Biogeography. Lecture 36

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

May 9, 2014

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 1 / 22

Outline

Biogeography of the WorldThe basics of island biogeographyBiogeography of Australian region

Biogeography of the WorldVery basics of Ocean biogeography

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 2 / 22

Outline

Biogeography of the WorldThe basics of island biogeographyBiogeography of Australian region

Biogeography of the WorldVery basics of Ocean biogeography

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 2 / 22

Biogeography of the World The basics of island biogeography

Biogeography of the WorldThe basics of island biogeography

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 3 / 22

Biogeography of the World The basics of island biogeography

The basics of island biogeography

I Immigration and extinctionI Distance effectI Species-area curve and the effect of island size

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 4 / 22

Biogeography of the World The basics of island biogeography

Species-logarea line for reptiles and amphibians inCaribbean

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 5 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Biogeography of the WorldBiogeography of Australian region

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 6 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australian region

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 7 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australia: temperatures

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 8 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australia: precipitation

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 9 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australian geology

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 10 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australia: potential biomes

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 11 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australian: 7 biogeographical regions

1. Tropical North2. Tropical East: Queensland3. Desert Center4. Australian core: South and Southeast5. Australian Southwest6. Tasmania7. Zealandia, partly submerged microcontinent: New Zealand, Lord

Howe and New Caledonia

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 12 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australian: 7 regions

Thin line is a border of ZealandiaShipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 13 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Australian regions: key features1. Tropical North: climate similar to Gran Chaco in South America, developed rain and extremely

dry seasons. Billabongs (shallow drying lakes) are common. The east of region is Australiangrasslands, home of many bird species like emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), malleefowl(Leipoa ocellata), numerous cockatoo parrots (Cacatuoidea) and Rainbow bee-eaters (Meropsornatus). Extinct “marsuplial hippo”, Diprotodon, also lived here.

2. Queensland: One of three richest regions. Wet forests. Cuscuses (Phalanger) there replacemonkeys, Agathis conifer substitute for angiosperm tree dominants. Forest “ostrich” cassowary(Casuarius)

3. Desert Center: similar to Sahara. Species-poor. Bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchidae) are probablymost famous animals here.

4. Australian core: “all what you know about Australia”, platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), koala(Phascolarctos cinereus), kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and other marsupials, Proteaceaeand Myrtaceae plants like Banksia and Eucalyptus, each with many species. Home of livingfossil Wollemi pine, Wollemia nobilis. Among birds, many “non-singing” passerines like lyrebird(Menura novaehollandiae).

5. Australian Southwest: Very small but rich region with high endemism. Many interestingmarsupials like numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus, replacement of anteater), the only Australianpitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis), grass trees (Xanthorrhoea), moloch lizard (Molochhorridus) and many others.

6. Tasmania: the temperate variant of Australian biota, the only glaciated (50%) region. Mostfamous representatives are two marsupial carnivores, Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and(now extinct) Tasmanian wolf (or tiger) (Thylacinus cynocephalus). Lots of unusual plants likeHuon pine, Lagarostrobos or Tasmannia.

7. Zealandia: shatters of microcontinent, probably close to the extinct biota of Antarctic. Nomammals. Extinct moa (Dinornis) and extant kiwi bird (Apteryx). Tuatara (Sphenodon). Themost primitive flowering plant (Amborella).

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 14 / 22

Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region

Summary for Australia

I The most biogeographically isolated regionI High and dry: similar to AfricaI New Zealand (Aotearoa) has multiple “Holantarctic” connections

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 15 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Biogeography of the WorldVery basics of Ocean biogeography

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 16 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Biogeography of Ocean

I Diversity in 3D spaceI Rich cool and poor tropical watersI Rich coastal and poor open ocean watersI Whereas surface biogeography of ocean is determined by

continents and currents, biogeography of abyssal is unique.

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 17 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Ocean depths

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 18 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Ocean temperatures

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 19 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Ocean productivity

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 20 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Abyssal provinces from Watling et al., 2013

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 21 / 22

Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography

Short anonymous absolutely voluntary survey

1. What do you like most in biogeography course (except PuertoRico trip ;-)?

2. What do you dislike most in biogeography course?3. Which part of Puerto Rico trip do you remember most of all?4. Please grade (1—bad, 5—excellent):

A. LecturesB. Puerto Rico tripC. PresentationsD. Exams

5. Please recommend something for the next Biogeography class.

Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 22 / 22