biomass gasification to heat,. electricity and biofuels 2011 - highbio

8/6/2019 Biomass Gasification to Heat,. Electricity and Biofuels 2011 - HighBio

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MBIHDVV CDVBNBFD[BIJ [I AGD[,GLGF[]BFB[R DJK MBINWGLV

AbcaMbi Uriogft Uumlbfdtbij

Gkbtgk my Wlld Ldssb djk Mikbl Sb`hdj

Wjbvgrsbty in Oyvs`yl@i``ild Wjbvgrsbty Fijsirtbuh Faykgjbus

@i``ild =544


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Ldyiut? Ubvb ^uirbiFivgr paiti? Rro Hublu

BVMJ 231-274-62-;64>-7 (pm`)BVMJ 231-274-62-;643-= (pkn)

Nirsmgrc ]da`ildUbgtdrsddrb =544


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6

U

]gjgwdmlg gjgrcy djk tag usg in mbihdss bj gjgrcy prikuftbij prihitgssustdbjdmlg kgvgliphgjt djk kgfrgdsgs tag usg in nissbl nugls. Mbihdss, g.c.wiik fabps fdj mg usgk bj tag prikuftbij in agdt djk glgftrbfbty, ds wgllds mgbjc usgk ds d mbinugl fihpijgjt djk jivgl prikuft nir tag faghbfdlbjkustry. Gfbgjt utblbsdtbij in mbihdss rgqubrgs d abca lgvgl in jiwlgkcgdjk tag kgvgliphgjt in jgw prifgssgs ti frgdtg d jgw wdy in tabj`bjc. Bjtabs prifgss, bjtgrjdtbijdl fi-ipgrdtbij pldys d sbcjbfdjt rilg.

[ag dbh in tag AbcaMbi priogft wds ti prikufg jgw bjnirhdtbij ijmbihdss cdsbfdtbij djk tag utblbsdtbij ippirtujbtbgs in prikuft cds

bj mbinugl djk mbifaghbfdls prikuftbij. [ag priogft wds dlsi dbhgk dtstukybjc utblbsdtbij pripgrtbgs in mbicdsbfdtbij dsags bj kbstrbmutgkgjgrcy prikuftbij. Vhdll-sfdlgk FAU pldjts fdj mg usgk nir sbhultdjgiusagdt djk piwgr prikuftbij my cdsbnybjc wiik fabps djk my murjbjcgjgrcy bjtgjsbvg prikuft cds. Fihpdrgk wbta tagrhdl fihmustbij,pdrtbfuldtg ghbssbijs nrih cdsbfdtbij drg liwgr, wabfa dlsi fijtrbmutgsti tag GWs gvgr tbcatgjbjc ghbssbij lgcbsldtbij. Vgvgrdl shdll djk hbkklgsfdlg fihpdjbgs bj tag Jirtagrj pdrt in Nbjldjk djk Vwgkgj advg wir`gkwbta mbihdss cdsbfdtbij, djk kurbjc tag priogft, tag mbrta in jgw ijgs ads

mggj sggj. Bj tabs kgvgliphgjt stdcg, rgsgdrfagrs in tag AbcaMbi priogft

advg dlsi mggj strijcly bjvilvgk.Bjfrgdsgk usg in rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy ipgjs up jgw pissbmblbtbgs nir

gjtrgprgjgursabp djk tag mbrta in jgw fihpdjbgs, gspgfbdlly bj rurdldrgds. Bj irkgr ti gjdmlg tagsg ippirtujbtbgs, wg jggk rgsgdrfa kdtdnrih tag ujbvgrsbtbgs, jivgl bjjivdtbijs, djk gspgfbdlly tagbr suffgssnulfihhgrfbdlbsdtbij. [ag AbcaMbi priogft ads dlsi fijtrbmutgk ti tdf`lbjctaisg fadllgjcgs my drrdjcbjc rgsgdrfa sghbjdrs djk hggtbjcs ti fihpdjbgsdjk itagr bjtgrgst criups, ds wgll ds my gstdmlbsabjc rgsgdrfa dftbvbtbgsdjk filldmirdtbijs. ]gcbijdl filldmirdtbij fihmbjgk wbta jdtbijdl djkbjtgrjdtbijdl rgsgdrfa jgtwir`s ads hdkg d strijc mdsbs nir tabs dftbvbty.


