biolab frog organ histology
TRANSCRIPT
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THE FOUR TUNICS IN THE GASTROINTESTINE(Outer to inner)
STOMACH Serosa
- smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer ofcells which secrete serous fluid (mucus-like) anda thin epithelial layer
- line and enclose several body cavities, known asserous cavities, where they secrete a lubricatingfluid which reduces friction from musclemovement
- composed of a secretory epithelial layer and aconnective tissue layer underneath
- consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissuecovered by mesothelium (a type of squamousepithelium that lines body cavities)
a. Tunica serosa- The most outer part that covers the stomach
b. Tunica subserosa- Beneath the tunica serosa
Muscularis a. Tunica Muscularis- Responsible for gut movement- Consists of two thick layers of smooth muscle.
Muscle fibers in the inner layer are alignedcircularly, whereas those in the outer layer have alongitudinal orientation
This combination of circular and longitudinalsmooth muscle gives the tube an ability to
perform complex movements that squeeze andpropel ingesta in the lumen. Submucosa
a. Tela submucosa- layer of dense irregular connective tissue or loose
connective tissue that supports the mucosa, aswell as joins the mucosa to the bulk of overlyingsmooth muscle (fibers running circularly withinlayer of longitudinal muscle); contains blood andlymphatic vessels
Mucosa
a.
Tunica mucosa- Covered by epithelial cells (got contact with thelumen)1. Parietal cells
are the stomach epithelial cells thatsecrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsicfactor (also known as gastric intrinsicfactor (GIF), is a glycoprotein producedby the parietal cells of the stomach;necessary for the absorption of vitamin
1. Serosa2. Tela subserosa3. Muscularis4. Oblique fibers of muscle wall5. Circular muscle layer6. Longitudinal muscle layer7. Submucosa8. Lamina muscularis mucosae9. Mucosa
10. Lamina propria11. Epithelium12. Gastric glands13. Gastric pits
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium -
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B12 (cobalamin) later on in the smallintestine)
only located in glands found in aparticular area of the stomach, known asthe fundus
nearer the columnar cells2. Chief/Zymogenic cells
Releases pepsinogen (activated into the
digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes incontact with acid produced by gastricparietal cells) and chymosin
3. Lamina propria loose connective tissue through which
course blood vessels and lymphatic beneath the tunica mucosa
4. Muscularis Mucosa Thin layer of smooth muscles that permit
the mucosa to move and fold.
SMALL INTESTINE
Serosaa. Tunica serosa- Derived from peritoneum (serous membrane
that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity) - Connective tissue
Muscularis b. Tunica Muscularis- Composed of smooth muscles arranged in two
layers: 1. Stratum Circulare of Tunica Muscularis inner layer circularly arranged
2. Stratum Longitudinale of Tunica Muscularis Outer layer Longitudinally arranged
Submucosab. Tela submucosa- Thin connective tissue layer beneath or next to the
mucosa and supporting the villi. Blood vessels andnerves will be seen in this layer especially at thebase of the villus
Mucosa
a. Tunica mucosa- The simple epithelial layer of columnar cells.b. Goblet cells- Secrete mucous which helps lubricate food- Present among the tall cells (simple columnar)- Unicellular glands- Appear as large cells with clear cytoplasmc. Villi
- small, finger-like projections that protrude fromthe epithelial lining of the intestinal wall
LIVER- lobulated gland
Glissons Capsule- connective collagenous capsule covering the
external surface of the liver Each compact lobule is polygonal and
histologically shows the liver cells arranged indouble rows of hepatic cords which radiates froma central vein
Sinudoids
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Spaces which form blood sinuses (spaces) thatend in the central vein
Connective Tissue Septa
- a dividing wall or membrane in hepatocytes
Kupffer cells - stellate macrophages- specialized macrophages in the liver located in the
sinusoids
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_fundushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 -
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Parenchyma- includes the hepatocytes and sinusoids
Stroma- connective tissue between lobules; supportive
framework
HEPATIC TRINITY1. Portal Vein- (veins) are usually blue in color; but not a true
vein- blood vessel that conducts blood from the
gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver- this blood is rich in nutrients that have been
extracted from food, and the liver processes thesenutrients; it also filters toxins that may have beeningested with the food
- with rbcs insid e
2. Hepatic Artery- short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood
to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach) ,duodenum (a part of the small intestine) andpancreas
- thick cells - with rbcs inside
3. Bile Duct- carries bile - cuboidal cells
Lymphatic Vessel - thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph
PANCREAS- both an endocrine gland producing several
important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, and adigestive organ, secreting pancreatic juicecontaining digestive enzymes that assist theabsorption of nutrients and the digestion in the
small intestine - glandular organ
Acinar cells- any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed
"berry" of the exocrine gland - connected to ducts
Centroacinar cells - spindle-shaped cells in the exocrine pancreas
