biology hints clear

7/31/2019 Biology Hints Clear

1/29

T.E.TMrphpah; jFjpj; Njh;Tvl;lhk; tFg;G

caphpay;ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;

(PAPER I AND II)

Njh;T vOJk; Mrphpah;fSf;fhf

fy;tpr;NrhiyJizAld;

ELA.BABU VELAN, B.Sc, B.Ed, M.L.I.Sc,

B.T. ASST.,

PANCHAYAT UNION MIDDLE SCHOOL,

CHOKKANATHANPATTI,

KADAYAM (UNION),

TIRUNELVELI (DIS)CELL : 9952329008

E.MAIL : [email protected]

www.tntet2012.blogspot.com


2/29

gaph; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik

1. Ntshz;ik kdpjh;fs; jk; NjitfSf;fhf jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis tsh;g;gJFwpj;J gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gphpT

2. Ntshz;ikr; rhh;e;j nray;Kiwfs; - tpijg;gijj; njhlh;e;J mWtil tiuf;Fk; cs;smidj;J tifahd nray; KiwfSk; Ntshz;ik rhh;e;j nray;Kiwfs;

3. gaph; rhFgbapd; mbg;gil nray;Kiwfs;- epyj;ij jahh; nra;jy; kw;Wk; tpijj;jy;- cukpLjy; (,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if)- ghrd Kiwfs;- fisnaLj;jy;- mWtil nra;jy;- Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; re;ij gLj;Jjy;

4. epyj;ij jahh; nra;jy;- kz;iz jahh; nra;jy;- cOjy; rkd;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; cukpLjy;

5. cOjy; - fPo; kz;iz NkNy nfhz;L tUjy; mjid nkd;ikahf;Fjy;- NtUf;F Rthrpf;f fhw;iw mspj;jy;-


3/29

20. gaph; mWtilapy; nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpohjkpo;ehL nghq;fy;

m];]hk; - gpF

Nfush efd;ah, N`hyp, Xzk;

21. fjph; mbj;;jy; - Kw;wpa jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; jha; jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fjy;22. Jhw;Wjy; - Njitaw;w itf;Nfhy;, ckp Nghd;wit jhdpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fk; Kiw23. gRikg; Gul;rpgRikg; Gul;rpgRikg; Gul;rpgRikg; Gul;rp - ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikapy; etPd Kaw;rpfis nfhz;L czT cw;gj;jpia

ngUf;f vLj;j eltbf;if

24. Fsph;gjd Kiw Nrkpj;jy; - fha;fwp, goq;fs;25. jhdpa ghJfhg;G (,aw;if) Ntg;g ,iy, cg;G, tpsf;nfz;nza; Nghd;wit jhdpaq;fis

Ez;Zaphpfsplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk;

26. khepy jhdpa Nrkpg;G mikg;G tptrha nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; cuk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nrkpj;jiycWjp nra;Ak; muR mikg;G.

27. jkpofj;jpd; new;fsQ;rpak; - jQ;rhT+h;28. mf;khh;f;mf;khh;f;mf;khh;f;mf;khh;f; - tptrha nghUsfspd; juk; gphpf;Fk; muR rhh; jpl;lk; (rpwg;G, ey;y, Rkhh;,

rhjhuzk; vd;gd Nghd;w juk;)

29. gaph; Row;rpgaph; Row;rpgaph; Row;rpgaph; Row;rp jhdpaq;fisAk;, gaph; tiffisAk; xU epyj;jpy; khwp khwp gaphpLk; Kiw- ,jd; %yk; kz;zpy; cs;s fdpk rj;Jfis epiy ehl;l KbAk;- gapW tifj; jhtuq;fs; jq;fs; Nth; %z;Lfspy; thOk; ghf;Bhpahthy; tspkz;ly

iel;u[id epiygLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wd.

- ney;, nfhJik rhFg;gbf;F gpd; gl;lhzp, Nrhah, nkhr;ir gaphplyhk;30. caphp njhopy; El;gtpay; - gad;ghl;L caphpaypd; xU gphpT (nghwpapay;, njhopy;El;gtpay;,

kUj;Jtapay; cs;slf;fpaJ)

- Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ31. jhtu Nkk;ghl;by; gad;gLk; njhopy;El;gk;

- Njh;T nra;jy;- fyg;gpdkhjy;- gd;ka gaph;ngUf;fk;- jpBh; khw;wg; gaph; ngUf;fk;- GNuhl;Nlhgpsh] ,izT-

jpR tsh;g;G- kuG nghwpapay;32. kuGg;; nghwpapay; - caphpj; njhopy; El;gtpaypd; xU gphpT.

- ey;y gz;Gfis nfhz;l may; [Pd;fis ngw;w jhtuq;fis cUthf;Fjy;;- Neha;, G+r;rp, fisf;nfhy;yp vjph;g;G jpwid cUthf;Fjy;- iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikia cUthf;Fjy;- kpifg;gLj;jg;glhj nfhOg;G mkpyq;fis nfhz;l vz;nza; tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fjy;- kpifg;glj;jg;glhj ];lhh;r;, tpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffistpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffistpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffistpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffis cUthf;Fjy;- kuG khw;wk; ngw;w tpijfs;, caphp cuq;fs;, caphp vhpnghUs;fis cUthf;Fjy;

33. czTg; gjg;gLj;Jjypy; caphp njhopy; El;gtpay;- kugZ khw;wk; kw;Wk; kugZ ,lkhw;wk;- kugZ khw;wk; ngw;w Gujk;, itl;lkpd;, jLg;G kUe;J- Ez;Zaphpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; mjd; jpwid cah;j;Jjy;- mjpfk; fdpahj jf;fhspfdpahj jf;fhspfdpahj jf;fhspfdpahj jf;fhspiaiaiaia cUthf;fTk;

tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;

1.1.1.1. mNlhy]d;];mNlhy]d;];mNlhy]d;];mNlhy]d;]; -,yj;jPd; nrhy;mNlhy]Nu vd;Dk; thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ ,jd;nghUs; tsh;r;rp

2.2.2.2. tpliyg;gUtk;tpliyg;gUtk;tpliyg;gUtk;tpliyg;gUtk;- Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpw;Fk; Kjph;r;rp miljYf;fk; ,ilg;gl;l gUtk;- 11 Kjy; 19 taJ tiuapyhd gUtk; (WHO fUj;J)- ,sk; gUtj;jpdh; vd miof;fg;gLth;- cly; kw;Wk; kdjstpy; khw;wk; elf;Fk;- kdkhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;- jpBnud;W tsh;r;rp mjpfhpf;Fk; gUtk;- Nfhgk;Nfhgk;Nfhgk;Nfhgk;, Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk;Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk;Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk;Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk; epyTk; gUtkepyTk; gUtkepyTk; gUtkepyTk; gUtk;



4/29

3.3.3.3. gUtkiljy;gUtkiljy;gUtkiljy;gUtkiljy;- ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Kjph;r;rp milAk;- Mz;fSf;F 14 Kjy; 15 tiuapy; Vw;gLk;- ngz;fSf;F 11 Kjy; 12 tiu elf;Fk;

4.4.4.4. gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;m. cauk; mjpfhpj;jycauk; mjpfhpj;jycauk; mjpfhpj;jycauk; mjpfhpj;jy;

- jpBnud;W elf;Fk;

- Mz;, ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;- xt;nthUtUf;fk; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; khWgLk;- tsh;r;rp xU kdpjdpd; kuG top tUtJ

M. clyikg;GM. clyikg;GM. clyikg;GM. clyikg;G khw;wq;fs;khw;wq;fs;khw;wq;fs;khw;wq;fs;

---- Mz;, ngz; NtWgl;l khw;wk; Vw;gLk;

---- ngz; - ,Lg;G kw;Wk; ,Lg;G vYk;G nghpjhFk;

---- Mz; - Njhs; mfykhFk;, cly; jir ed;F tsUk;

,.,.,.,. Fuy; xyp khw;wk;Fuy; xyp khw;wk;Fuy; xyp khw;wk;Fuy; xyp khw;wk;

- Fuy; tis (yhhpq;];) mfd;W xyp khWgLk;

- Mz; - Fuy; fbdkhf khWk;

- ngz; - Fuy; nkd;ikahf khWk;

- Fuy; tis Mlk;]; Mg;gps; vd miog;gJz;L


5/29

7.7.7.7. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpgpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpgpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpgpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp (i`Nghigrp];)(i`Nghigrp];)(i`Nghigrp];)(i`Nghigrp];)

- jiyik Rug;gp (midj;J ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfisak; fl;LgLj;Jk;)- %isapd; fPo; ghfj;jpy; cs;sJ- tsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhidtsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhidtsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhidtsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhid ,J Ruf;Fk; (cly; tsh;;r;rp Vw;gLk;)- mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - ,uhl;r] jd;ik (n[a;[hd;b]k;)(n[a;[hd;b]k;)(n[a;[hd;b]k;)(n[a;[hd;b]k;)- Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - Fs;sj;jd;ik (kpl;n[l;)(kpl;n[l;)(kpl;n[l;)(kpl;n[l;)

- taJ Kjph;r;rpapy; mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - mf;Nuh nkfhypmf;Nuh nkfhypmf;Nuh nkfhypmf;Nuh nkfhyp---- taJ Kjph;r;rpapy; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - irkhz;b Nehairkhz;b Nehairkhz;b Nehairkhz;b Neha;

8.8.8.8.ijuha;L Rug;gpijuha;L Rug;gpijuha;L Rug;gpijuha;L Rug;gp

---- njhz;ilapd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; mike;Js;sJ---- ijuhf;]pd;ijuhf;]pd;ijuhf;]pd;ijuhf;]pd; vDk; Ntjpg; nghUisr; Ruf;Fk;---- tsh;r;rp Rthrk; tsh;rpij khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;iw fl;LgLj;Jk;---- Fiwthf Rue;jhy; fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k; (Foe;ijfs;)---- Kjphe;j gUtj;jpy; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - fy;ypd; Neha;fy;ypd; Neha;fy;ypd; Neha;fy;ypd; Neha;---- ijuha;L Rug;gp mstpy; nghpajhdhy; fha;lfha;lfha;lfha;l;l;l;l;lhhhh; (Kd; fOj;J foiy - mNahbd;Fiwthy; Vw;gLk;)---- fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k; - vYk;G tsh;r;rp Fd;wpapUj;jy;

9. fizak;9. fizak;9. fizak;9. fizak;

---- ,iug;igapd; fPo; cs;sJ- ,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;g,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;g,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;g,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;gp (ehsKs;s kw;wk; ehskpy;yh)- ehskpy;yh Rug;gp gFjpapy; fizaj;jPTfs; (yhq;fh; hd; jpl;Lfs;) cs;sd.- yhq;fh; hd; jpl;Lfspy; My;gh kw;Wk;My;gh kw;Wk;My;gh kw;Wk;My;gh kw;Wk; gPl;lhgPl;lhgPl;lhgPl;lh nry;fs; cs;sd- ,r;nry;fs; FSf;fhdFSf;fhdFSf;fhdFSf;fhd; kw;Wk; ,d;Rypd,d;Rypd,d;Rypd,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk; (rh;f;fiu msitfl;LgLj;Jk;)

- ,d;Rypd; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - ePhpopT NehaePhpopT NehaePhpopT NehaePhpopT Neha; (lahgb]; nkypl];)- FSf;fhd; ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiu msit mjpfhpf;Fk;

10. ml;hpdy; Rug;gpml;hpdy; Rug;gpml;hpdy; Rug;gpml;hpdy; Rug;gp---- rpWePufj;jpd; Nky; mike;Js;sJ- ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ (fhh;nlf;]; kw;Wk; nkLy;yh)- Rg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpRg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpRg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpRg;uhhPdy; Rug;gp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;- ml;hpdypd; vd;w (mtru `hh;Nkhd;)(mtru `hh;Nkhd;)(mtru `hh;Nkhd;)(mtru `hh;Nkhd;) `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk; - kd mOj;j Neuq;fspy;mjpfk; Rue;J ,jaj;Jbg;G Rthrk; ,uj;j mOj;jk; Kjypatw;iw rPuhf;Fk;

11. tpe;jfk;tpe;jfk;tpe;jfk;tpe;jfk;---- ,r;Rug;gpfspy; cs;s ,ilaPl;L nry;fs; Mz;l;Nuh[dMz;l;Nuh[dMz;l;Nuh[dMz;l;Nuh[d;; vDk; ,d `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpd;wd

- mjpf mstpyhd Mz;l;Nuh[d;, nl];l;Nuh];buhd; vdg;gLk;- nl];l;Nuh];buhd; Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;tpe;jZf;fspd; nray;ghl;bw;Fk; fhuzk;

12. mz;lfk;mz;lfk;mz;lfk;mz;lfk;---- %d;W tifahd `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk;

-


6/29

,. fh;g;gk;,. fh;g;gk;,. fh;g;gk;,. fh;g;gk;- mz;lKk; tpe;jZTk; fyj;jy; epfo;T- fU Kl;il fUg;igapd; Rth;fspy; xl;bf; nfhz;L fUthf tsUk;


7/29

25. Kisfl;Ljy;Kisfl;Ljy;Kisfl;Ljy;Kisfl;Ljy;

- gapW tiffs;, nfhl;il tiffs; kw;Wk; jhdpa tiffis ePhpy; 12 kzp Neuk; Cw itj;Jtsh;j;J Rj;jg;gLj;jp cz;z jFe;jjhf khw;Wk; nray;

- tpijapy; cs;s ];lhh;r; kw;wk; vz;nza; nghUs;fs; itl;lkpd;, nehjpfs;, Gujq;fs;, rh;f;fiunghUshf khWk;

- itl;lkpd; rp msT mjpfhpf;Fk;- ntapy; glhj ,lj;jpy; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk; (frg;G Rit ePf;f)

- ,J capUs;s nehjpfs; epiwe;j, Fiwthd fNyhhp kjpg;G nfhz;l ,aw;if czT- itl;lkpd; V ,Uklq;F mjpfhpf;Fk; itl;lkpd; gp, rp Ie;jpy; ,Ue;J gj;J klq;F mjpfhpf;Fk;

- jdpkq;fs; fhy;rpak;, [pq;f;, ,Uk;G Mfpait cs;sd.- Kisfl;ba kq;gPd;]; rikaYf;F Vw;wJ- gPd;]py; Kisfs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;JtJ Vw;wJ- Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;];Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;];Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;];Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;]; Kisfs; nfLjyhdJ

- nyz;by;];, fWg;G fz; gPd;];, ghh;bhp[; gl;lhzp, Nth;fliy Nghd;wit vspjpy; rPuzk;milahky; thA njhe;juT jUk;.

26. Gw;W Neha;Gw;W Neha;Gw;W Neha;Gw;W Neha;

- nry;fs; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; gphpe;J, tsh;e;J, ,wf;Fk;. (mNghg;lhrp];).(mNghg;lhrp];).(mNghg;lhrp];).(mNghg;lhrp];). ,jpy; FiwghL NeUk;NghJ xOq;fw;w nry; gphpjy; eilngw;W mrhjhuzkhd nry;fs; Njhd;wp cly; ,af;fj;jpw;Ffl;L glhky; jd;dpr;irahf ,aq;Ffpd;wd.

- ,J Nghy; [Pd;fspd; Fiwghl;lhy; ngUFk; epiy njhlf;f epiy

- fjphtPr;R, itu]; njhw;W kw;Wk; rpy Ntjpg; nghUs;fshy; Jz;lg;gLk;- Gw;W nry; ,uj;j xl;lk; %ykhf kw;w ,lq;fSf;F gutp Gw;W fl;bfis cz;Lgz;Zk; ,J,uz;lhk; epiy (nkl;lh];lhrp];)(nkl;lh];lhrp];)(nkl;lh];lhrp];)(nkl;lh];lhrp];)

- kr;rk; kw;Wk; kUtpy; nghpa mstpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtJ Njhy; Gw;wpd; (nkyNdhkh)(nkyNdhkh)(nkyNdhkh)(nkyNdhkh) mwpFwp

- tha;, ehf;fpy; ntz;Gs;sp Njhd;WtJ tha; Gw;wpd; mwpFwp- tpe;J igapDs; rpW fl;b cUthtJk; mwpFwpahFk;- %isg;Gw;W ek; mwpAk; jpwid kOq;fbj;JtpLk;

- fizag; Gw;W fy;yPuy;, euk;G kz;lyk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; %ykhf Njhy;, fz;fSf;F gutyhk;- ngUq;Fly; Gw;why; tapw;WNghf;F kyr;rpf;fy; kyj;Jthuj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;- %j;jpug;ig Gw;W (Guh];nll;)(Guh];nll;)(Guh];nll;)(Guh];nll;) Nehahy; mbf;fb rpWePh; fopj;jy; my;yJ ePz;l Neuk; fopj;JrpWePh; fopj;jy; Nghd;w cghij Vw;gLk;

27. Gw;W Neha; tifGw;W Neha; tifGw;W Neha; tifGw;W Neha; tif

m. fhh;rpNdhkhfhh;rpNdhkhfhh;rpNdhkhfhh;rpNdhkh clypd; Gwk;, mfg;gFjp Gw;W Neha;

(EiuaPuy;, khh;G, kyf;Fly; gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;)M. rhh;f;Nfhkhrhh;f;Nfhkhrhh;f;Nfhkhrhh;f;Nfhkh - vYk;G, FUj;njYk;G, nfhOg;Gg; gFjp Gw;WNeha;

(,izg;Gj; jpR, jir kw;Wk; jhq;F jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;),. ypk;Nghkhypk;Nghkhypk;Nghkhypk;Nghkh - epzePh; Kbr;R kw;Wk; Neha; jil fhg;G kz;ly jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.


8/29

5. iffis ePl;Lk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk;- Nkw;ifapy; cs;s ,Ujiyj; jir jsUk;- fPo; ifapy; cs;s Kj;jiyj; jir RUq;Fk;

6.6.6.6. vYk;GvYk;GvYk;GvYk;G- fbdkhdJ- ntz;zpw rhk;gy; epw nghUs;fshy; MdJ- %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F fhy;rpak;, gh];Ngl;Lfs; kw;Wk; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; mlq;fpAs;sd- 1 gq;F fhpkg; nghUs;fshy; MdJ (cilaf; $baJ)- vYk;G jplg;nghUs; my;y. ffffbdkhdbdkhdbdkhdbdkhd neUf;fkhd vYk;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ.

7.7.7.7. vYk;G k[;i[vYk;G k[;i[vYk;G k[;i[vYk;G k[;i[- vYk;gpd; ikaj;jpy; cs;s kpUJthd vilFiwthd cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAs;s gQ;R

Nghd;w nghUs;- ,uj;j rptg;gZ kw;Wk; nts;isaZf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd

8. nnnnghpah];bakghpah];bakghpah];bakghpah];bak; - vYk;ig %bAs;s fbdkhd Njhy;9. vYk;G mtrpak;

- ek; cliyj; jhq;fp ghJfhf;f- %is, EiuaPuy; Nghd;w cWg;Gfis ghJfhf;f- cly; ,af;fjpw;Fk; mtrpakhFk;

10.10.10.10. vYk;GvYk;GvYk;GvYk;G - tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ---- tiftiftiftifm. ePskhd vYk;GePskhd vYk;GePskhd vYk;GePskhd vYk;G njhil vYk;Gnjhil vYk;Gnjhil vYk;Gnjhil vYk;G, fhy; vYk;G, fhy;tpuy; vYk;G, ifnaYk;G, Kd;

ifnaYk;G, iftpuy; vYk;G.

M. Fl;ilahd vYk;G kzpf;fl;L, fZf;fhy; vYk;G

,. jl;ilahd vYk;G kz;ilNahl;L vYk;G, fhiunaYk;G (Njhs;gl;il), Njhs; gl;ilapy;cs;s khh;ngYk;G.


9/29


10/29

21. kdpj clypy; cs;s vYk;Gfs;nkhj;jk; - 206

mr;R rl;lfj;jpy; - 80 (jiy(28), KJnfYk;G(26), khh;G(25), `aha;L(1),izAUg;G rl;lfj;jpy; - 126

22. tpyq;Ffspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; cWg;Gfs;

- FW ,iofs;- ePspiofs;- ,izAWg;Gfs;- JLg;Gfs;

- if, fhy;- rPl;Nl kw;Wk; jirg;ghjk;

23. kPd;fs; - ,af;fk;

- ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; cWg;G JLg;Gfs;- bd;dp kPd;fs; - thiy gf;fthl;by; mirg;gjd; %yk; ,aq;Fk;

- gpisa];, gpsd;l;]; - jl;il mikg;G cilaJ NkYk; fPOk; ,aq;Fk;- tpyhq;F kPd; - ePz;l cly; mikg;g cly; KOtJk; mirj;J ,aq;Fk;- vYk;Gila kPd;fs; - fhw;W igfis nfhz;Ls;sd kpjf;f cjTk;

24. kz;GO - ,af;fk;- tl;l kw;wk; ePs; jirfs; kw;Wk; rPl;lhf;fspd; cjtpahy; elf;Fk;- rPl;lhf;fs; (jir ePl;rp) rPl;lhf;FopapDs; cs;sJ- rPl;lhFop jir RUq;Ftjhy; rPl;lhf;fs; ntspNa ePl;LjYk; cs;spOf;fg;gLjYk; elf;Fk;.- efh;r;rpapd; NghJ kz;iz gw;wpf; nfhs;s ,it cjTk;- kz;GO efh;jypy; euk;G kz;lyKk; ,ize;J nray;gLk;- kpUJthd gug;gpy; efu rPl;lh cjthJ- kz; GO epkplj;jpw;F 25 nr.kPNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.

25. fug;ghd; G+r;rp - ,af;fk;- tapw;W Gwj;jpy; cs;s 6 fhy;fs; cjTfpd;wd- ,U ,iz ,wf;if cs;sJ. Kd; ,iz ,wf;if jbj;JapUf;Fk; ,J G+r;rpapd; cliyghJfhf;Fk;

- gpd; ,iz ,wf;if nkd;ikahd rt;thy; MdJ. ,J gwf;f cjTk;

26. ghk;G - ,af;fk;- ePhpy; miy tbt ,af;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; (S tbt ,af;fk;)- fOj;J gFjpapy; njhlq;Fk; RUf;f mirT cly; KOtJk; flj;jg;gl;L Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yk;

- ghiw, gs;sq;fs;, fpisfs; - nrjpy;fs; gw;Wtjd; %yk; ,lk;ngaUk;

27. gwitfs; - ,af;fk;- fhw;wpy; gwf;Fk; tz;zk; $h; mikg;Gs;sJ- gwitfspd; ,wf;iffs; - Kd;dq;fhypd; etPd khw;WU

- epiyahf epw;f eq;$u tbtk; cs;s jir, vYk;Gjl;bd; (fPy;) cjtpAld; khh;gpy;,ize;Js;sJ.

- Njhs;gl;il jirfSld; ,ize;j ,wf;if NkYk; fPOk; mirtjhy; ,af;fk; eilngUfpwJ.- ngUk;ghyhd gwitfs; gwf;Fk; Kiw

fPo;Nehf;F mirT fhw;W ,wf;ifapd; cs; nry;yhJ

Nky;Nehf;F mirT fhw;W ,wf;ifapd; cs; nry;Yk;

,wq;Fjy; - ,wf;if RUf;fg;gLk;

jhtu cyfk;

G+Q;irfs;

1. tpl;Nlf;fhpd; Ie;Jyf tifg;ghl;by; ,J 3tJ cyfkhf cs;sJ2. gr;irak; ,y;iy ,tw;why; czT jahhpf;f KbahJ3. Nkhy;Lfs;, fhshd;fs;, Nlhl;]; ];, milg;Gf;Fwp G+Q;ir, kw;Wk; g/g; ge;Jfs; Nghd;wit

cjhuzq;fs;4. xU nry;yhy; Md G+Q;ir -


11/29

8. G+Q;irfspd; tif ( czT+l;l mbg;gilapy;)(m) xl;lz;zp - gpw jhtuq;fisr; rhh;e;J thOk; (gf;rPdpah)(M) rhWz;zp - ,we;j mOfpa nghUspy; tsUk; (mfhhpf]; kw;Wk; iuNrhg];)(,) $l;Laphpfs;

1. iyf;fd;fsiyf;fd;fsiyf;fd;fsiyf;fd;fs; (G+Q;ir kw;Wk; ghrp)2.ikf;Nfhiurhikf;Nfhiurhikf;Nfhiurhikf;Nfhiurh (G+Q;ir kw;Wk; cah; jhtuNth;)

9. ,J tiu fz;lwpag;gl;l G+Q;irapdq;fs; - 10000010. iyf;fd;fs; - Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;gpid czh;j;Jk; caphp fhl;bfs;11. G+Q;irfs; tifg;ghL

(m) irNfhikNfhlh nuhl;b fhshd;