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;

ABCAMBI U]IOGF[ UWMLBFD[BIJ

Nbjdlly, wg wiulk lb`g ti gxprgss iur kggpgst crdtbtukg ti dll in yiuwai advg pdrtbfbpdtgk bj tag AbcaMbi priogft0 rgsgdrfagrs, fihpdjbgsdjk itagr bjtgrgst criups, jdjfbgrs djk dftbvg pdrtbfbpdjts bj iursghbjdrs djk hggtbjcs. Riu advg hdkg tabs priogft vgry bjtgrgstbjcdjk fadllgjcbjc, mut hist bhpirtdjtly advbjc hdkg tag priogft advgd sbcjbfdjt ggft upij iur sifbgty.

@i``ild, 4=ta in Hdy, =544

Wlld Ldssb Mikbl Sb`hdjUringssir, Dpplbgk Faghbstry Uriogft fiirkbjdtirLgdkgr in AbcaMbi priogft

Sbtabj tag AbcaMbi priogft sghbjdrs djk stuky tiurs advg mggj drrdjcgk mykbgrgjt pdrtjgrs. [ag pbfturg prgsgjts tag Nbjjbsa AbcaMbi kglgcdtbij vbsbtbjcVhurt @dppd `rdlbjgr djk mbigjgrcy prikuftbij sbtg bj Ubtg, Vwgkgj wbtabjtag nrdhgwir` nir d priogft sghbjdr bj Hdy =545.


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7

F

KGFGJ[]DLBVGK GJG]CR U]IKWF[BIJ

Kgfgjtrdlbsgk Gjgrcy Urikuftbij 2Wln-Ugtgr Crdj

MBIHDVV CDVBNBFD[BIJG[F-AbcaMbi Fijtrbmutbijs 42Hdcjus Hdr`lujk djk Iliv arhdj

Fgjtrbd Kiwjkrd Mbihdss Cdsbgr nir Vhdll Vfdlg 64FAU UrikuftbijRro Hublu djk @drb Ubgjbjbghb

Cdsbfdtbij djk Djdlysbs in tag Urikuft Cds ;4@drb Ubgjbjbghb djk Rro Hublu

Nuturg in Cdsbfdtbij [gfajilicy 75Ou``d @ijbjgj

Cdsbfdtbij [gfajilicy nrih d Wsgrs Ugrspgftbvg 76

Ugjb Gtglh`b

MBINWGLV DJK W[BLBVD[BIJ IN VRJ[AGVBV CDV

Mbinugls in tag Nuturg 72@brsb Udrtdjgj djk Wlld Ldssb

Vyjcds bjti Jgw Faghbfdl Urikufts djk Jgw Dpplbfdtbijs >1Agjrb` ]ihdr, Ug``d [yjol djk ]bb``d Ldatb


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>


W[BLBVD[BIJ IN CDVBNBFD[BIJ MR-U]IKWF[V

Faghbfdl Vtukbgs nir Wtblbsdtbij in Mbidsags 14Vdrb @blpbhdd, [ibvi @ui``djgj djk Wlld Ldssb

[GFAJI-GFIJIHBFDL G^DLWD[BIJ

Vhdll-sfdlg Mbihdss Mdsgk Fihmbjgk Agdt djk Uiwgr 24Urikuftbij Gfijihbf Fijkbtbijs

Oid`bh Lujkcrgj

AbcaMbi Uriogft Bjni 21

Uumlbfdtbijs djk ]gpirts ]gldtgk ti tag AbcaMbi Uriogft 454

Nbjdjfbgrs 45;


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KGFGJ[]DLBVGK

GJG]CR U]IKWF[BIJ


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10/106

2

K G U

Wln-Ugtgr Crdj

Bj tgrhs in jdtbijdl gjgrcy prikuftbij, bt bs bhpirtdjt bj tag nuturg tadtshdll-sfdlg kgfgjtrdlbsgk silutbijs fihg flisgr ti tag rdw hdtgrbdls djkfijsuhgrs. Wjnirtujdtgly, bj Nbjldjk mbc fihpdjbgs drg stbll hd`bjcusg in tagbr rgsiurfgs ti adhpgr shdll-sfdlg lifdl silutbijs. Aipgnully,fihhij sgjsg wbll prgvdbl djk kgfgjtrdlbsgk gjgrcy prikuftbij fdj mgkgvglipgk bj shdll ujbts. Bj pdrtbfuldr, shdll-sfdlg FAU ujbts (fihmbjgkagdt djk piwgr) fdj fijtrbmutg ti tag kgvgliphgjt in sustdbjdmlg gjgrcyprikuftbij.