Islets of Langerhan
- lightly stained- produce hormones that underlie the endocrine
functions of the pancreas - highly vascular
BLOOD VESSELS
1. Artery- Carry blood away from the heart- Has thicker wall due to the presence of more
muscles and elastic fibers in its media andsometimes in the adventitia
Tunica Interna/intima- Inner most layer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel -
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- Made up of one layer of endothelium (has directcontact with the blood)
- Supported by elastic lamina
Tunica Media - Made up of concentrically arranged smooth
muscles and elastic fibers- Separated from the intima by an elastic lamina
(composed of elastin)Tunica Externa - Also known as Tunica Adventitia- Mainly composed of longitudinally arranged
collagen (serves to anchor the blood vessel tonearby organs, giving it stability) and elastic fibers
- Supported by external elastic laminaVEIN - Shows smooth intima and tunica media deficient
in both muscle fibers and elastic fibers
OVARY - Ovum-producing organ(FROG)Oogenesis- Process of growth and development of eggs
Oogonia - Give rise to oocytes- Cells farthest from the peritoneal layer that forms
the ovarian envelop- Large with yolk granules in cytoplasm- Develops into a primary oocyte, then into a
secondary oocyte and finally into an ovum - Diploid; has 4 chromatids- Found in the membrane- Has airspaces- Do not have follicle cells; they cluster
Primary oocyte- Germ cell- Diploid; 4 chromatids- Have follicles
Secondary oocyte- Germ cell- Haploid; 2 chromatids
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- Have follicles
Ovum - Haploid; 1 chromatid
(CAT)Graafian follicle
- Isolated mass of cells in the form the ovarianfollicle
- Starts as solid cell masses and develop intostructure in which growing egg enlarges andseparates off as a single entity
Antrum - portion of an ovarian follicle filled with liquor
folliculi- space filled
Liquor folliculi- fluid that fills the follicular antrum
Corpus luteum - fibrous condition of egg after ovulation
Follicle cells - collective term for cells that surround the egg
Vitelline membrane- structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of
the plasma membrane of an ovum
- only found in unfertilized eggs
Theca interna (inside) and externa (outside)- covers the ovary
Germinal vesicle- nucleus of oogonia
TESTIS - produces male gametes through spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules - two types: convoluted and straight
Spermatogenic cells - develops into sperm cells
Spermatogonia- found closest to the periphery of the seminiferous
tubule- nucleus is oval and lightly stained- smaller than the primary spermatocyte- Diploid cells
Primary Spermatocyte- Largest among the different kinds of cells in the
tubule- Nucleus shows threadlike chromatin materials
that shows meiosis- Diploid cells that undergo first division of meiosis
Secondary Spermatocyte - Results from the first meiotic division- Slightly smaller than the primary spermatocytes- Has a prominent nucleus and cytoplasm- Haploid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_folliclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_folliculihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_follicle -
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Spermatids - Very small cells produced by the second meiotic
division- Approximately half the size of the secondaries- Near the lumen- Haploid
Spermatozoa
- Seen to be fine hair-like structures in the lumen
Sertoli cells - Large columnar shaped cells whose cytoplasm
may contain the heads of maturing spermatozoa
Interstitial cells/ Leydig cells- Round/polygonal cells found between
seminiferous tubules- Produces male hormones
Tunica albuginea- Fibrous covering of the testis
KIDNEY
Uriniferous tubule (Nephron)- unit of structure of kidney - regulate the concentration of water and soluble
substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the restas urine
Glomerulus - blood capillary tuft (bunch/group)
Malpighian corpuscle/ Renal corpuscle of Malphigi- collective term for glomerulus and bowman s
capsule
Bowman s capsule - double-walled- cupped-shaped
SPINAL CORD
Meninges (Membrane) 1. Dura mater outer (may not be included)2. Arachnoid middle3. Pia mater inner
White Matter- Peripheral region containing the fiber tracts
composed of bundles of myelinated fibers
- Contain censory and motor neurons
Gray Matter- Inner or more centrally located region- Where cell bodies are found- Usually x-shaped or h-shaped- Contain nerve cell bodies
*Septa1. Anterior Median Fissure/Sulcus
1. Glomerulus, 2. Efferent arteriole, 3.Bowman's capsule, 4. Proximal convolutedtubule, 5. Cortical collecting duct, 6. Distalconvoluted tubule, 7. Loop of Henle, 8. Ductof Bellini, 9. Peritubular capillaries, 10.Arcuate vein, 11. Arcuate artery, 12. Afferentarteriole, 13. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.
BC-Bowman's Capsule
PC-Proximal Convoluted TubuleDC-Distal Convoluted Tubule
VP-Vascular Pole
UP-Urinary Pole
MD-Macula Densa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration -
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2. Anterior Median Sulcus
Canalis Centralis - The spinal canal- Lined by ependymal cells (thin epithelium-like
lining of central canal)- Where cerebro-spinal fluid flows
Ganglion- mass of nerve tissue containing cell bodies of
neurons external to the brain or spinal cord
Dorsal Root ganglion
- contains cell bodies of nerve cells (neurons) thatcarry signals from sensory organs toward theappropriate integration center
Good luck for the practical! :D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron