biology midterm review. identify : 1 producer, 3 primary consumers and 3 secondary consumers
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Biology Midterm Review
Identify : 1 Producer, 3 Primary Consumers and 3 Secondary consumers
Why do we need enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that:•Help build new molecules•Help break down large molecules•Speed up reactions that would take too long in our bodies
Macromolecules
• Lipids: Long term storage
• Protein: Regulate Reactions
• Carbohydrates: Quick Energy
• Nucleic Acid: Stores hereditary Information
• Fats, Oils, Waxes, hormones, Steroids
• Enzymes, Skin, Hair, Muscle
• Fruits, Vegetables, Sugars and Starches
• DNA and RNA
Waxy leaves on plants allow the plants to keep from losing water. What
macromolecule would provide this waxy covering?
• Carbohydrate• Lipid• Protein• Nucleic Acid
Waxy leaves on plants allow the plants to keep from losing water. What
macromolecule would provide this waxy covering?
LIPID is correct!!!!
ATP is our body’s energy molecule. What is ATP made of and where is
the energy stored?
ATP is Adenosine Triphosphate is made of a base of adenine and three phosphate
groups. Energy is stored in the bond between the phosphate groups.
CHNOPS – Elements of Life
• C= Carbon• H= Hydrogen• N= Nitrogen• O= Oxygen• P= Phosphorus• S= Sulfur
Organic / Inorganic
• Organic molecules contain Carbon
• Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon
• One exception is carbon Dioxide which contains carbon but is not considered organic
Saturated and Unsaturated
• Saturated fats have as many hydrogen molecules attaches as possible (Bad Fat)
• Unsaturated have some double bonds where hydrogens are missing (not as bad as saturated)
In an organic molecule diagram, the “X” represents which element?
H H H H H H – X – X - X – X – X – H H H H H H
In an organic molecule diagram, the “X” represents which element?
H H H H H H – X – X - X – X – X – H H H H H H
The “X” represents Carbon
1. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are
necessary for many cellular reactions?
A. Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.
B.Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the
reactions.
C.The reactions take up too much space in the cell if
enzymes are missing.
D.The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if
enzymes are missing.
1. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?
D. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.
2. Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across
the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar.
Which of the following types of molecules are primarily
used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?
• A.lipids• B.monosaccharides• C.nucleic acids• D.proteins
2. Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across
the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar.
Which of the following types of molecules are primarily
used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?
• A.lipids
3. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of
chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type
• A.carbohydrate• B.protein• C.fatty acid• D.nucleic acid
3. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of
chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type
• B.protein
4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements
will be most abundant in the sample?
• A.zinc and copper• B.sodium and chlorine• C.carbon and hydrogen• D.magnesium and calcium
4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements
will be most abundant in the sample?
• C.carbon and hydrogen
5. Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the
proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants.
Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?
• A.enzymes • B.fatty acids• C.hormones • D.monosaccharides
5. Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the
proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants.
Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?
• A.enzymes
6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes
the molecular structure of ovalbumin?
• A.a group of six carbon atoms joined in a ring• B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a
molecule• C.a set of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of
glycerol• D.a sequence of nitrogenous bases attached to a
sugar-phosphate backbone
6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes
the molecular structure of ovalbumin?
• B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule
7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is broken
down into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of molecules
do these smaller molecules belong?
• A.amino acids• B.monosaccharides• C.nucleic acids• D.polypeptides
7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is broken
down into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of molecules
do these smaller molecules belong?
• B.monosaccharides
7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is broken
down into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of molecules
do these smaller molecules belong?
• A.amino acids• B.monosaccharides• C.nucleic acids• D.polypeptides
8. A diagram of an organic molecule is belowWhich element is found at the positions marked by the dots (•) in the
molecule?
• A.carbon
Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
What happens to a cell in Isotonic, Hypertonic or Hypotonic solutions?
Carbon CyclePhotosynthesisCO2+ H2O Glucose and O2
Cell respirationGlucose and O2 CO2+ H2O
Two Equations
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What Are the Main What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms?Characteristics of organisms?1. Made of CELLS2. Require ENERGY (food)3. REPRODUCE (species)4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS5. ORGANIZED6. RESPOND to environment7. GROW and DEVELOP8. EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water,
wastes, gases)
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The Cell Theory Complete
• The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete:
• 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
• 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
• 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Which one would divide more quickly? Give one reason why.