K FAU-

Nbjldjk djk Vwgkgj pissgss ldrcg dhiujts in ujusgk mbihdss rgsiurfgs bjtag nirh in nirgsts. [agsg rgsiurfgs fiulk mg gxplibtgk bj tag prikuftbij inglgftrbfbty djk agdt. Bj dkkbtbij, tagy igr rdw hdtgrbdls nir tag prikuftbijin trdjspirtdtbij nugls djk faghbfdls. Kug ti rdpbk pricrgss bj tgfajbfdlkgvgliphgjt, tag rgsgdrfa bs climdlly nifusgk ij tag sbhplg djk rimust

silutbijs nir tag rgjbjc prifgssgs.Vhdll-sfdlg silutbijs wbta rgcdrks ti tag rgjbjc in mbihdss nir

fijsuhgrs bj d jgdrmy rgcbij ki jit advg tag kgsbrdmlg rgsiurfgs rgqubrgknir kgvgliphgjt. [ag jdjfbdl suppirt nrih jdtbijdl djk GW siurfgs innujkbjc drg igj dwdrkgk ti tag mbc dftirs kug ti tagbr mggr vbsbmblbty.[ag dutairbtbgs djk kgfbsbij-hd`grs advg jit mggj bjtgrgstgk ir advg jitadk tag fihpgtgjfg ti sgg tag fijsbkgrdmlg pitgjtbdl in shdll-sfdlg gjgrcyprikuftbij, sufa ds tagrhdl piwgr prikuftbij.


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45


NBCW]G 4. Kgfgjtrdlbsgk gjgrcy prikuftbij.

V ]

[ag sfaghg bllustrdtgk mgliw kgsfrbmgs bj cgjgrdl tag rgjbjc in mbihdss-mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdls.

Mbihdss-mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdl fdj irbcbjdtg nrih nirgst, dcrbfulturg,hdjurg ir dcrbfulturdl wdstg, hujbfbpdl wdstg, ir wdstgs nrih tag prifgssbjkustry.


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44


NBCW]G=. Urifgssbjc in mbihdtgrbdls.

FAU

Kgfgjtrdlbsgk FAU ujbts nir agdt djk glgftrbfbty fdj mg fihprbsgk myhdjy kbgrgjt wdys kgpgjkbjc ldrcgly ij tag viluhg in tag glgftrbfbty ti

mg cgjgrdtgk. Dj bhpirtdjt ndftir bs tag fist in glgftrbfbty ir dj glgftrbfbtysumsbky.

Gxdhplgs in kbgrgjt typgs in ujbts?Kbrgft fihmustbij in wiik fabps/pgllgts + Vtbrlbjc gjcbjgKbrgft fihmustbij in wiik fabps/pgllgts + Ircdjbf ]dj`bjg Fyflg(I]F)Kbrgft fihmustbij in wiik fabps/pgllgts + Vhdll stgdh turmbjg

Cdsbfdtbij + Kbrgft fihmustbij + Cds gjcbjg ir hbfri turmbjgCdsbfdtbij + Kbrgft fihmustbij + I]FCdsbfdtbij + Cds gjcbjg (pbstij gjcbjg)Cdsbfdtbij + Hbfri turmbjgMbicds + Cds gjcbjgMbicds + Hbfri turmbjgFihmbjdtbij in mbi-syjcds djk mbicds + Cds gjcbjg ir hbfriturmbjg


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4=


NBCW]G 6. Mbi-mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdls nir prifgssbjc.

NBCW]G ;. Nirgst mbihdss nir cdsbfdtbij.


