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Chemical Composition ofThe Cell

Cabohydrates

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polisaccharides

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• Known as simple sugar 

• Formula : C6H12O6

•Example Are Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

• weet tasting and can dissol!e in water 

• All are reducing sugars

Monosaccharide

s

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• Known As "ou#le ugar 

• Formula: C12H22O11

• Complex Ca#o$%drate

• Formed w$en 2 &onosacc$arides com#ines t$roug$

condensation

• weet tasting

• Can dissol!e in water • Can #e #ro'e into &onosacc$arides t$roug$

H%drol%sis

•

All are reducing sugar except ucrose

DISACCHARIDES

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Disaccharides

Maltose = Glucose +Glucose

Sucrose = Glucose +Fructose

Lactose = Glucose +Galactose

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•

Formula : (C6H!"#$n• Formed %hen Many &dentical

Monosaccharides are condensed

•

Polymers o' monosaccharides ordisaccharides

• Do not taste s%eet and crystalline

• )y*e ,ll non reducin- su-ar – Glyco-en .&nsoluble

 – Cellulose .&nsoluble

 – Starch .Soluble

Polisaccharides

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Primary Structure

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T

E

R 

T

IA

R 

Y

S

T

R 

U

C

T

U

R 

E

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Quaternary

Structure

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Characteristics of

Enzymes

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&inute Amount

• A minor (uantit% o) en*%me is capa#le o)

catal%sing a ma+or c$emical reaction

• One molecule o) en*%me can produce million

o) su#strate molecules into product per minute

• En*%me lowers down t$e $ig$, re(uired

acti!ation energ% and increase t$e rate o)

reaction

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peci)ic Action

•

&ost en*%me are speci)ic to one particularreaction

• A gi!en en*%me catal%ses onl% one particular

su#strate molecules

Can e -eused

• ince en*%mes are not c$anged in s$ape or)unction in t$e en*%me.catal%sed reaction,

t$e% can #e reused

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• -eaction are re!ersi#le

• &a% need Co)actor 

•

ensiti!e to temperature c$anges – At !er% low temperature, an en*%me is inacti!e

 – Optimum temperature is a#out /0 degree celcius

 –

At !er% $ig$ temperature, en*%me are denatured

• ensiti!e toward c$anges in pH

• Eac$ en*%me $as its optimum pH

•

mall c$anges in t$e pH o) t$e medium will denatureand inacti!ate t$e en*%mes

• $e s$ape o) en*%mes ma% #e c$anged #ecause o) t$e

ionic c$arges o) acidic and #asic group o) t$e

en*%mes

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Lock And Key

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