biomass and biogas options
TRANSCRIPT
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Biomass Energy & Geothermal Optionsfor Africa
( partly address non-electric options )
By:Stephen Karekezi,Waeni Kithyoma,
Ken Muzeewww.afrepren.org
Climate Change and Energy Access
International Parliamentary Hearing for East African
LegislatorsSamburu Game Lodge,
7 th 8 th June 2008
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Outline
Why is biomass energy important for Africa?Why is geothermal important for our region?
Categories of biomass:- Traditional biomass- Improved biomass- Modern biomass
Sample case studies of successful biomass energy initiatives Geothermal case example of Kenya
Lessons learned and critical success factors from notable casestudies
Key policy and legislative measures
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N umber of People Relying on Biomassfor Cooking and Heating (Millions)
Largely Rural and Urban Poor
2000 2030
China 706 645
India 585 632
Other Asia 420 456Sub-Sahara Africa 583 996
Latin America 96 72
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W hy is Biomass Energy Important?
Linkage with 4 MDGs on poverty,health, environment & gender
Biomass & health/environmentBiomass, women & children
Improved & more efficient use beneficialto poor
Reduces expenditure on fuel Production, transformation & distribution generates jobs
and creates micro, small & medium scale enterprises
Biomass & agriculture Agriculture: key income source for poorSolves problem of collectionBiomass cogeneration could deliver significant benefits to4-7 million people in Kenya (up to 20% of population)
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Three Categories
Traditional Biomass Energy Technologies(TBTs)
Inefficient use of wood, charcoal, leaves, agriculturalresidues, animal/human waste & urban waste
Improved Biomass Energy Technologies (IBTs)Improved and efficient technologies for direct combustion of biomass such as improvedcooking/heating stoves and improved biofuel kilns
Modern Biomass Energy Technologies (MBTs)Conversion of biomass energy to advanced fuels/formsnamely liquid fuels, gas and electricity
TBTs
IBTs
MBTs
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Improved Biomass Option: Kenya Ceramic Jiko
Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50
Accessible to the majority of the urban population(costs US$ 2-3)
K CJ a result of research initiated in 70 s andactively continued into 80 s
Several million K CJs produced in Kenya; (>80% of urban households in Nairobi and Mombasa use theK CJ and 16% in rural homes)
2.6 million stoves in use in Kenya alone(cumulative production now over 15 million)
One of the most successful stove projects in Africa used in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda,Burundi, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somaliland, Mali,
Senegal and Burkina Faso (Madagascar?)
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Improved Biomass Technologies(IBTs)
Significant dissemination of improved biomass energy technologies
(IBTs) in Africa countries but Potential for wider dissemination of IBTs could be increased almost every country in Africa has an improved cookstove programme
Successful dissemination of improved biofuel heating stoves in a fewindustrialised countries - notable example being Austria (500,000) for8million population
Institutional cookstovesEfficient kilns for charcoal and brick-makingEfficient fish dryers (2 nd largest foreign exchangeearner for Uganda)Efficient tobacco curing kilns (largest foreign
exchange earner for Malawi)Efficient tea dryers (largest share of export earnings in Kenya)
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Biogas Status and Trends
Some experience in the region withmixed results
Institutional digesters moresuccessful than domestic units
Tanzania has registered good
progress - more than 4,000domestic-size biogas plants withencouraging success in institutionalmarket
Pilot biogas projects implemented inKenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudanand Rwanda
Signs of success in Rwanda s biogasprogram aimed at institutions(prisons, rural educationalinstitutions) and now integrated in
agricultural program
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Biogas N etherlands GovernmentInitiative for Africa
Netherlands government and other partners launched biogasinitiative covering 25 African countries
Initial market surveys indicate market of 20 millionhouseholds
Objectives:Install biogas plants in 2 million households in the next 10 years
Offer business and investment opportunities
Establish 800 private biogas companies and 200 biogas appliancemanufacturing workshops
Generate at least 50,000 new jobs
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Modern Biomass (MBTs)
Agriculture & agro-industries: key income sourcefor poor
Solves problem of collection
Biomass cogeneration could deliver significant benefits to4 7 million people in Kenya (up to 20% of population)
Biomass by-products/waste-based co-generation
By-products/waste-based biofuels for transportation
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Modern biomass - key benefits
Fuel Jobs per T W h
Bio-ethanol 3,770
