biological bases of behavior
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Biological Bases of Behavior. Laurel McKay Period 1. Physiological Techniques. EEG- measures changes in brain electrical activity, can allow for localization of functions in the brain CAT Scans-make cross-sectional images of the brain - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Biological Bases of Behavior
Laurel McKayPeriod 1
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EEG- measures changes in brain electrical activity, can allow for localization of functions in the brain
CAT Scans-make cross-sectional images of the brain
MRI- similar to a CAT scan but generates more detailed pictures of the brain
Functional MRI’s and PET Scans allow scientists to view the brain as it is working, uses a diffusion of radioactive glucose in the brain to highlight the point of interest
PET Scan
Physiological Techniques
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Central Nervous System: brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System: all other nerves Brain= central processing center for thoughts, motivations &
emotions (made up of neurons) In the spinal cord neurons are bundled together into nerves Afferents=nerves sending info to the brain Efferents=nerves conveying info from the brain Most movements are controlled by the brain but some are
controlled by transmission from afferent to efferent cells
Functional Organization of the Nervous System
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The Peripheral Nervous System can be divided into: - Somatic Nervous System-Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic: responsible for voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles
Autonomic: controls the nonskeletal or smooth muscles (ex: in the heart and digestive tract)
Functional Organization of the Nervous System (cont.)
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Functional Organization of the Nervous System (cont.)
Autonomic Nervous System divides into:◦ Sympathetic Nervous System◦ Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic: associated with processes that burn energy, fight or flight reaction
Parasympathetic: associated with conserving energy
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Brain’s 3 regions: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain Forebrain= limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus &
cerebral cortex Limbic System: area of the brain involved in learning,
emotion, and memory, includes the hippocampus (learning and memory formation), the amygdala (used when angry) , and the septum (used when fearful)
Hypothalamus: controls the temperature and water balance of the body & the ANS & the endocrine system
Thalamus: gateway for sensory input to the brain Cerebral Cortex: outer layer of the brain, used in higher
cognitive functions (thinking, language use, etc.)
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy (cont.) Midbrain=reticular
activating system (consciousness, attention, wakefulness), processes sensory input
The midbrain, hindbrain, thalamus & hypothalamus form the brain stem (junction between the brain & spinal cord)
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Hindbrain=cerebellum, medulla oblongata & pons Cerebellum: controls muscle tone and balance Medulla Oblongata: controls heart rate, swallowing,
breathing, and digestion Pons: passes info from one brain to another Cerebral Cortex: covers the outer surface of the brain Corpus Callosum: a band of nerves that joins together
the two halves of the brain
Neuroanatomy (cont.)
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Frontal Lobe: higher level thought and reasoning, contains the primary motor cortex
Parietal Lobe: somatosensory info, contains the primary somatosensory cortex (temp., pressure, texture and pain)
Temporal Lobe: auditory input Occipital Lobe: visual input Apraxia: inability to organize movement Agnosia: inability to process sensory input Alexia: the inability to read
Neuroanatomy (cont.)
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Neural Transmission Nerves=bundles of neurons Soma= cell body Dendrites=branch out from the
soma Axon=a long, tube-like
structure that responds to input from dendrites and soma
Myelin Sheath=fatty coating around the axon
Terminal buttons=knobs on the branched end of the axon
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Resting potential: the electrical charge of a neuron at rest Once the electrical charge reaches minus 50 millivolts the
neuron will be ready to fire which leads to… Action Potential: the nerve impulse/ sending the message During action potential the axon membrane is pierced by ion
channels, then sodium ions rush into the axon After the impulse there is a negative after-potential (a drop in
electrical charge below the resting potential) Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that cross the
synapse (ex: acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine)
Neural Transmission (cont.)
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Neural Transmission (cont.)
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Relays info from one part of the body to another using glands that release hormones
Pituitary Gland: master gland, releases hormones to other glands, controlled by the hypothalamus
Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Thyroid Gland: at the front of the neck, regulates metabolism
Endocrine System
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The application of principles of evolutionary theory to the study of behavior
Traits: distinctive characteristics or behavior patterns that are determined by genetics
A dominant trait is more likely to be expressed in offspring than a recessive trait
The environment influences us too Nature vs. Nurture debate Genetic Abnormalities cause disorders such as Down’s
Syndrome (a break in the 21st chromosome)
Genetics