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BIOLOGY NOTES BIOTECHNOLOGY

1.

Herbert Boyer discovered that the restriction enzymes of E. coli bacterium can cut the DNA

stands in a particular fashion

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5.

Stanley Cohen developed a method to remove plasmids from bacterial cells and reinsert them

in other cells

6. Plasmids float freely in cytoplasm and replicate independently from the coding strand of DNA

7.

Insertion of recombinant DNA by means of plasmidsBIOTECHNOLOGY

8. Creation of recombinant DNA, gene cloning and gene transfer allows the introduction of one or

a set of desired set of genes without introducing undesired genes

9. The alien DNA will link to the origin of replication DNA sequence in the chromosomes and

replicates

10.

Fragments of DNA are separated through gel electrophoresis

11.Elutionextraction of fragments of DNA from the gel piece

12.

Selectable markeridentify and eliminate non-transformants and selectively permits the

growth of transformants

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13.Making the cells competent to take up DNA:Treating cells with divalent cationincreases the

efficiency with which DNA enters through the pores of the cell wall

14.

Methods of inserting DNA to cells

Incubating cells and DNA on ice

Incubating at 42

o

C - heat shock

Incubating on ice Micro injectionDNA directly injected into the animal cells

Gene gun or biolisticscells bombarded with DNA coated micro-particles of Au or W

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15.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)produce copies of DNA strandscomprises repeated cycles

of heating and cooling

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Taq polymerase (blue in colour)

Addition of nucleotidesextension of primers

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DNA developed from one strand which splits to produce

DNA in cycle 2

16.Bioreactorsto process culture

17.Downstream processingseparation and purification before marketing

18.

BtBacillus thuringiensis (bacterium)resistance towards insects

19.RNAi (interference)cellular defense mechanism in eukaryotic organisms

20.RNAi involves silencing an RNA (messenger (m) RNA) using a complementary RNA (small

interference (si) RNA)

21.

RNAi involves:

Creation of RISCRNA Induced Silencing Complex

Decodation of cellular mRNA by RISC

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22.Oral insulinlimitations:

The low pH level (acidic) of stomach breaks down insulin before it reaches the liverpH

level breaks the complex peptide bonds of insulin

Mucus layer of intestine is very thick and passing of insulin through this lining into the

blood is relatively low23.Applications of biotechnology:

Gene therapy

Molecular diagnosis

Genetically modified crops

24.

Sorbenta substance used to sorb (absorb/adsorb) molecules from other substances

25.ELISAEnzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay

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26.

GEACGenetic Engineering Approval/Appraisal Committee

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27.

Biopiracy - the theft or usurpation of genetic materials especially plants and other biological

materials by the patent process

28.NBANational Biodiversity Authority

Checks biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional resources

Application for Intellectual Property Rights related to genetic/biological resources

cannot be made without the approval of NBA

Helps in selection of areas of biodiversity importance by state governments29.

Biodiversity Act 2002 primarily addresses:

Issues of conservation and sustainable use of biological resources in the country

Issues related to genetic resources and associated knowledge

Issues arising from the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of

biological resources

30.