined

• Concrete: cheap, high compression strength• Steel: high tensile strength• Concrete is alkaline and protects the steel from

corrosion



Steel tank under construction:

Erection of the roof



Steel tank under construction:Growing tank



Steel tank underconstruction



Equipment: ladders, inspection glass, flanges



Requirement of pre treatment of materials for the technology

• Definition of the requirement of pre treatment– Solid content– Water content– Content of disrupting materials– Size of particles

• Definition of pre treatment technology• Definition of material loss and energy consume by pre

treatment


Massenbilanz

Methane: 55 %Input Pig manure Pig dung Water Gras silage Process water TotalInput (t/a) 0 0 0 15.000 0 15.000Input (t/d) 0,00 0,00 0,00 41,10 0,00 41,10Total solids (%) 4,5% 30,0% 0,0% 30,0% 5,0% 30,0%Total solids (t/a) 0,0 0,0 0,0 4500,0 0,0 4500,0Total solids (t/d) 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,3 0,0 12,3Volatile solids (% TS) 82,0% 82,0% 0,0% 89,0% 50,0% 89,0%Volatile solids (t/a) 0 0 0 4.005 0 4.005Volatile solids (t/d) 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,0 0,0 11Water (t/a) 0 0 0 10.500 0 10.500Water (t/d) 0 0 0 29 0 29

spec. Gas Production rate (m³/t VS) 400 450 0 500 75(dry gas, Normal conditions 1,25 kg/m³ )

BiogasGas production (m³/a) 0 0 0 2.002.500 0 2.002.500Gas production (m³/d) 0 0 0 5.486 0 5.486Gas production (t/a) 0 0 0 2.503 0 2.503Gas production (t/d) 0,00 0,00 0,00 6,86 0,00 6,86Water content: 11% 0 0 0 275 0 275Wet Gas 37°C (t/a) 0 0 0 2.778 0 2.778Wet Gas 37°C (t/d) 0,00 0,00 0,00 7,61 0,00 7,61

Reactor effluentTotal solids (t/a) 1.997Total solids (t/d) 5Volatile solids (t/a) 1.502Volatile solids (t/d) 4Water (t/a) 10.225Water (t/d) 28

Output (t/a) 12.222Total solids (%) 16,3%

Mass balanceMass balance - Without process water



Massenbilanz

Methane: 55 %Input Pig manure Pig dung Water Gras silage Process water TotalInput (t/a) 0 0 0 15.000 16.000 31.000Input (t/d) 0,00 0,00 0,00 41,10 43,84 84,93Total solids (%) 4,5% 30,0% 0,0% 30,0% 5,0% 17,1%Total solids (t/a) 0,0 0,0 0,0 4500,0 800,0 5300,0Total solids (t/d) 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,3 2,2 14,5Volatile solids (% TS) 82,0% 82,0% 0,0% 89,0% 50,0% 83,1%Volatile solids (t/a) 0 0 0 4.005 400 4.405Volatile solids (t/d) 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,0 1,1 12Water (t/a) 0 0 0 10.500 15.200 25.700Water (t/d) 0 0 0 29 42 70

spec. Gas Production rate (m³/t VS) 400 450 0 500 75(dry gas, Normal conditions 1,25 kg/m³ )

BiogasGas production (m³/a) 0 0 0 2.002.500 30.000 2.032.500Gas production (m³/d) 0 0 0 5.486 82 5.568Gas production (t/a) 0 0 0 2.503 35 2.539Gas production (t/d) 0,00 0,00 0,00 6,86 0,10 6,95Water content: 11% 0 0 0 275 4 279Wet Gas 37°C (t/a) 0 0 0 2.778 39 2.818Wet Gas 37°C (t/d) 0,00 0,00 0,00 7,61 0,11 7,72

Reactor effluentTotal solids (t/a) 2.761Total solids (t/d) 8Volatile solids (t/a) 1.866Volatile solids (t/d) 5Water (t/a) 25.421Water (t/d) 70

Output (t/a) 28.182Total solids (%) 9,8%

Mass balance -With process water



Dimensioning of a plant

• Calculation of energy content of available and pre treated input material during the year

• Definition of energetic yield of the plant� conversion losses• Calculation of daily input in tons• Calculation of storage capacity befor and after the plant in m3

• Consideration of given rules and laws (e.g. time with prohibitedapplication of organic fertilizers)

• Dimensioning of the fermenter• Dimensioning of energy production unit (Motor, CHP, Calefacción)


Compiling a Biogas Plant

Energy calculationoverview


Energy Calculation, Part 1


Comparison of consumption and supply of heat energy

0200.000400.000600.000800.000

1.000.0001.200.0001.400.0001.600.0001.800.0002.000.000

Enero

Febre

roM

arzo

Abril

May

oJu

nio Julio

Ago

stoSep

tiem

bre

Octubr

eNovie

mbr

eDici

embr

e

kWh/

mes

kWh para calentar el agua hasta85 °C

posible oferta de la planta debiogás en kWh termico


Economic calculation


Economic calculation

• Calculation of costs– Costs of investment– Expenditures of explotation

• Calculation of revenues

� Annual profit


Costs of investment• Planning• Tender• Reception of material• Pre treatment of material• Technology to use the material• Technology to produce energy• Technology to sterilize (if necessary)• Internal transport (pumps, screws etc.)• Electrical internal connections• Buildings• Storage tank• Infrastructure• Connections to the consumer


Amortisation

• Distribution of the costs of the investment for its lifetime• After lifetime time new investment is necessary �

reserves for future investment or paying for financing• Duration of amortisation

– Buildings: 20 years– Technologies: 15 years– CHP: 10 years


Annual expenditures

• Amortisation• Personnel (working time)• Maintenance (machinery, substituting parts, external

services)• Insurance• Raw material• Interest


Annual income

• Sale of electric energy• Sale of heat• Sale of gas• Sale of products (e. g. fertilizers)• Income from waste collection• Income for carbon-certificates


Calculation of benefits

Annual income – annual costs= Annual profit


Calculation of liquidation

• Object of the liquidation calculation: Knowing the actual year in which payment is required

• Calculating the obligations and costs of each year• For the costs consider the credit costs, not the

amortisation


Income surplus during the life time of a plant

-2.500.000,00

-2.000.000,00

-1.500.000,00

-1.000.000,00

-500.000,00

0,00

500.000,00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21


Comparison of outflows of liquid resources

Pagos sumarios de una calefacción de madera

0,00500.000,00

1.000.000,001.500.000,00

2.000.000,002.500.000,00

3.000.000,003.500.000,00

4.000.000,00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Jahre

€

Summierte AbflüsseÖl

Summierte AbflüsseHolz

Petroleum

Wood


Thank you for your attention!

Turkish-German Biogas ProjectDeutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbHAnd Sokak No: 8/1106680 Cankaya/Ankara, TURKEY

T +90 312 466 7056T +49 6196 79830 007E [email protected] www.giz.deI www.biyogaz.web.tr

Author:Dr. Dunja Hoffmann, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

biogas projects giz - introduction

Documents

waste water

local level

german bundestag

level approach

german knowhow

german federal ministry

industrial pilot biogas

agro environmental problem