lecture 12 slides: energy - biomass, biogas & biodiesel · • biomass, biogas and biodiesel...
TRANSCRIPT
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D-LabFall 2009
Development through Dialogue, Design and Dissemination
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D-LabEnergy
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Public domain image (NASA)
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Energy• Biomass, biogas and biodiesel• Sun• Human power• Wind and water• Rural energy delivery• Modeling energy systems
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Some Energy FactsEnergy use/capita
(kg oil equiv)Electricity/capita
(kWh)Energy from biomass (%)
Electricity from fossil fuels (%)
Brazil 1,114 1,955 26.5 10.8
China 1,242 1,585 13.7 81.5
Ghana 386 247 69.1 12.6
India 531 457 37.5 83.9
Peru 479 794 17.7 27.1
Tanzania 498 54 91.6 4.9
USA 7,720 13,351 3 71.4
Zambia 605 693 79.5 0.6
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Urban Electrification
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Urban Electrification
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Urban Access to ElectricityAccess to electricity
Kinshasa 66%Rio de Janeiro 10%Lagos 41%Dhaka 90%San Salvador 98%
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Rural Electrification• 800,000,000 have been connected to
power grids in the last 2 decades• 2,000,000,000 are still not connected• Decentralization is the key
– Solar– Micro-hydroelectric– Wind– Biogas
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Rural Electrification• Health clinics• Schools• Small industry and enterprise
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Energy for Cooking• 2,400,000,000 people use biomass
(wood, charcoal, dung) for cooking • Poor people can spend about 1/4 of
their income on energy for cooking• In some areas, women spend 4-6
hours a day, walking up to 10 km to gather firewood
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Health Hazards• Deforestation leads to decline in agricultural
production which leads to malnutrition • Deforestation causes erosion which leads to
flooding and siltification of reefs and fisheries• 1,800,000 people die each year of illness
related to smoke from cooking fires (single largest cause of death in under-five-year-olds)
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Possible Solutions• Alternative fuels• Efficient stoves • Smoke hoods• Solar cookers
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Alternative Fuels• Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)• Kerosene• Biodiesel• Biogas• Charcoal from agricultural waste
products
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Problems with Alternative Fuels
• Infrastructure and distribution systems
• Specialized equipment• Cultural Acceptability
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Biogas• Methane gas produced from
human and/or animal waste• Chemical process is most
efficient between 30°C and 40°C• Provides fuel for cooking and
lighting
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Biogas• 1 m3 of biogas
– Lights a 60 W bulb for 6 hours– Runs a 1 HP motor for 2 hours– Cooks 3 meals for a family of 5 or 6
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Ranikhet, India
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The Fixed Dome Digester
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The Fuel
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The Stove
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Guadalupe Carney, Honduras
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The Digester
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The Fuel
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Bokor National Park, Cambodia
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Floating Drum Digester
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The Stove
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Nyali, Kenya
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Low-Cost Floating Drum
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The Philippines
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The Digester
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The Cooker
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Liaoning, China
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The 4-in-1 Digester
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The 4-in-1 Digester
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The 4-in-1 Digester
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Cultural Challenges• Cultural taboos about working with manure• Religious taboos against working with human
waste• Other uses of feedstock
– building material– fuel
• Changes in cooking behavior• Changes is the social hierarchy
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Construction Challenges
• Cost reduction• Maintenance • Supply chain• Transportation and storage of gas• Drying and packaging of effluent• Other opportunities for income generation
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Biodiesel• Has the highest BTU content of any
alternative fuel, comparable to diesel• Comes from vegetable oils that have
been transesterified to reduce their viscosity
• Can be used in diesel engines without modifying them
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Efficient Stoves• Most traditional cooking stoves
are about 10% efficient• Improved stoves have increased
efficiency of 20-25%
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The Kenyan Jiko
© source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse
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Problems with Efficient Stoves
• Specialized equipment• User behavior can influence
efficiency • Cultural acceptability
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Smoke Hoods
Courtesy of Practical Action. Used with permission.
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EC.701J / 11.025J / 11.472J D-Lab I: Development Fall 2009
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