(M) M];NfhikNfhlh Nfhg;ig G+Q;ir

(,) ngrpbNahikNfhl;lh fZtb G+Q;ir

(


12/29

3. ghrpfspd; tifg;ghL (epwkpfspd; mbg;gilapy;)

(m) raNdhigl;lhraNdhigl;lhraNdhigl;lhraNdhigl;lh c.k; M]py;yNlhhpah kw;Wk; eh];lhf;tz;zk; - ePyg;gr;irepwkp - igNfhradpd;

Nrkpg;G czT raNdh igrpad; ];lhh;r;

(M) FNshNuhiglFNshNuhiglFNshNuhiglFNshNuhigl;lh;lh;lh;lh c.k;. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; & vd;bNuhkhh;gh(Ez; My;fh)

tz;zk; - gr;irepwkp - gr;irak;Nrkpg;G czT - ];lhh;r;

(,) NgNahigl;lhNgNahigl;lhNgNahigl;lhNgNahigl;lh - c.k;. rh;fh]k; (fly;fis)tz;zk; - gOg;Gepwkp - g;A+Nfh]he;jpd;

Nrkpg;G czT yhkpNdhpad; ];lhh;r;

(


13/29

10. gpiuigl;Lfs; - gad;fs;m. vhpnghUs; - gPl; kh]; kw;Wk; ];ghf;dk;M. Giu jLg;ghd; - ];ghf;dk;,. tpij ehw;wq;fhy; kw;Wk; gRik ,y;yk; -];ghf;dk;


14/29

3. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; tifg;ghL

m. irfNly;];irfNly;];irfNly;];irfNly;]; - c.k. irf];- gid Nghd;w rpwpa kuk;- rpwF $l;biy cs;sJ- $k;G tbt cr;rp kuj;jpw;F cs;sJ- Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G cs;sJ

M. [pq;f;Nf[pq;f;Nf[pq;f;Nf[pq;f;NfhNay;];hNay;];hNay;];hNay;]; - c.k;. [pq;Nfh igNyhgh- tprpwp tbt ,iyfisftprpwp tbt ,iyfisftprpwp tbt ,iyfisftprpwp tbt ,iyfisf; nfhz;l kuk;- ehw;wk; juf;$baJ

,. NfhdpngNuy;];NfhdpngNuy;];NfhdpngNuy;];NfhdpngNuy;]; - c.k;. igd];-$k;G tbt Njhw;wk; nfhz;l kuq;fs;- ,iyfs; Crp kw;Wk; nrjpy;fs; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;- ,wf;ifAila tpijfisf,wf;ifAila tpijfisf,wf;ifAila tpijfisf,wf;ifAila tpijfisf; nfhz;lJ


15/29

Nthpd; mikg;G

1. iuNrhnlh;kp]; - Nthpd; Gwj;Njhy; ,jpy; Nth;j; Jhtpfs; cs;sd2. fhh;nlf;]; - iuNrhnlh;kpir mLj;Js;s mLf;F. flj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jYf;F cjTk;3. iryk; nt]y; - Nthpy; ,Ue;J kw;w ghfq;fSf;F ePiu flj;Jk;4. GNshak; nt]y; - xspr;Nrh;f;if %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l czit ,iyapy; ,Ue;j jhtuj;jpd;

gpw cWg;GfSf;F flj;Jk;

5. ,izg;Gj; jpR iryj;ijAk;, GNshaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; jpR6. gpj; -

- Nthpd; ikag;gFjp.- xU tpj;jpiy jhtuj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;- czT Nrkpg;gjpy; gad;gLfpwJ

7. jz;bd; mikg;Gf;A+l;bfpsf;A+l;bfpsf;A+l;bfpsf;A+l;bfps; - ,iyapd; Nky;Gwk; mike;js;s nkOF glyk;vgpnlh;kp];vgpnlh;kp];vgpnlh;kp];vgpnlh;kp]; - cUis tbtk; cilait. ghJfhg;G mspf;fk; ,jpy; ,Ue;J Nth;j;Jhtp

cUthFk;

fhh;nlf;];fhh;nlf;];fhh;nlf;];fhh;nlf;]; - %d;W gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

m) Nfhyd;ifkh jbg;ghdJ jhq;Fjy; gzp

M) Fnshud;ifkh nky;ypaJ gr;irak; cs;sJ (xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjtp )

,) ghud;ifkh nky;ypa Rth; - Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fhw;Nwhl;lk;

vz;Nlhnlh;kp];vz;Nlhnlh;kp];vz;Nlhnlh;kp];vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; - ];lhh;r; ciw gPg;gha; tbtk; - ghJfhg;Gflj;jy; gzp

nghpirf;fpsnghpirf;fpsnghpirf;fpsnghpirf;fps; -];fpspnud;ifkhTk; ghud;ifkhTk; mike;Js;sd.

th];Fyhh;fw;iwth];Fyhh;fw;iwth];Fyhh;fw;iwth];Fyhh;fw;iwm) g;nshak; - czTf; flj;jy;M) iryk; - ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; flj;jy;,) Nfk;gpak; - ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rp

gpjgpjgpjgpj; - eLtpy; cs;s mikg;G flj;jpy; cjTk;

FWf;F fjphFWf;F fjphFWf;F fjphFWf;F fjph; - th];Fyhh; fw;iwfSf;F ,ilNa cs;sJ

8. ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy mikg;Gm) fpA+l;bfpsfpA+l;bfpsfpA+l;bfpsfpA+l;bfps; - Gwj;Njhypd; ntsp mLf;FM) Nkw;g;Gwj;Njhy; - cUis tbtk;. ghJfhg;gpy; cjTk;,) ghypN]L ghud;ifkhghypN]L ghud;ifkhghypN]L ghud;ifkhghypN]L ghud;ifkh

- Foha; tbt nry;- gRq;fzpfq;fis ngw;Ws;sd. Xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk;


16/29

13.13.13.13. iryk;iryk;iryk;iryk;- ePh; kw;wk; fdpkq;fisf; flj;Jk; xU $l;L jpR- l;uf;fPL, iryk; Foha;, iryk; ehh;fs;, iryk; ghud;ifkh Nghd;w nry;fs; cs;sd.

14. %ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw xU tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; ,ilNaNfk;gpak; ,y;yhj mikg;G

15. jpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwjpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwjpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwjpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw - ,U tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryk; GNshak; ,ilNa Nfk;gpak;cs;s mikg;G

Ez;Zaphpfs;

itu];

1. itu]; - yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy; nghUs; - eQ;R2. bkpl;hpf; ItNdh];fp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;3. w.m. ];lhd;yp itui] gbf tbtpy; gphpj;jth;4. ituhy[p itu];fis gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT5. vy;iyf;NfhL - ,it capUs;s capuw;w gz;Gfis nfhz;l caphpfspd; vy;iyf;NfhL6. tpUe;Njhk;gp nry; - itu]; jd;id ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s cjTk; caphp.7. nry; glyk;, tsh;rpij khw;w cWg;G ,y;iy8. Nfg;]pl; - itui] Rw;wpAs;s ciw9.

kuGg; nghUs; - DNA (OR) RNA10. tphpahd; - xU KOikahd itu];

11. TMV Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l itu]; (Gifapiy nkhirf;)12. ghf;BhpahNg[; - ghf;Bhpahitj; jhf;fk; itu];13. igNfhNg[; - ghrpia jhf;fk; itu];14. igl;NlhNg[; - jhtuq;fis jhf;Fk; itu]; (RNA itu];)15. #Ng[; - tpyq;ffisj; jhf;Fk; itu]; (DNA itu];)16. ikf;NfhNg[; - G+Q;irfisj; jhf;Fk; itu];17. raNdhNg[; - ePyg; gRk; ghrpfisj; jhf;fk; itu];18. RUs; tbt itu]; - TMV kw;wk; ,d;GSnad;]h19. fdrJu tbtk; - HIV( nul;Nuh) kw;Wk; mbNdhitu];20. Gw;W Neha; - Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu]; (irkd; itu]; (sv40))21. AIDS HIV itu]; gug;Gk;22. SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (NfhNuh itu];)23. Ntwpeha;f;fb Nugp]; (yp];]h itu];)24. nghd;Df;F tPq;fp ghuhkpf;Nrh itu];25. kQ;rs; fhkhiy n`gilb]; itu];26. nlq;F gpNstp27. gd;wp fha;r;ry; - ];itd; ,d;GSad;]h (A H1 N1)

ghf;Bhpah

1. Md;ld; thd; ypA+td; `f; vd;gth; fz;Lgpbj;jhh; (1675)2. Vud;gh;f; - ghf;Bhpah vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;3. ,uhgh;l; Nfhr; - Neha;fSf;Fk; Ez;ZaphpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G4. Yhap gh];lh; - n[k; nfhs;if (Neha;fs; gw;wpaJ)5. ghf;Bhpah mikg;G

m) GNuhNfhpahbf; nry;yhy; MdJM) nry;Rth; - ghJfhg;ig mspf;Fk;

,) GNuhl;Nlhgpsh]k; - nry;Yf;F cs;Ns cs;s capUs;s nghUs;. nry;rt;T,

irl;Nlhgpshrk;, epA+f;spa]; vd gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ


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7. ghf;Bhpah tif tbtk; mbg;gilapy;m) fhf;f]; - Nfhs(m)cUis tbtk;M) N;grpy;y]; - Nfhy; (m) Fr;rp tbtk;,) ];ighpy;yk; - jpUF (m) RUs; tbtk;


18/29

G+Q;irfs;

1.


