biomass futures: food, fuel and the environment: the implications for land use in europe and beyond...
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BIOMASS FUTURES:Food, Fuel and the Environment: The implications for land use in Europe and beyondBen Allen and Hannah LeeInstitute for European Environmental Policy
EIE/08/ 653/ June 2009- December 2011
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Overview
• Finite nature of land• How land is used• Food production drivers• Biomass production drivers• Agriculture• Increased agricultural output• Land use consequences• Indirect Land Use Change• Conclusions• Ways forwards
2June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653
30/4/2010
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
The finite nature of landChanged, developed, eroded but rarely created
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The finite nature of land• Physical presence (total area of land)• Constrained use (accessible area of land)
– Economic– Topographical– Geo-political– Climatic– Environmental
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Land cover of the EU
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Simple land use map
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Forest
AgriculturalCrop
AgriculturalCrop
AgriculturalPasture
Forest
UrbanUrban
Sem
i-n
atu
ral
Mar
gina
l/Id
le
Mar
gina
l/Id
le
Water
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Simple land use map
• Increased Urbanisation
• Increased forest cover
• Maintained agricultural area
• Decreased semi-natural
• Increased use of marginal/idle land
• Decreased space for ecosystem services
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Forest
AgriculturalCrop
AgriculturalPasture
ForestSem
i-n
atu
ral
AgriculturalCrop
UrbanUrban
Water
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Simple land use map
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Forest
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• Increased Urbanisation
• Increased forest cover
• Maintained agricultural area
• Decreased semi-natural
• Increased use of marginal/idle land
• Decreased space for ecosystem services
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Future food production drivers 2010 - 2050• Population increase to 9bn• Changing diets (more meat & cereals)• > 1/3 of world grain fed to livestock (70% in some countries)• Food production demands up 50%+
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• Better supply chains, reduced waste, still need increased production.
• EU’s role?
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Bioenergy production drivers 2010 - 2020•2009/28/EC (RED)•↑ renewable transport fuels 10% (soya/rape/maize = 92%)•↑ renewable energy 20% (2-3x ↑ from agriculture and forestry)
Biomass contribution•Transport - 23Mtoe (increase of 16.6Mtoe)•Energy - 150Mtoe 2010 to ~230Mtoe 2020
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Agriculture
1961 – 2007 • Global population increased 110%• Global agricultural area increased 11%
– Industrial countries – 3%– Developing countries + 21%
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1990 – 2010 EU• EU agricultural area (+/- 3%)• EU crop yields increased by 29%
Source: OECD Agricultural Outlook 2010 – 2019)
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Industrialised countries• Knowledge, Science & Technology• Increased yields
Developing countries• Expanded agricultural area• Some increase in mechanisation
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Increased agricultural output
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Crop \ Countries EU Least Developed CountriesCereals 5,052 1,463Coarse Grains 4,780 1,040Primary Oil crops 872 248Pulses 2,250 654
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More food, more fuel: what can we do in ten years?
Increased yields• New crop varieties > 10years• Inputs more costly• Climatic variation• Resource constraints (water, phosphate, land, labour)
Increased area• Net Land Balances suggest area is available 1.56bn ha (1.4bn
ha currently)• Land largely outside the EU and in low production areas• Competing land uses (urbanisation, forestry)
June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Increased agricultural output
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Land use consequencesShort to medium term (to 2020)•Questions over available land or how to produce•Technologies such as GM are not online yet•Intensification/precision more likely•Expansion of area definite
Medium to long term (2020+)•New technologies/varieties may come online•Many still likely to be reliant on inputs•Yield requirements mean probable need for expansion of area for production to become sustainable but from where?•Increased food and fuel efficiency EU•Currently the largest importer of biofuels, and second largest importer of food, small area of available land.
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Land use consequences
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Forest
AgriculturalCrop
AgriculturalPasture
ForestSem
i-n
atu
ral
AgriculturalCrop
UrbanUrban
Water
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Global footprint
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Forest
AgriculturalCrop
AgriculturalPasture
ForestSem
i-n
atu
ral
AgriculturalCrop
UrbanUrban
Water
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
The ILUC debate• Highly likely to see direct and indirect land use changes
from food and biofuel demands• ILUC not just from biofuels
In the biofuel context• Modeling exercises indicate: emissions may be substantial. • Large uncertainty across studies• IEEP study (NREAPs and model studies) shows biofuels
performing substantially worse than fossil fuels in terms of GHG emissions.
• NREAPs: MS rely to a large extent on first-generation biofuels further adding to the pressure on land
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Conclusions
• EU focused policies, global impact• Land is finite and faces increasing demands• Up to 2020, demands for food and fuel are
unlikely to be met through technology and yields. Expansion of area is likely
• Land use consequences are inevitable and felt strongest on low economic value land
• Land Use Change is not just a biofuels debate
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Ways forwards
• Increased efficiency in food and fuel supply and investigate the potential of advanced, waste-based biofuels
• Join together thinking on sustainable land based production for food, fuel, and the environment
• Expand thinking across other land uses to truly understand the global impacts and solutions to managing and using land for an increasing population.
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June 2009- December 2011- EIE/08/653 30/4/2010
Thank you
www.ieep.eu
IEEP is an independent not for profit institute dedicated to advancing an environmentally sustainable Europe through
policy analysis, development and dissemination.
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