8.4 Biodiversity

Group 6 : Daviena Subramaniam Kavita Gunasagaran Liew Yin Ting Sophia Lim Kim Yen Priyatharishini A/P R.Ravi

Biodiversity (8.4)

Biodiversity refers to diverse species of diverse species of plants and animals interacting with one plants and animals interacting with one

another on Earthanother on Earth. Organisms need a classification because there are many of

them in the world.

Classification of organisms into the five kingdoms

Monera•Compose of prokaryotic prokaryotic organisms•Unicellular Unicellular have cell walls, no membrane- membrane- bound nuclei and organelles.•PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic and non-photosynthetic•Typical shapes: rod, round, spiral•Examples: cyanobacteria

Animalia•Multicellular heterotrophic Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes•Well-developed developed tissues•Examples: mammals, fish, reptiles

Protista•unicellularunicellular, algae, protozoa•Membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.•Autotrophic Autotrophic heterotrophic or both•Examples : spirogyra, amoeba, paramecium

Plantae•All landland plants•MulticellularMulticellular autotrophic eukaryotes, immobile, photosynthetic•Have cell membranecell membrane, cell walls•Examples: flowering plants, fern

Fungi•Multicellular eukaryotes•SomeSome have hyphae called myceliummycelium•They have no chlorophyllchlorophyll•Examples: yeast, mucor.sp , mushrooms

Hierarchy in the classification of organisms

1. Living organisms are classified into seven hierarchical levels according to their basic classesclasses2. The largest unit is the kingdomkingdom, contains the largestlargest number of organisms. 3. The number of organisms in each unit decreasesdecreases from kingdomkingdom to speciesspecies.

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASSORDER

FAMILYGENUS

SPECIES

Category House Fly Human Corn Mouse

Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia Animalia PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

Phylum Arthropoda Chordata Trachaeophyta Chordata

Class Insecta Mammalia Angiospermae Mammalia

Order Diptera Primates Glumnifloflorae Rodentia

Family Muscidae Homonidae Maydeae Muroidae

Genus Musca HomoHomo ZeaZea MusMus

Species M.DomesticaM.Domestica H.SapiensH.Sapiens Z.MaysZ.Mays Rattus

Each organism is given a scientific name based on the Linnaeus binomial system.Each organism has two names in LatinThe first name begins with a capital letter, refers to the genusThe second name begins with a small letter, refers to the speciesExamples:

prepared by Daviena

Organisms Human Wolf Frog

Genus Homo Canus Rana

Species Sapiens lupis pipiensScientific name Homo sapiens Canus lupis Rana pipiens

THE IMPACT OF MICROORGANIMS ON

LIFE

TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS

Bacteria are prokaryotic, microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membrane-bounded nucleus nor other membrane-bounded organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The can be rod shaped (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spiral shaped (spirochetes).

BACTERIABACTERIA

Viruses are very different from Fungi and Bacteria in that they can only reproduce within a host cell, and they can infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (humans, plants, animals and bacteria). They reproduce at incredible rates, and they are acellular, with no organelles. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and fungi, and they can lay dormant for long periods of time until conditions are right to begin to reproduce within a host cell.4 years ago

VIRUSESVIRUSES

FUNGI ARE EUKARYOTES, AND AS SUCH CAN BE MORE DIFFICULT TO KILL WHEN CAUSING SICKNESS IN HUMANS OR ANIMALS. THE REPRODUCE BY SPORES, AND CAN BE ASEXUAL OR SEXUAL, THEY ARE USUALLY NON-MOTILE, AND LIKE PLANTS HAVE ALTERATION OF GENERATIONS.

FUNGI FUNGI

Algae are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length

ALAGAALAGAEE

PROTOZOA ARE A DIVERSE GROUP OF UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS, MANY OF WHICH ARE MOTILE. ORIGINALLY, PROTOZOA HAD BEEN DEFINED AS UNICELLULAR PROTISTS WITH ANIMAL-LIKE BEHAVIOR

PREPARED BY

KAVITA

PROTOZOPROTOZOAA

The effects of abiotic components on the activity of microorganisms

Temperature- Inactive at low temperature- The optimum temperature between 35°c and 40°c- Beyond 60°c the growth of microorganisms is inhibited- Microorganisms and the spores can be destroyed at a temperature

of about 121°c

Light intensity - Prefer dark or low intensities - High intensities of sunlight or ultraviolet rays can kill

microorganisms.- Algae and photosynthetic bacteria need light to

photosynthesise.

pH value- Most bacteria prefer slightly alkaline condition (pH

7.4)- Moulds, yeast and protozoans prefer acidic

conditions (pH4.5-pH5.0)- Extreme pH can kill microorganismsNutriens- All microorganisms except virus need nutriens and

water for reproduction and growth- Without nutrients or water, microorganisms will die

or form spores.

THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISMS

Decomposition- Carried out by a group of saprophytic bacteria and fungi,

called decomposers.- Secret enzymes that break down complex organic nutrients

into simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and molecules, this reduces pollution by preventing the accumulation of the remains of decaying organisms.

- Maintain life on Earth by recycling and released nutrients into the soil.

NITROGEN CYCLE• The nitrogen cycle allows nitrogen to be utilized by

organisms and release to the physical environment.• Plants can only absorb nitrogen in the form of

ammonium , nitrite or nitrate ions.• Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Nostocs sp. (lives in

the soil ) and Rhizobium sp.(lives in the roots nodules of legiminous plants) can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium compounds (NH3 and NH4) through a process called nitrogen fixation.

• Nitrates are taken up by the roots of plants and converted into plant proteins.

• When the animals eat the plants, the organic nitrogen is transferred into the body of animals and becomes animal protein.

• Waste materials, plant and animals which die and decompose are converted into ammonium compounds.

• Ammonium compounds are converted into nitrites and nitrates by nitrifying bacteria through a process called nitrification.

• Ammonia converted into nitrites (NO2) by nitrites.• Nitrites converted into nitrates (NO3) by nitrates.• The cycle is balanced by a continuous return of nitrogen to

the atmosphere by denitrification which break down nitrates and release nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMAN- Symbiotic bacteria in human colon synthesise

vitamin B12 and vitamin K.- Deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to anaemia, vitamin K

needed for blood clotting.

ALIMENTARY CANAL AF TERMITES- Termites feed on wood which contains cellulose,

they do not have the enzymes (cellulase) to digest the cellulose.

- Trichonympa sp. Is a mutualistic protozoans present in the alimentary canal of termites and secrete cellulase.

Prepared by Liew Yin Ting

The effect of harmful microorganisms1.Harmful microorganisms can spoil the food and substances.2.Microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogens.3.Organisms that transmit the pathogens are called vectors.HOW THE DISEASES SPREAD•Direct contact-a contagious disease can be spread by contact with an infected person or using their personal items such as towels,clothing.-examples : ringworm caused by fungi,AIDS and syphilis through sexual intercourse.•Vectors-malaria is caused by plasmodium sp.transmitted by the mosquito bite as a vector.-housefly can cause food poisioning and spread cholera.•Airborne and droplet transmission-airborne transmission is a method where the pathogens can change into spores and then transmitted by air.-droplet transmission is a method where liquid droplets of the infected person enter other people respiratory system.•Food and water-microorganisms enter the alimentary canal through: contaminated food and water, unwashed hands and the faeces of infected people-examples: contaminated water.

Transmission of diseasesPathogen/Vectors : VirusesDisease : Dengue feverMethod of transmission : Vector,through the bite of an infected Aedes.Signs and symptoms : High fever, rashes,severe joint and muscle pain,headaches,mosquito nausea and vomiting.

Pathogen/Vectors : Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV)Disease : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)Method of transmission : -unprotected sex with an infected partner

- blood transfusion - sharing of contaminated needles - from infected pregnant mother to child

Signs and symptoms : Weight loss,diarrhoea,fatigue , fever, diseases of eyes,lungs,mouth,throat.

Pathogen/Vectors : Viruses

Disease : Hepatitis AMethod of transmission : transmitted through contaminated water and foodDisease : Hepatitis BMethod of transmission : transmitted through unprotected sexual

contact,needles and contact with contaminated blood.

Signs and symptoms : Jaundice,loss of appetite,fatigue

Pathogen/Vectors : CoronavirusDisease : Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Method of transmission : contact with infected persons or objects contaminated

with infectious droplet.Signs and symptoms : High fever, headaches,rashes,muscular stiffness ,loss of appetite,dry cough

Pathogen/Vectors : Bacteria(vibrio cholerae),HouseflyDisease : CholeraMethod of transmission : Contaminated food or waterSign and symptoms : -Profuse and watery diarrhoea

- Vomiting

Pathogen/Vectors : Bacteria ( such as Salmonella)Disease : Food poisoningMethod of transmission : contaminated food or waterSigns and symptoms : diarrhoea,vomiting,fever,abdominal pain

Pathogen/Vectors : Protozoa,AnophelesDisease : MalariaMethod of transmission : Vector, through the bite of an infected female AnophelesSigns and symptoms : High fever,rashes,severe joint, and muscle

pain,headaches,mosquito nausea and vomiting.