Gas 130
Nuclear 80Coal 700
Biogas 1,341
Source: Earthlife Africa/SE CCP report 2003
Job creation potential of renewables
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Case study: Cogeneration in Mauritius
Cogeneration attractive asit offers alternative revenuestream to Mauritius keyeconomic sector sugarindustry
Power sales revenue forsome sugar millers recentlyexceeded that from sugar
Diversified sources of power thus providingprotection against unstable& high oil price increases
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Accounts for close to 40% of a725MW national generationcapacity (of which 20-25% is
bagasse)Sugar industry accounted for41.5% of total electricitygenerated in 2005
Began with smaller installations(1.5MW - 5MW, recently installedan 82MW plant)
Cogeneration inMauritius
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Successful Revenue Sharing
Firm Corporate sector 51% Strategic Partner 27% SIT (Small planters/workers) 14% State Investment Corporation 8%
Continuous Corporate sector 80% SIT (Sugar Investment Trust) 20%
Equitable sharing of ownership of and revenue fromcogeneration ensures even smallest low-income farmer/land-owners gets a portion of revenue (could contribute to conflictsassociated with agro-industrial development)
In turn, leads to exceptionally strong & consistent policysupport
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Sugar Sector Reform initiatives & Bagasse Energy Y ear Policy initiatives Emphasis on
1985Sugar Sector ActionPlan Bagasse energy policy evoked
1988 Sugar IndustryEfficiency Act
-Tax free revenue from sales of bagasse andelectricity-Export duty rebate on bagasse savings forfirm power production-Capital allowance on investment in bagasseenergy
1991Bagasse EnergyDevelopment
Programme
-Diversify energy base-Reduce reliance on imported fuel-Modernise sugar factories-Enhanced environmental benefits
Cogeneration in Mauritius
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Sugar Sector Reform initiatives & Bagasse Energy
Y ear Policy initiatives Emphasis on
1997
Blue Print on the
Centralisation of CaneMilling Activities
Facilitate closure of small mills with concurrent increase in capacities and investment inbagasse energy
2001Sugar Sector StrategicPlan
-Enhance energy efficiency in milling-Decrease number and increase capacity of mills-Favour investment in cogeneration units
2005
Roadmap for theMauritius SugarcaneIndustry for the 21 st Century
-Reduction in the number of mills to 6 with acogeneration plant annexed to each plant
Cogeneration in Mauritius
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Energy PricingBased on informal consultation
Power mode PowerPlant
Price Rs (us)/k W h
Y ear Characteristics
Intermittent - 0.16 (0.6) 1982 Price frozen since 1982
Continuous Medine 0.55 (1.9) 1982 No change in price since 1982 no changesbrought to the plant
Continuous 6 PPs 1.05 (3.7) 1997 44% of kWh price indexed to changes in oilprice and the other 56% is fixed
1.40 (4.9) 2000
Firm FUEL coal - 1.63 (5.7)bag. - 1.56 (5.5)
1985 Invested in new equipment Indexed to coal price
Firm DRBC coal - 1.53 (5.4)bag. - 1.46 (5.1)
1998 Invested in second hand equipment Indexed to coal price
Firm CTBV both - 1.72 (6.0)
Recent UScents 9
2000 Indexed to coal price, cost of living in Mauritius,
foreign exchange rate fluctuations
Cogeneration in Mauritius
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South Africa Cogen Programme
Call for Expression of Interest target 900MW
Overwhelming response 5000MW received
Offered a standard PP A
Feed-in tariff to be based onavoided cost of thermalpower units
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Cogeneration in Africa Attractiv e Op tion in th e Reg ion
Country Cogeneration potentialat 150k W h/tonne (M W )
% of currentinstalledcapacity
Ken ya 159.2 14Ethiopia 32.4 4
Tan zania 102.6 11
Sud an 16 21Ma la wi 59.2 24
Swa zi lan d 194.0 145
Ugan da 48.3 15
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Biofuels Key Drivers
Oil importers - rising oil costs (peaked toover $130 per barrel recently & moving to$200 per barrel)
Increase in oil import bill for Africancountries is higher than total recent debt relief for Africa (IEA, 2005)
High oil prices have negative impact ontransport fuel and electricity prices Biomass is a good alternative as source of biofuels (from biomass by-products/waste)and power generation
Oil exporters - dwindling oil reserves
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Biofuels Key drivers
Source: AfDB,2006 - C omputed using African Development Bank data
2004 oil extract ion rate
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Remaining Y ears of Oil Extraction
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Challenges in Development ofBio-fuels in Africa
Competition between food and fuel1. Biofuels could lead to higher food prices2. Higher commodity prices are a concern for net food importing countries
particularly sub Sahara Africa3. More fundamental problem external food dependence on Africa
(American farmers feeding Africans)4. Cost of rice has risen by 300% in Sierra Leone, 50% in Cte d'Ivoire,
Senegal and Cameroon. Cost of palm oil, sugar and flour also surged5. Need for policymakers to be careful that biofuels are not developed at
