biological psychology 303 fall 11 lecture 1. biopsychology: the study of the biological basis of...
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Biopsychology: the study of the biological basis of behavior
the study of :
Neuroanatomy: structure of NSNeurochemistry: chemical bases of neural activityNeuroendocrinology: interactions btw NS & endocrine systemNeuropathology: disorders of NSNeuropharmacology: drugs effects on NS – neural activityNeurophysiology: function & activity of the NS
Neuroscience
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Biopsychology
Physiological Psychology: neural mechanisms of behavior by direct manipulation of the brain (Experimental)
Psychopharmacology: neural activity and behavior with drugs (Experimental & Applied)
Neuropsychology: psychological effects of brain damage in humans (Applied)
Psychophysiology: relation bwt physiological activity & psychological processes in humans – non invasive (Experimental..also Applied)
Comparative Psychology: compare behavior btw species, evolutionary level (experimental)
Cognitive Psychology: non invasive study of brain, cognition, information processing (Applied, Experimental)
Divisions
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Behavioral Neuroscientist…
The impact the Brain has on behavior…that’s a no brainer
Psychopharmacology+ Comparative Psychology + Neuroscience
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But what do you really know about it?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNOKT-xv7Dw
Is Einstein’s Brain Bigger Than Your Brain?
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Can listening to Mozart make you smarter?
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What color is your brain?
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You Get New Brain Wrinkles When You Learn Something…
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Alcohol Kills Brain Cells…..
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EgyptiansIndian
ChineseGreeks
- necessary for life- emotion HB
Aristotle
I get no respect…
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Hippocrates (460-370 B.C)Galen (130-200 A.D)
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Will the human brain ever completelyunderstand its own workings?
3 major debates
• Mind vs Brain (monism/dualism)
• Localism vs Holism
• Nature of neural communication
"The brain, the masterpiece of creation, is almost unknown to us." Nicolaus Steno, 1669
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3 major debates
• Mind vs Brain (monism/dualism)
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Rene Descartes(1596-1650)
Mind-Body Question
Dualist: mind separate from body
Mechanist: Body is like a machine
Mind controls the machine
Body tells mind about the environment
hydraulic modelPipes = nerves
Water = fluids in body
Hidden Value = Pineal
Sensations, memories and other mental functions produced as animal spirits flowing through “pores” in the brain controlled by the pineal gland
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Control Valve: Pineal Gland
“Seat of the Soul”
First technicalmodel for the NS
“Controls the flow of thought to consciousness”
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Innervation of the Pineal
Dependent on the
Light/Dark Cycle
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Mind vs Brain???
Monism:
Mind is product of brain
Dualism:
Brain is physicalmind is not
Mind-Body Question..are you a monist or a dualist?
Debate: Mind vs Brain
Biopsychologist: the mind is just an illusion, a sense of mind is nothing more than the awareness of what the brain is doing
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3 major debates
• Mind vs Brain (monism/dualism)
Still up for debate…
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Luigi Galvani(1737-1798)
Italian PhysicianAnatomist
Next Debate: Nature of Neural Communication: Settled
"While one of those who were assisting me touched lightly, and by chance, the point of his scalpel to the internal crural nerves of the frog, suddenly all the muscles of its limbs were seen to be so contracted that they seemed to have fallen into tonic convulsions. “
Electrical Stimulation of frog legs
Contraction of the muscles
“Animal Electricity”
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Johannes Muller(1801-1858)
German Physiologist
Doctrine of specific nerve energies
All nerves carry electrical signals
Different nerves = different outcomes
Debate: Neural Communication
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Camillo Golgi (1843-1956) Italian Physician:
Silver Staining Method – continuous mass of
tissues…one cytoplasm(holism)
Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)Spanish Histologist
Labeled Cells“neuron doctrine” – discrete entities
Nobel Prize 1906:Research on structure of the nervous
Debate: Nature of Neural Communication
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1. Neurons are discrete and autonomous cells that can interact
2. Synapses are gaps that separate neurons
3. Information is transmitted in one direction from dendrites (input) to the axon (output)
Debate: Nature of Neural Communication
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3 major debates
• Nature of Neural Communication
Settled…
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Franz Joseph Gall (1757-1828)
German PhysicianNeuroanatomist
brought Anatomy & Psychology together
discrete regions of brain controls specific functions = mental state localization
Phrenology (personology)
Next Debate: Localism vs Holism
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Phineas Gage (1823-1860) •25 yrs. Explosion accident (1848)• impulsive, unreliable, profane • “was no longer Gage.”
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• Reasoning• Planning• Speech Produce• Movement• Emotions• Problem solving• Personality
• Movement• Orientation• Recognition• Perception of stimuli
• Visual Processing
• Perception & recognition of auditory stimuli• Memory• Speech Comprehension
Forebraintelencephalon
Broca’s
Wernicke’s
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Wilder Penfield (1891-1976) American-Born Canadian
Neurosurgeon:
• Greatest neurosurgeon of all times• mapped the brain
• direct stimulation of the brain•“Grandmother Cell"
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http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws/Penfield/Penfield.html
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=wilder+penfield&pq=wilder+pen&docid=1068722028792&mid=A96D978895922811F964A96D978895922811F964&FORM=VIVR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52bYneF6JEk
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• Localism vs holism?
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Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985)
Canadian Psychologist
“The Organization of Behavior” (1949)
First comprehensive theory on how psychological phenomena might be produced by BRAIN ACTIVITY
perceptions emotions thoughts memories
A large brain, like large government, may not be able to do simple things in a simple way.Donald O. Hebb
Most Valuable Player
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Hebb based his theories•humans and animals•clinical case studies•logical arguments = eclectic approach became a hallmark of biopsych
“Cell Assemblies”
Synaptic transmission Material basis
mental associations
“Connectionism”LTP
http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/GCPWS/Hebb/Hebb.html
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3 major debates
• Localism vs Holism
a little of both going on…
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New debate
Watson & Crick ( 1953)
Nature vs Nurture
Nature 171, 737-738 (1953)Molecular structure of Nucleic AcidsWATSON, J. D. & CRICK, F. H. C.Medical Research Council Unit for the Study of Molecular Structure of Biological Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
discovered chemical structure of DNA
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New debate
Rosalind Franklin
Nature vs Nurture
discovered chemical structure of DNA
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New debatesNature vs Nurture
J. Craig VenterCelera Genomic
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Francis Collins Human Genome Project (NIH)
Sequencing of the human genome: “the book if life”
“NCBI Genome Project”
(0.11 seconds)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/seq/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/program.html
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New debatesNature vs Nurture