Pathogen/Vectors : FungiDisease : Ringworm (Tinea corporis)Method of transmission : Direct contactSigns and symptoms : Red spots like rashes on the skin,itchiness on infected

area

Methods of controlling pathogens•Vaccines-a suspension of dead or weakened bacteria or viruses which is inoculated into the body to induce the production of antibodies.Example:BCG•Antibiotics-Penicillin and streptomycin are produced by microorganisms which inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms,esp.bacteria•Antiseptics-used on cuts and wounds to kill and inhibit the growth of microorganisms.Examples:acriflavin , iodine solution.•Disinfectants-solutions used to sterilise surgical equipment,kill microorganisms on the floor.Examples:phenol,formaldehyde.

PREPARED BY:SOPHIA,4P

The use of microorganisms biotechnology.

Biotechnology is defined as the application of organisms or biological processes in the manufacturing and servicing industries.

Production of antibiotics, vaccines and hormones.

* Antibiotics are obtained from microorganisms

* streptomyces is produced by Streptomyces sp., penicillin is produced by penicillium chrysogenum, both used to treat infections.

* Sabine vaccine used to treat poliomyelities.

* Modified bacteria are used to produce the hormone insulin on a large scale.

Cleaning of oil spills.

* genetically engineered bacteria are used to clean the oil spills.

* these bacteria convert the oil into less harmful molecules which are environment friendly.

Waste Treatment.

* Sewage from household and industries is piped into large settling tanks in sewage treatment plants.

* Aerobic bacteria in the sewage decompose organic matter .

* The sludge the settles at the bottom of the settling tanks is pumped into the sedimentation tanks where fermentation takes place.

* Here, anearobic bacteria continue to decompose the organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide.

* The methane gas collected is used as a fuel.

* The digested sludge is rich in nitrates and phosphates, and is dried to be used as fertilisers by farmers.

Food Processing.* Fermentation by the yeast in bread making produce carbon

dioxide which helps the dough to rise.* Beer is brewed from barley grains.* Wine is made by the fermentation of grape juice, ethanol and

carbon dioxide are released.* Soy sauce is made from fermented soy bean by the fungi.* Yoghurt is made from fermentation of milk using bacteria

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus which convert sugar into lactic acid that coagulates casein (milk protein).

* Cheese is made by mixing bacteria (for example, Streptococcus sp.) with the enzyme rennin. The bacteria ferment milk sugar to lactic acid. The solid part of the milk (the curd) is seperated from the liquid portion (the whey).The curd are pressed and moulded and then left to mature or ripen.

Production of biodegradeble plastic (bioplastic).

* Bioplastic such as Biopol can be broken down into inorganic compounds by bacteria.

* Bioplastic is produced by culturing bacteria such as Erwina sp. In nutrients(glucose).

* A specific nutrient (nitrogen) is then depleted from the culture medium.

* The bacteria react by producing bioplastic as a storage component in their cells.

* Bioplastic is used to make credit cards, bottles, medical gums.

Production of energy from biomass.

* Two sources of energy that are generated through the activities of microorganisms are biogas and gasohol.

* Biogas is a gas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter or waste in a bioreactor.

* Gasohol or biofuel is a combination of 10 % ethanol and 99 % petrol.

* Sugar cane and maize are the main sources of gasohol.

* The cane or maize is crushed and sucrose is extracted to form a syrup contains glucose and fructose, the fermentation of this syrup by yeast will produce ethanol.

8.6 Appreciating Biodiversity.The Importance of Preservation and Conservation of

Biodiversity.

* Organisms and ecosystems provide many useful products such as food, medicine and sites for recreational activities and research.

* Human activities such as deforestation have disturbed the ecological equilibrium which leads to the extinction of many species of organism.

* Conservation refers to the efforts made in maintaining the quality of the natural environments and their biological resources. For example, replanting the trees.

• Preservation refers to the efforts in protecting the earth’s diverse ecosystems and wildlife species which are threatened with extinction.

Prepared by Priya