19/29

- vYk;GUf;fp fhw;W (%f;F top)- rpd;dk;ik ePh; Jsp topahf- jl;lk;ik ePh; Jsp topahf- nghl;lhyk;ik ePh; kw;Wk; Jhrp- va;l;]; - cly; Nrh;f;if jha; %yk; jpRghpkhw;wk;- nlq;F, rpf;Fd; Fdpah Neha;gug;gp %yk; (nfhR)

9. czT Ez;Zaphpfis fl;LgLj;Jk; Kiwfs;- lg;ghfspLjy;- Fsp&l;Ljy;- ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy; -#hpa xspapy; fha itj;jy;- gjg;gLj;jpfis gad;gLj;Jjy; (tpdpfh;, Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNal;)- ntg;gg;gLj;Jjy;- nfhjpf;f itj;jy;- cyh;j;Jjy;-

10. ghy;gjg;gLj;Jjy; - 72 nrd;bfpNuL ntg;gepiyf;F 30 epkplq;fSf;F #LgLj;jp cldbahf120 nrd;bfpNuLf;F Fspu itf;fntz;Lk; - (gh];bah; Kiw)

11. caphpay; fl;lg;ghL ghf;Bhpah kw;w caphpdq;fis jhf;fhky; gaph;fis jhf;Fk; g+r;rpfismopj;jy;

12. kuG nghwpapaypy; Ez;Zaphpfspd; gq;F- [Pd; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ- ,d;Rypd; [Pd;, epg; [Pd; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;f (,.Nfhyp, Ngrpy;y];, ];l;nug;Nlhikrp];)- caphpay; Ma;T fUtpahf (itu];)- ghf;Bhpah ngUf;fk; (,ul;il gpsT) ghy; japuhjy;- ,we;j cly;fis rpijj;J Rj;jg;gLj;jy; - rhWz;zp ghf;Bhpah- iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jjy; - ghf;Bhpah

13. My;fh kyh;r;rp ePh; epiyfspy; eilngWk; My;fhf;fspd; ngUf;fk; ,jd; %yk; ePh; tho;caphpdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;glfpd;wd ,J A+l;NuhgpNf~d; vd;Wk; $Wth;

14. caph; Gtp Row;rp- caph;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntjpapay; Row;rp- caphpdq;fSf;Fk; - #oYf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; Row;rp

15. Nehapay; - caphpdq;fSf;F Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisAk; mjd; fhuzq;fisAk;gw;wp mwpAk; mwptpay; gphpT

caphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ikcaphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ikcaphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ikcaphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ik

1. nry;- caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray; myF- ,uhgh;l; `_f; fz;lwpe;jhh;

2. nry; nfhs;if- N[f;fg; ];yPld; kw;Wk; jpNahlh; ];thd; ntspapl;ldh; (1838)- vy;yh caphpdq;fSk; nry;yhy; Mf;fg;gl;lit- nry;fs; mjd; Ke;ija nry;fspy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;

3. kdpj nry;fs; - tbtk;euk;G nry; el;rj;jpuk;Rlh; nry; Foy;Rug;gp nry; fd rJuk;jl;L vgpjPyak; gy; Nfhzk;Jhz; vgpjPypak; cUismz;l nry; Kl;il,uj;jr; nry;fs; tl;lk;jirnry; ehh; nry; ePs; tbtk;



20/29

4. kdpj nry;fs; - gzpjl;L vgpjPypak; tbtk; ghJfhg;Gjir nry;fs; RUq;fp tphpjy;nfhOg;G nry;fs; nfhOg;Gfis Nrkpf;feuk;G nry;fs; euk;Gj; Jz;liy flj;jy;

vYk;G nry;fs; cWjp & cliy jhq;Fjy;$k;G kw;Wk; Fr;rp nry;fs; ghh;it epwk; czuej;ijf; $L nry; (nrtp) Xyp czuRug;gp nry; nehjp Ruj;jy

5. nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;- irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; capUs;s nghUs;fs;- cly;Njitf;F Vw;g nry;gphpjy; %yk; ngUFk;

nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;

1.1.1.1. vz;Nlhgpsh] tiyvz;Nlhgpsh] tiyvz;Nlhgpsh] tiyvz;Nlhgpsh] tiy- tiygpd;dy; kw;Wk; ,ilntspNahL $ba Fkpo; mikg;G- 1945y; Nghh;l;lh; fz;lwpe;jhh;. 1952y; ngahpl;lhh;

- cl;fU rt;tpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;- ,U tifg;gLk;(m) Jfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshrJfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshrJfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshrJfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshr tiy)tiy)tiy)tiy)

iuNghNrhk; mw;wJ.

- Gujk; mw;w nry;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; (fy;yPuy; nry;, ypA+f;Nfhirl;)(M) Jfs; nfhz;Jfs; nfhz;Jfs; nfhz;Jfs; nfhz;l tiy (nrhunrhug;Gl tiy (nrhunrhug;Gl tiy (nrhunrhug;Gl tiy (nrhunrhug;G mfg;gpsh]mfg;gpsh]mfg;gpsh]mfg;gpsh]tiy)tiy)tiy)tiy)

iuNghNrhk; xl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

- Guj cw;gj;jp eilngWk; nry;ypy; cs;sJ (fizanry;, gpsh];khnry,; fy;yPuy;)gzpfs;m) xU rl;lfkhf mike;J cUtk; nfhLf;fpwJM) er;Rj; jd;ikapy; ,Ue;J nry;iy ghJfhf;f,) nfhOg;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;a fpisf;Nfh[id cilf;f (totog;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiy)

2.2.2.2. iuNghNrhk;iuNghNrhk;iuNghNrhk;iuNghNrhk;- vz;Nlhgpsh] tiyapy; xl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fk; Nfhs tbt Jfs;

- claude vd;gth; fz;lwpe;J ikf;NuhNrhk; vd ngahpl;lhh; (1941)

- palade vd;gth; iuNghNrhk; vd ngahpl;lhh; (1955)- ];igufps; tbtk; nfhz;lit- cl;fU kzpapy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;- nghpa Jiz myF rpwpa Jiz myF vd xt;nthU iuNghNrhKk; ngw;Ws;sd- mjpfkhd iuNghNrhk;fs; ,ize;jpUe;jhy; mJ ghypiuNghNrhk; (m) ghypNrhk;

- tif : 70s, 80s, 55s (s- ];ntl;ngh;f; myF)- mkpNdh mkpyk; kw;Wk; Guj cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ- iuNghNrhk; Muha;r;rpapy; Nehgy; ghpRngw;wth;fs; (2009)

Ntq;fl;uhkd; uhkfpU~;zd (,e;jpah-mnkhpf;fh)jhk]; ];nla;]; (mnkhpf;fh)Mlhaj; (,];Nuy;)

3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;- %d;W tpjkhd rt;tikg;gpy; cs;sJ

- jl;ilahd ig(rp];lh;Nd), rpwpa Ez;Foy;fs;, nghpa Ez;Fkpo;fs;- irNkh[d; Jfs; Nghd;w Ruf;Fk; Foy;fis cUthf;Fk;- Cirl;Lfspy; kQ;rs; fUit cUthf;Fk;- tpop epwkp nry;iy cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd- tpe;jZ mf;NuhNrhik cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd

4.iyNrhNrhk4.iyNrhNrhk4.iyNrhNrhk4.iyNrhNrhk;- bLtp vd;gth; 1955y; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;- tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtu nry;fspy; cs;sJ- nry;ypy; cs;s fopTg; nghUs;fis ntspNaw;Wk; cUz;il tbt mikg;G.- Nfhy;if cWg;G my;yJ mfg;gpshr tiyapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;gzpfs;- nry;Yf;Fs; tUk; nghUs; iyNrhNrhkpd; nehjpahy; rPuzkhFk;- ,we;J Nghd nry; gFjpfis rpijj;J ntspNaw;w cjTfpwJ- xU nry; rpijtilAk; NghJ mjpy; cs;s iynrhNrhk; ntbj;J ntspNaWk;. mg;NghJ mJnehjpfis Rue;J rpijtile;j gFjpia [Puzpf;Fk;. jhd; ,Uf;Fk; nry;iy jhNd[Puzpg;gjhy; ,J nry;ypd; jw;nfhiyg; igfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.- mz;lr;Rug;gpapd; glyq;fis [Puzpj;J tpe;J nry; cs;Ns nrd;W fUTWjy; elf;f cjTk;.