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are more complex, have more organelles, are larger, have more DNA to copy…
so they typically take longer to divide.Prokaryote Eukaryote
Examples: Prokaryote = Bacteria
Eukaryotes = Plants or animalsProkaryote Eukaryote
Active and Passive Transport
Passive = No ATP energy used• Diffusion• Osmosis (water diffusion)• Both go from high
concentration to low concentration or Where it is crowded to where it is less crowded
• Also known as WITH the Concentration Gradient
Active = Needs ATP• Protein Pumps• Bulk Movement like
endocytosis and exocytosis• Both need energy to move
across a membrane or from low concentration to High concentration
• Also known as AGAINST the Concentration Gradient
Passive Transport
Uses NO Energy
Active TransportRequires ATP
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Cells in SolutionsCells in Solutions
copyright cmassengale
Types of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis: Cellular eating. Ex: White blood cells get rid of bacteria. Protective
• Pinocytosis: Absorption function, droplets are surrounded and taken in. Ex: dissolved protein or fat
• Receptor-mediated:Taking up target molecules, proteins bind only with certain molecules. Ex: hormones, cholesterol, iron and sometimes viruses get in this way
Data
Qualitative• Color• Texture• Design• Shape• Taste• Feel• Sound• Can be described but has no
numerical value
Quantitative• Mass• Temperature• Length• Volume• Width• Depth• How many• Can be measures in
numbers
Variables
Dependent• The variable you measure• It changes as a result of
what you do as a treatment• This variable “depends “ on
what you do.
• Example: Growth rate when more fertilizer is given
Independent• This variable will stay the
same throughout the experiment
• It is not effected by the treatment
• Example: The temperature or amount of sunlight when you measure the effect of fertilizer.
Experimental Groups
Treatment • This group has something
done to them
Control• This group has all of the
same conditions as the treatment group EXCEPT no treatment.
Levels of Organization
Limits to Population
Density Dependent• More effect with large
populations:– Disease– Competition– Predators– Parasites
Density Independent• Effects would be a problem
no matter how large or small the population is.– Tsunami– Earthquake– Seasonal changes– Extreme weather
Organic or Inorganic?
• Organic means that something has the element carbon in it. Living things have carbon and so they are considered organic.
• Inorganic: Nonliving things, generally lack carbon and are considered inorganic. The one exception is carbon dioxide it is inorganic and contains carbon
Autotroph and Heterotroph
• Autotrophs produce their own food.• Heterotrophs ingest their food.
• These methods both provide an organism with the necessary nutrients to live.
• Assimilation: is how these nutrients become part of the organism.
8 Characteristics of Life
1. Made of One or More Cells2. Reproduce3. Based on Genetic Code (DNA)4. Grow and Develop5. Obtain and Use Nutrients and Energy6. Respond to Environment7. Maintain Stable Internal Environment8. Evolve or Change Over Time
1. Made of One or More Cells
• A cell is a living unit enclosed by a barrier called a membrane
• Unicellular = 1 cell
• Multicellular= More than one cell
• Some cells are specialized and have specific jobs.
• Cells can grow, reproduce and respond to environment
2. Reproduce
• Sexual – cells from 2 different parents unite to form the first cell of the new organism
• Asexual – One parent can divide or bud to form two organisms that are identical
3. Based on Genetic Code
• Inherited traits are carried by DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
• Asexual reproduction provides one set of traits
• Sexual reproduction combines the traits of 2 parents
4. Grow and Develop
a.) GROWTH: increase in size & shape
b.) DEVELOPMENT: mature over time
c.) living things have a lifespanGrowth
Development
5. Living Things Use & Need Energy
a.) energy comes from food, used to maintain body b.) AUTOTROPH: produce own food c.) HETEROTROPH: must consume food d.) DECOMPOSER: breaks down dead material for food
6. Respond to Environment
• Responds to a stimulus or signal
• External =light, temperature, gravity
• Internal = Blood sugar, CO
7. Maintain Stable Internal Environment
• Homeostasis- keeping internal conditions balanced to survive
• Examples: temperature and water
• How? Feedback mechanisms, like a thermostat on a furnace
8. Evolve and Change Over Time
• Individuals may experience many changes in their life span but their basic traits are the same.
