BIOLOGY

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ClassificatioClassificationn

New SpeciesNew Species2

Of the estimated 10 million species on Earth, we Of the estimated 10 million species on Earth, we have only found and named a fraction of the have only found and named a fraction of the species!!!species!!!

Scientists find new organisms all the time.Scientists find new organisms all the time.Need a method to name them.Need a method to name them.

un-named snakeun-named snake un-named frogun-named frog

Scientific NameScientific Name3

Each species receives a universally accepted Each species receives a universally accepted name:name: Two-word name (Two-word name (Genus & speciesGenus & species))

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

Based on what you know…4

Papio annubis and Papio cynochephalusbelong to the same _________________ but not

the same __________________

Fill in the blanks with either genus or species.

Common NameCommon Name5

Used by individuals Used by individuals depending on where depending on where they live. If we only they live. If we only used common names used common names we would call this:we would call this:Gato – SpanishGato – SpanishCatCatFelineFelineKittyKitty

What is Classification?What is Classification?6

Classification:Classification:arrangement of organisms into arrangement of organisms into

orderly groups based on their orderly groups based on their similaritiessimilarities

Used by biologist because Used by biologist because organisms are numerous and organisms are numerous and diversediverse

Classification GroupsClassification Groups7

Taxon (taxa-plural):Taxon (taxa-plural): category into which related organisms are placedcategory into which related organisms are placed

What is taxonomy?What is taxonomy?8

Grouping organisms Grouping organisms according to their according to their presumed natural presumed natural relationshipsrelationships

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

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Father of Taxonomy

In other words…

General SpecificExample:Country

StateZip codeCitySubdivisionStreetHouse

Hierarchy of TaxaHierarchy of Taxa11

Domain Kingdom (most general & largest

category) Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family

Genus Species (most specific

category)

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Basis for Taxonomy13

Similar structuresSimilar structuresSimilar embryo developmentSimilar embryo developmentSimilarity in DNASimilarity in DNA

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Homologous Structures Homologous Structures show Similarities in show Similarities in mammals.mammals.

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Example16

Humans and Chimpanzees have ~98% of the same genes and therefore have a common ancestor

Dichotomous Keys

An easy way to sort information.Uses a series of yes or no questions to get to

a single description that applies to only one item.

How all living things are classified.

Following a dichotomous key is similar to playing a game of GUESS WHO?

“is your person a boy?”

Dichotomous Key Practice

http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/dichotomous_key_smilies.html

Six Kingdoms of Life

BIOLOGY

Changing Ideas About Kingdoms

This diagram shows some of the ways in which organisms have been classified into kingdoms since the 1700s.

More recently…There were 5 Kingdoms

Now there are 6

Monera broke down Monera broke down into two kingdomsinto two kingdoms1: Eubacteria1: Eubacteria2: Archebacteria2: Archebacteria

Organized evolutionarily

Type of cell Prokaryotic or eukaryotic

# of Cells Single-celled or multi-cellular

Characteristics of cells Type of cell wall/membrane Types of organelles they have

How they get energy Autotrophs – make own food Heterotrophs – obtain food from others