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5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah- ngz;lh vd;gth; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah vd ngahpl;lhh; (1898)- ghyhl; kw;Wk; N[h];uhz;l; cs;SWg;ig Muha;e;jdh;- irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s kzpfs; Nghd;w (m) Fr;rp mikg;G- ,U Gujj;jhy; Md ,ul;ilr; rt;thy;; MdJ.- cl;rt;thdJ jl;L (m) tpuy; Nghd;W cl;gpJf;fq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;,J fphp];Nl vdg;gLk;.

- ,U rt;tpw;fk; ,ilNaAs;s ,ilntsp nghpikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpay;,ilntsp vdg;gLk;

- ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; mikg;G caphpdq;fspy; fphp];Nlf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy;NtWgLfpwJ

gzpfs;- nry; Rthrj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ- rf;jpia cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy; ikaq;fshf cs;sJ- A+hpah Row;rpapd; Kjy; epiy ,jd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ- vOk;gpy; cUthFk; fhy;rpaj;ij gyklq;fhf Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.- Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wJ. Njitg;gLk; NghJ ntsptpLk;.- Mw;wy; (ATP) mbNdhrpd; l;iu gh];Ngl;

6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;- n`d;dpif kw;Wk; Yf];nrf; tpsf;fpdhh;fs; (1897)- tpyq;F nry;ypy; cl;fUtpw;F mUfpy; cs;sJ (Fr;rp tbtk;)

- nry;gphpAk; NghJ fjph; ,io ehh;fisAk;, M];l;uy; cWg;igAk; cUthf;fp nry; gphpjiyjpl;lkpLfpwJ.

7.cl;fU7.cl;fU7.cl;fU7.cl;fU- nry;ypd; fUtpy; mike;Js;s tl;l tbtr; nry; cWg;G- ,J Kf;fpa 4 gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ

m) cl;fUglyk; - iyg;NghGNuhl;bdhy; MdJ (,U glyk;)M) epA+f;spNahgpshrk; - cl;fUglyj;jpw;Fk; epA+f;spNahyRf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj; jputk;,) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; - epA+f;spNahgpsh]j;jpy; FNuhNkhl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; fhzg;gLk;.

nry;gphpAk; NghJ njspthf FNuhNkhNrhkhf khWk;


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6. euk;G jpRf;fs;- euk;G nry; (epA+uhd;) kw;Wk; euk;G ehh;fshy; MdJ- czh;T jpwd; kw;wk; flj;Jk; jpwid ngw;Ws;sJ- kw;w jpRfspy; ,Ue;J khWgl;lJ- %is, jz;Ltlk;, euk;Gfs; Nghd;wit euk;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ.

7. euk;G nry; (epA+uhd;)- euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; nray; myF- Kl;il tbtkhfNth tl;l tbtkhfNth fhzg;gLk;- ,jd; nry; clyk; irl;lhd; vdg;gLk;- irl;lhdpy; eP];N]y; vdg;gLk; fUikahd Jfs; cs;sJ- irl;lhdpy; cs;s fpis Nghd;w mikg;g nld;l;uhd; MFk;.- nld;l;uhd; NkYk; fpisj;J nld;biul;i] cUthf;Fk;- irl;lhdpy; ,Ue;J fpsk;Gk; thy; Nghd;w gFjp Mf;]hd; MFk;.

8. jir jpRf;fs;- ,it ePz;lit vdNt ,it jir ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;- cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F gad;gLk;- RUq;Fk; Gujj;jhy; MdJ- 3 tifg;gLk;

m) thpj;jir M) thpaw;wj; jir ,) ,ja jirm) thpj;jir

- vYk;GfSld; ,ize;jpUg;gjhy; ,it vYk;G jir vdg;gLk;- ,af;F jir vd;Wk; NtWngah; cz;L- gy cl;fUf;fis nfhz;l nry;fshy; MdJ- ,J ehh; Nghy; ePz;L ,Ug;gjhy; jir ehh; vdg;gLfpwJ- ,jDs; rhh;f;Nfh gpshrk; vDk; ,ilapl;Lg; nghUs; cs;sJ.- ,tw;wpy; FWf;F thp fhzg;gLtjhy; thpj;jir vd;gLfpwJ.

M) thpaw;wj; jir- ikaj;jpy; mfd;Wk; xuj;jpy; nkype;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;

- ,e;j jir nry;fspy; xNu xU cl;fUTk;, rhh;f;Nfh gpshrKk; cs;sJ

- czTg; ghij, Rthr ghij, jkdpfs;, rpiufs;, rpWePh;g;ig Nghd;w cWg;Gfspy;fhzg;gLfpwJ

- ,it ,aq;F jirfs; vdg;gLk;. thpfsw;wJ.- ,e;j jirnry;ypd; gpsh];kh glyk; rhh;f;Nfhnyk;kh MFk;.

,) ,jaj; jir

- ,jaj;jpd; Rthpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;- ,ja jirapy; cs;s nry;fspy; gy cl;fU cz;L

- rhh;Nfhgpsh]k;, rhh;Nfhnyk;kh cz;L- fUik kw;Wk; ntsphpa thpfs; cz;L- ek; tho;ehs; KOtJk; RUq;fp tphpAk;

9. cWg;Gfs;,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jpRf;fs; xd;W Nrh;e;J xh; cWg;ig cUthf;Fk;.

c.k;. fz; (vgpjPypajpR, ,izg;GjpR, euk;GjpR, jirjpR ,ize;jJ)

10. fz;fs;- Kf;fpa GyDWg;G. kz;ilNahl;bd; fz; Fopfspy; mike;Js;sJ.- fz;Nfhsk; %d;W mLf;Ffshy; (ciw) MdJ

m) ntsp mLf;F - ];fpspuhl;bf; ciw (tpopntz; glyk;)M) eL mLf;F nfhuha;L ciw (tpopabf;fUk;glyk;)

,) cs; mLf;F nul;bdh ciw (tpopj;jpiu)m) ntsp mLf;Fntsp mLf;Fntsp mLf;Fntsp mLf;F

- Kd;gFjpia jtpu kw;w gFjpfspy; ntz;ik epwkhf cs;sJ.- ,J fz;zpw;F tbtj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; mspf;fpwJ.- fz;zpd; Kd; gFjpapy; ,J nky;ypajhfTk; xsp Gff;$bajhfTk; khwpAs;sJ

,J fhh;dpahfhh;dpahfhh;dpahfhh;dpah vdg;gLk;M) eL mLf;FeL mLf;FeL mLf;FeL mLf;F

- ,J fz;zpd; eLg;glyk;. ,jpy; fUikepw epwkpfs; cs;sd.- nfhuha;L ciwapd; Kd; Kidapy; ghitghitghitghit vd;w Jis cs;sJ- fhh;dpahit #o;e;Js;s gFjp Ihp];Ihp];Ihp];Ihp]; vdg;gLk;. Ihp]py; epwkpfs; cs;sd.

,) cs; mLf;Fcs; mLf;Fcs; mLf;Fcs; mLf;F- cs; mLf;fpy; tpopj;jpiu cs;sJ. ,jpy; cUiscUiscUiscUis kw;Wk; $k;G nry;fs;$k;G nry;fs;$k;G nry;fs;$k;G nry;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.- cUis nry;fs; gytpj xspfisg; ghh;f;f cjTk;.- $k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk$k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk$k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk$k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk;.



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- tpopj;jpiuapy; $k;G nry;fs; mjpfk; cs;s gFjp kQrs;kQrs;kQrs;kQrs; jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk; (/Nghgpah) ,it$h;e;J gbf;f cjTk;.