expense of food production
6. Use of by-products and wastes of existing agro and forest industries, thusnot requiring new land
Forests could be cleared for food crops displaced by biofuel plantationsUse of by-products and wastes of existing agro and forest industries, thusnot requiring new land & new forest areas
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Challenges in Development of Bio-fuels in Africa
W ill the poor benefit or be victims?o Revenue sharing (experience of Mauritius)o Land-ownership: preference given to out-growers
scheme & be careful about giving out land
Other challengeso Loss of bio-diversity and soil fertilityo Nutrient replacement o Producing biofuels very energy intensive (fertilizer,
agric. machinery & transportation of biofuel feedstocks)o Use more energy efficient biofeed stock such as sugar
cane and avoid energy-intensive biofeed stock such asmaize
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Case Study: Ethanol in Malawi
Ethanol production started in 1982 at Dwangwa Sugar Mill, run by EthanolCompany of Malawi (Ethco)
Second ethanol plant was built in 2004 at Nchalo Sugar Mill run by Press Cane
Both plants have combined capacity of 30million litres per year
Functional and useful ethanol blendingprogram in existence for over 25 years
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GeothermalDevelopment
inKenya
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Kenya Geothermal Power
Kenya geothermal power plants account for about 10% of country s installed capacityInstalled geothermal power 128MW
A low-cost source of power that provides some protectionagainst high and fluctuating oil prices and drought-relatedhydropower problems
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Geothermal Development in Kenya
Power PlanBy 2020, geothermal power expected to account for a quarter of total power
installed capacity up from current 10%
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Kenya s Planned Power Generation CapacityExpansion
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Geothermal Power
Most of Kenya's Geothermal potentialareas (>20 fields) occur within Kenya sRift ValleyKenya s geothermal power potential isestimated at over 3,000 MW
Less than 10% of country s geothermalresources exploited huge potential forgrowthLarge potential for thermal use of geothermal resources pilot plant inflower farm has provided encouragingresults & could potentially benefit largenumber of farm workersExpansion of geothermal heat use couldpiggy back on the dynamic horticultural
sector
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Geothermal Energy in Africa
- Significant potential along Rift Valley (9,000MW - for steam/hot water only) for grid-connected electricity generation fromgeothermal resources exists in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda,D jibouti, Rwanda (170-300MW current 60MW) & other Rift
Valley countries that extends to Malawi
- Huge geothermal heat potential in use in North Africa (Tunisiaand Algeria) and Kenya (flower farms)
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Other Embryonic Signs of Successful Programsfor Future Consideration
Wind-power in Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Kenya (significant potential in island states such as Mauritius and Comoros)
Wind-pump in Kenya, South Africa and NamibiaSmall hydro in Uganda, Kenya and MadagascarSolar water heaters in SeychellesEfficient lamps/ CFLs in Ghana, Uganda and South Africa
(sustainability is key)Industrial energy efficiency program in Kenya and buildingefficiency program in Cote d IvoireField missions/study tours by Parliamentarians
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4 Key Success Factors
1. Piggy-back cogen/ethanol built on sugar sector and potentially otheragro industries throughout Africa &geothermal built on existing powerutility
2. Local champions and longterm commitment - shoulddemonstrate long term commitment andshould have significant control over thedesign and implementation of initiative
3. Specialisation - preferencesshould be given to specialised initiativeswith specific focus on a single option
4. Income generation and
revenue sharing
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5 Key Policy and LegislativeMeasures
1. Targets : Setting targets for increased contribution of improved and modern bio-energy in total energy consumption & other renewables
2. Standard power purchase agreements : For by-products/waste-based bio-energy generated power & other renewables
3. Predetermined feed-in tariff/price : For by-products/waste-based biomasselectricity, biofuels & other renewables (Mauritius, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania)
often cogenerated power lower than cost of electricity from oil-firedemergency/Independent Power Plants (I PPs)
4. Mandatory blending ratios : For bio-energy fuels for by-products/waste-based(Malawi, Zimbabwe and Kenya in past shows importance of law)
5. Dedicated institution : Charged with promoting renewables (rural electrification
agency?)
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Thank you
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