• As a group a species will change over time and the general traits will be different.
Levels of Organization
• Individual• Population• Community• Ecosystem• Biome
Individual
• The same species can breed and have fertile offspring
Population
• Many of the same species living in a specific place
Community
• The popuations of living organisms that are found in specific area
Ecosystems
• The Biotic and Abiotic factors found in a given area
Biome
• A group of ecosystems within a certain climate containing specific dominant species.
Ecological Succession
Primary succession- happens when species grow in locations where organisms have never previously existed. Specifically, on surfaces where no soil existed.
– Ex: pavement, volcanic eruption, glacial retreat, sand dunes
Secondary succession- occurs after an ecosystem disturbance. When the disturbance is over, the community tends to go back to its original state.
– Ex: wild fires
Primary vs. Secondary
• No soil• Pioneer species• Weathering &
decomposition• Humus and sand
increase over time• End = climax
community
• Soil already exists• Seeds have suitable soil
conditions.• Occurs much faster• Climax community.
Primary Succession: Sand Dune to ForestDune grassescottonwoods+shrubsevergreensoaksbeeches maples
Pond→marsh→dry land/grasses →shrubs→forest
9. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below.Based on the data in this table, during which of the following time periods did the students add the catalase to the hydrogen peroxide?A.between 0.0 and 0.5 minB.between 1.0 and 1.5 minC.between 2.0 and 2.5 minD.between 2.5 and 3.0 min
• Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(mol/min)
• 0.0 0.000 • 0.5 0.030• 1.0 0.032 • 1.5 4,970,000.000 • 2.0 5,001,000.000• 2.5 4,985,300.000
• 3.0 5,021,700.000
9. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below.Based on the data in this table, during which of the following time periods did the students add the catalase to the hydrogen peroxide?
B.between 1.0 and 1.5 min
• Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(mol/min)
• 0.0 0.000 • 0.5 0.030• 1.0 0.032 • 1.5 4,970,000.000 • 2.0 5,001,000.000• 2.5 4,985,300.000
• 3.0 5,021,700.000
10. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70°C or higher. At a temperature of 50°C, how will the enzymes in these bacterial
cells most likely be affected?
• A.The enzymes will be destroyedby lysosomes.
• B.The enzymes will lose theirbond structure and fall apart.
• C.The enzymes will requireless energy to function thanat 70°C.
• D.The enzymes will not increase therate of reactions as much as theywould at 70°C.
10. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70°C or higher. At a temperature of 50°C, how will the enzymes in these bacterial
cells most likely be affected?
• D.The enzymes will not increase therate of reactions as much as theywould at 70°C.
• Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period.
Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations?
• A.Cells decompose most quickly under the most intense light. • B.Water evaporates from plants fastest under the most intense light. • C.Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense
light. • D.Gases in the leaves of plants expand most under the most intense
light.
Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period.
Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations?
C. Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light.
•bromthymol blue (a chemical indicator that changes color from blue to yellow as the level of carbon dioxide in a solution increases)
The class sets up an experiment with the four flasks as shown.Flask 1: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, plantFlask 2: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, 2 small fishFlask 3: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, 2 small fish, plantFlask 4: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue
Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4
All four flasks are stoppered and placed under the floodlight.a.What color would the solution in each flask be after a few hours?b.Explain how the processes that have occurred in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol blue solutions.
What color would the solution in each flask be after a few hours?
• 1. Blue• 2. Yellow• 3. Green• 4. Blue
Explain how the processes that have occurred in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol blue solutions
• Flask 1: The plants take in Carbon Dioxide and give off Oxygen during photosynthesis, so it would remain blue
• Flask 2: The fish take in Oxygen and give off Carbon Dioxide during cellular respiration so the solution would turn yellow
Explain how the processes that have occurred in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol
blue solutions
• Flask 3: The plants are giving off Oxygen while the fish are giving off Carbon Dioxide so the solution would be green
• Flask 4: This is the control solution without any treatment except bromthymol blue so it would remain unchanged, blue.