- xsp czh;jd;ikaw;w gFjp FUl;Lj; jhdkFUl;Lj; jhdkFUl;Lj; jhdkFUl;Lj; jhdk; vdg;gLk;.


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(M) rpij khw;wk;

- rpijf;fg;gl;l fhpkg; nghUs;fs; %yk; nry;Yf;F Njitahd Mw;wiy ngWk; nray;

- FSf;Nfh]; - fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L, ePh; kw;Wk; ntg;g Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk;- Gujq;fs; mkpNdh mkpyj;ij cUthf;Fk;- nfhOg;G - nfhOg;G mkpyk; kw;Wk; fpspruhiy cUthf;Fk;

tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;

1.1.1.1. td caphpfs; - ,aw;if thoplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tPl;by; gof;fg;gLj;jg;glhj kw;Wk;tsh;f;fg;glhj caphpfs;

2.2.2.2. td caphptd caphptd caphptd caphp ghJfhg;gpd; NjitghJfhg;gpd; NjitghJfhg;gpd; NjitghJfhg;gpd; Njit- kfpo;r;rp, #o;epiy, fy;tp, tuyhW, mwptpay; kjpg;GilaJ- #o;epiy rkepiyf;F Njit. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp ngWk;- kUj;Jtg; nghUl;fis mspf;fpwJ.- kuG nghUSf;fhd Kf;fpa Mjhuk;.

3.3.3.3. fhLfspd; tiffs; (ntg;gk; mbg;gilapy; - ,e;jpah)- ghiytdk;ghiytdk;ghiytdk;ghiytdk; (twz;lgFjp) - ,uh[];jhd;, gQ;rhg;, mhpahdh- ,iyAjph; fhLfs,iyAjph; fhLfs,iyAjph; fhLfs,iyAjph; fhLfs; - jPgfw;f gFjp gRikkhwh fhLfs;- ntntntntg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfsg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfsg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfsg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfs; - Nkw;F njhlhr;rp kiy ,e;jpa tlfpof;F kiy

gFjp ,ka kiy mbg;gFjp- kiyf;fhLfskiyf;fhLfskiyf;fhLfskiyf;fhLfs; - ,kakiy kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpah- miyapilf;fhLfs;miyapilf;fhLfs;miyapilf;fhLfs;miyapilf;fhLfs; ---- fq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjpfq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjpfq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjpfq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjp

4.4.4.4. fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;- kio msT Fiwjy;- jl;gntg;g epiy khw;wk;- kz; mhpkhdk;- gr;ir tPl;L tpisT (cyf ntg;gkakhjy;)

5.5.5.5. fhLfis ngUf;Fjy;- Gjpa kuq;fs; eLtJ fhlhf;fy; vdg;gLk;- rKjha fhLfs; tsh;j;jy;- Ntshz; fhLfs; cUthf;Fjy;

6.6.6.6. rKjhaf; fhLfs;- 1976y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ- ,aw;if epyq;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epyq;fspy; fhLfs;

cUthf;FtJ Nehf;fkhFk;7.7.7.7. Ntshz; fhLfs;

- Ntshz;epyq;fspd; vy;iyfspy; gaph;fNshL ,ize;J kuq;fis eLtJ.- Ntshz;gaph;fs;, kuq;fs;, fhy;eilfis ngUf;f cjTk;

8.8.8.8. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;- rpw;wpdq;fs;rpw;wpdq;fs;rpw;wpdq;fs;rpw;wpdq;fs; ---- 45000450004500045000- G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - 15000- ghrpapdq;fs; - 1676- glh;jhtuq;fs; - 1940- G+Q;irfs; - 12480- jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuq;fs; - 64- gpiuNahigl;Lfs; - 2843- nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; - 10129.9.9.9. tpyq;F tiffs;- rpw;wpdq;fs; - 81251- G+r;rpapdq;fs; - 60000- nky;Ylypfs; - 5000- ghYhl;bfs;ghYhl;bfs;ghYhl;bfs;ghYhl;bfs; ---- 372372372372- gwitfs; - 1228- Ch;td 446- ,U tho;tpfs; - 204- kPd;fs; - 2546- cyf tpyq;fpdq;fspy; 6.67 rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ



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10.10.10.10. mr;RWj;jg;gl;l epiy tpyq;Ffs;- kpff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; Kw;wpYk; mope;J tpLk; mghaj;jpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs;

mr;RWj;jg;gl;l epiyapYs;s tpyq;fpdq;fs; vdg;gLk;

- c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;, jpkpq;fyq;fs;jpkpq;fyq;fs;jpkpq;fyq;fs;jpkpq;fyq;fs;, xeha;fs;xeha;fs;xeha;fs;xeha;fs;, fOFfs;fOFfs;fOFfs;fOFfs;- Nkhdhy;Nkhdhy;Nkhdhy;Nkhdhy; Kw;wpYk; mopf;fg;gl;l moF gwit (`pkhr;ry; gpuNjrk;)- Njhy;, vYk;G my;yJ ,l Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fhf nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd

11.11.11.11. Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;- Njrpa tpyq;FNjrpa tpyq;FNjrpa tpyq;FNjrpa tpyq;F- 1973 Vg;uy; 1y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

12.12.12.12. ahidfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;- Njrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;FNjrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;FNjrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;FNjrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;F- Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;wk; tdj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

13.13.13.13. fhz;lhkpUf ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;- Jj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJJj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJJj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJJj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJ

14.14.14.14. rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;- 1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;)1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;)1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;)1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;) 5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ- thopl Rw;Wr; #oy; rkepiy ghJfhf;fg;gl;ljhy; rpq;f vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ.

15.15.15.15. Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;- ed;dPh; tho; Kjiyfs; (FNuhNfhily;]; ghY];l;hp];)- cth;ePh Kjiyfs; (fphp]pily;]; NghNuh]];)-

fhhpay; (fpuhtpahyp]; Nfq;fbf;f];)Nghd;w Kjiyapdq;fis fhf;f Kjiy tsh;g;g kw;Wk; guhkhpg;Gj; jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ(1975)

16.16.16.16. rptg;Gg; Gs;sp tptug; Gj;jfk;- ,aw;if kw;wk; ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; rh;tNjr $l;likg;G ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij

guhkuj;J tUfpwJ- ,J mr;RWj;jg;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; my;yJ mopAk; epiyapd; tpspk;gpy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs;

gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,Uf;Fk;- 253 tif tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; 2000 tif jhtuq;fs; gw;wpa jfty; jw;rkak; cs;sd.

17.17.17.17. ,e;jpahtpy; mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs;- ,e;jpa xw;iw nfhk;gd;, ePyfphp Fuq;F, rpq;fthy; Fuq;F, Mrpa rpq;fk;, ,e;jpa Gyp,

Mypt; hpl;yp Mik, Nkhdhy;, fhl;Lf; Nfhop, ,e;jpa ehiu.18.18.18.18. 1950y; ,Ue;J mope;j ,dkhf cs;sJ - rpWj;ij19.19.19.19. Mypth; hpl;yp Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk; - xhp]h flw;fiu

gUe;gUe;gUe;gUe;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk; ---- jkpo;ehL flw;fiujkpo;ehL flw;fiujkpo;ehL flw;fiujkpo;ehL flw;fiu20.20.20.20. ek; Njrpa gok; - khq;fdp21.21.21.21. Kjypy; epyj;jpw;F te;j caphpdk; - ,U tho;tpfs;22.22.22.22. iiiilaNdhrh;laNdhrh;laNdhrh;laNdhrh; ---- nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)23.23.23.23. tyirNghjy;tyirNghjy;tyirNghjy;tyirNghjy;

- gwitfs; jhk; thOk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fsph;fhy Gfyplj;jpw;F nrd;W kPz;Lk;Nfhilfhyq;fspy; jk; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;F jpUk;Gjy;

- ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a czT+l;lk; ngw tpUk;gpa #o; epiy ngwnry;fpd;wd.

- tyir nry;y ,uT Neuq;fisNa Njh;e;njLf;Fk;- mjpfgl;rk; 17600 fp.kP tiu tyir nry;Yk;- Barn swallows vd;w gwit 14400 fp.kPtiu tyir nry;Yk;- Nfhilfhy ghh;itahsh;fs; (rpl;Lf; FUtp, ehiu, iel;bq;Nfy;, Fapy;)-

G+kpapd; fhe;j tpiriaf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gpLk; mwpAk; gwit (Gwh)24.24.24.24. ruzhyaq;fs;- ekJ ehl;by; Rkhh; 500 ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sd- tpyq;Ffs; guhkhf;fg;gLfpd;wd- kf;fSf;F tpyq;Ffs; gw;wp mwpTWj;jy;

Kz;le;jiw (jpUney;Ntyp) Gyp rpl;lhy; rpWj;ijfsf;fhL (jpUney;Ntyp) Gypfs; rpq;fthy; Fuq;FjpUtpy;ypGj;Jhh; ruzhyak; (tpUJefh;) fhl;L mzpy; Fuit khd;Ntle;jhq;fs; ruzhyak; (fhQ;rpGuk;) kQ;rs; ehiu flw;gwit rhk;gy; ehiuKJkiy ruzhyak; (ePyfhp) ahid fhl;L vUik Gyp rpWj;ij gwf;Fk;

mzpy;tpuhyp kiy ruzhyak; (jpUr;rp) fhl;L kapy;Nfhbahf;fiu ruzhyak; (ehfg;gl;bdk;) Gs;spkhd; fub



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25.25.25.25. caphp gd;ikak;caphp gd;ikak;caphp gd;ikak;caphp gd;ikak;- caphpfspy; gy ,dq;fs; xd;whf fhzg;gLtJ- cyfpy; 12 gpukhz;l gd;ikaplq;fs; cs;sd- gd;ika moptpw;F fhuzk; kdpjd;- xU rpw;wpdk; moptJ kw;w rpw;wpdq;fspd; njhlh; mopTf;F fhuzkhFk;- tPL fl;Ljy; , ghyk;, tptrhak;, rhiyfs;, ,Ug;Gg;ghij Nghd;witfspd; tphpthf;fk;

moptpw;F fhuzk; MFk;

26.26.26.26. Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;- ,aw;if #oNyhL tdcaph;fis ghJfhf;Fk; epyg;gug;G Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; vdg;gLk;

ge;jpg;G+h; Njrpag; G+q;fh, ik#h;,fh;ehlf khepyk;

ahid, rpWj;ij, Fuitkhd;,

Gyp, kpshkhd;

fhh;ngl; Njrpag;G+q;fh,cj;jpugpuNjrk;

ehw;nfhk;G khd;, ahid,

Gs;spkhd;, Gyp, ntspkhd;

fph; Njrpag;G+q;fh, [_dhfh;,F[uhj;

Mrpar; rpq;fk;, rpWj;ij,

fhl;Lg;gd;wp, rpq;fhuh

fhrpnuq;fh Njrpag; G+q;fh,

N[hh; hl;, m];]hk;

ahid, xw;iw nfhk;G

fhz;lhkpUfk,; fhl;nlUik,

Gyp, rpWj;ijg;GypGyp ruzhyak;, ,Lf;fp, Nfush ahid, Gs;spkhd;, kpshkhd;,

rhk;gh; khd;, Gyp, Fuitkhd;

27.27.27.27. Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;- xU Fwpgpl;l rKjhaj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tdk;- xU tdj;jpw;Fwpa flTs; ,Uf;Fk;- nkhj;j rKjhaKk; mij ghJfhg;gjpy;


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4. fhw;W khRf;fs;fhh;gd;Nkhdhf;i]L

vhpnghUs; vhptjhy;cUthFk;

PNkhFNshgpNdhL,ize;J fhh;ghf;]pPNkhFNshgpdhf

khwp kuzk;Nehplyhk;

fhh;gd; ilMf;i]L

epyf;fhp tpwFvhpjy;

cyfk;ntg;gkiljy;

iel;u[d;Mf;i]Lfs;

thfdq;fspy;,Ue;J ntspahFk;

mkpy kio

fe;jf ilMf;i]L

fe;jfk; vhpjy; fz;fs; vhpjy;EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;M];Jkh

5. mkpy kio- epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypag; nghUs;fs; vhpAk; NghJ mjpy; ,Ue;J iel;u[d; fe;jfk;

kw;Wk; fhh;gd; ntspNaWk;- ,e;j tha;f;fs; tspkz;ly Mf;]p[NdhL ,ize;J mtw;wpd; Mf;i]Lfis

cUthf;Fk;- ,e;j Mf;i]Lfs; tspkz;ly ePuhtpAld; ,ize;J mkpy kio cUthfpwJ (iel;hpf

mkpyk;, fe;jf mkpyk;, kw;Wk; fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk;)

- kdpjdpd; fz;, Njhy; vhpr;ry; Vw;gLk;- tpij Kisj;jy; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp jilgLk;- kz; tsj;ij khw;wptpLk; (jhtuk;, ePhthop caphpdk; ghjpf;Fk;)- fl;llk; mizf;fl;Lfis mhpf;Fk;

6. Gtp ntg;gkiljy; (gRik ,y;y tpisT)- kuq;fis mopg;gjhy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhh;gd; il Mf;i]Lfhh;gd; il Mf;i]Lfhh;gd; il Mf;i]Lfhh;gd; il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; kPj;Njd; msT

mjpfhpf;fpwJ- ,jdhy; Fiwe;j miyepsk; nfhz;l fjph;tPr;Rfs; kPz;Lk; G+kpia Nehf;fp

gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.- ,jdhy; Gtp tofj;ijtpl mjpf mst ntg;gj;jhy; jhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gtp

ntg;giljy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

7. xN]hd; ghjpg;G- xN]hd; xU epwkw;w thA %d;W Mf;]p[d; (O3) mZf;fshy; MdJ,- tsp kz;lyj;jpd; ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpah; vd;w mLf;fpy; gue;Js;sJ- tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy khRf;fs; ,e;j xN]hDld; tpidGhptjhy; ,jd;

mlh;j;jp FiwfpwJ- ,e;j epfo;it xN]hd; xl;il vd;fpNwhk;.- ,jd; fhuzkhf jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Gw Cjhf; fjphfs; Gtpia jhf;Ffpd;wd.- xN]hd; ghjpg;g fhuzkhd khr FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd; (CFC)

8. fhw;W khRgLjiy jLj;jy;- frL vz;izfis gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ- thfdq;fis Fiwe;j mst gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;- njhopw;rhiy Giffis tbfl;bag; gpd; ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;- caphp vhpnghUs;fis mjpfk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (caph Bry;)- mjpf kuq;fis eLjy;

9. ePh; khRgLjy;- ePhpd; ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; caphpay; jd;ikapy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wk;

10. ePh; khRgLjy; fhuzq;fs;- njhopw;rhiy fopTfs; (Hg, Cu, blh;n[d;l,; ngl;Nuhy;, Mh;rdpf;)- tPl;L fopTfs;- G+r;R nfhy;ypfs; (DDT BHC kw;Wk; cuq;fs;)- kpjit caphpfspd; $l;lq;fs;- jhtu nfhy;ypfs; ghf;Bhpah kw;wk; itu];fs;- njhopw;rhiyapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; ntg;gePh;



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11. ePh; khRgLjy; tpisT- kpdNkl;lh vd;Dk; %isia jhf;Fk; Neha; Vw;gLk;- ilNahhpah- kPd;fs; kw;Wk; kpjit caphpfspd; ,wg;G- fhyuh ilgha;L Nghd;w Neha;fs; cUthFk;- kPj;NjNkh FNshgpdpkh vd;w Rthr Neha; tUk;- A+l;NuhgpNf]d; cUthjyhy; gpw ePh; tho; caphpdq;fs; Mf;]p[d; jl;Lghlhy; ,wf;Fk;-12. ePh; khRgLjy; jLj;jy;- fopT ePhpid Rj;jpfhpj;J ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;- Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj ePhpid Njhl;lq;fSf;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

13. epyk; khRgLjy;- epyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wk;- G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;J, fjphpaf;f jdpkq;fs;, tptrha cuq;fs;,

tPl;by; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Njitaw;wg; nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; epyk; khrilAk;

14. gNahNghy;- ,aw;ifahd gpsh];bf; my;yJ caphp gpsh];bf;- My;fhyp[d;fs; vDk; Ez;Zaphpfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kw;wpYk; kf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s

gpsh];bf;- ,J xU N`hNkhghypkh; tif MFk; (ghyp i`l;uhf;]p gpA+l;bNul;)- fha;fwp, NrhskhT, gl;lhzp khT Nghd;wtw;iw Ez;Zaphpfisf; nfhz;L rpijj;J

cUthf;fg;gLk;- A+ikrPl;]; kw;wk; irNrhikrPl;]; vd;w Ez;Zaphp

biology hints clear

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