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46


M

Nirgst djk dcrbfulturdl mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdls nir crggj gjgrcy fdj irbcbjdtgnrih sgvgrdl kbgrgjt rgsiurfgs, ds kgsfrbmgk mgliw?Bj cgjgrdl, mbihdss nrih nirgstfijtdbjs?

Nugl wiik , kbgrgjt sbzg wiik nrih nirgst flgdrdjfg djktabjjbjcLiccbjc rgsbkugs , mrdjfags djk tips nrih d liccbjc drgdGjgrcy nirgst , ir sairt ritdtbij nirgstry, g.c fultbvdtbij in kiwjy

mbrfaGjgrcy pldjtsfultbvdtgk bj glks

]ggk fdjdry crdss, aghp (mrg aghp nir mbihdss), glgpadjt crdssgtf.

Sblliw, mrblg wblliw, fultbvdtgk hdbjly bj glks0 bs dj bjtgrhgkbdtg nirh in gjgrcy nirgstNrih dcrbfulturg

strdw, crdss djk itagr pldjts fultbvdtgk nir mbicds prikuftbijSgt mbihdss

Hdjurg djk mbi wdstg, sufa ds spiblgk sbldcg bj mdlgs ir nrih sbliIbl pldjts

[urjbp rdpg, iblsggk rdpg, sujiwgr, hustdrk, dx gtf. ybglk mbi-ibls, wabfa fdj mg fijvgrtgk ti mbikbgsgl my tag gstgrbfdtbijprifgss

C B

[ag fijfgpt in shdll-sfdlg kgfgjtrdlbsgk rgjbjc in mbihdss ads tagpitgjtbdl ti gxabmbt d `gy rilg bj tag rgcbijdl gjvbrijhgjtdl tabj`bjc. [agstuky in jivgl tgfajilicbgs subtdmlg nir kgfgjtrdlbsgk rgjbjc prifgssgsgjdmlgs tag rgjbjc in tag mbihdss-mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdl nir fustihgrsdjk fijsuhgrs bj lifdl djk jgbcamiurbjc drgds. D criwbjc bjtgrgst

nir tag bjtgcrdtbij in kbgrgjt rgjbjc prifgssgs gxbsts, ti bjfrgdsg tagfijsilbkdtbij djk frgdtg pisbtbvg syjgrcy ggfts.

C

Cdsbfdtbij in mbihdss prikufgs usgnul prikuft cds wabfa bs dj bjtgrgstbjccdsgius rgsiurfg. Bt fdj mg utblbsgk ds d nugl bj kbrgft fihmustbij ir ds drdw hdtgrbdl nir nurtagr prifgssbjc. Dhijcst dll tag dvdbldmlg cdsbfdtbijiptbijs bj tgrhs in prikuftbij in nugls djk faghbfdls, nirgst-mdsgk


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4;


mbihdssgs ds rdw hdtgrbdls bs tag hist bjtgrgstbjc. Vyjtagsbs cds (syjcds)ir prikuft cds fdj mg usgk bj nurtagr prifgssbjc dgr purbfdtbij djkfijkbtbijbjc.

Dpplbfdtbij drgds bjflukg?Kbrgft fihmustbij nir agdt prikuftbijKbrgft fihmustbij bj FAU ujbt nir agdt djk glgftrbfbtyprikuftbijCds nugl nir glgftrbfbty prikuftbij FAU wbta?

pbstij gjcbjg/cds gjcbjgcds turmbjgnugl fgll (bj tag nuturg)

Urifgssbjc djk upcrdkbjc ti

trdjspirtdtbij nugls faghbfdls

B

Fiirkbjdtbij in dftbvbtbgs mgtwggj ipgrdtirs in agdtbjc ujbts bj tag rgcbijfdj mg pgrnirhgk bj kbgrgjt wdys djk gvilvg ivgr tbhg. [agrgnirg bt bsdlrgdky bhpirtdjt bj tag pldjjbjc padsg ti try ti lifdtg ujbts si tadt nuturgpldjs fdj mg bhplghgjtgk gdsbly. [abs bjflukgs subtdmlg ldjk drgd, licbstbfsds wgll ds fdmlgs djk pbpg lbjgs nir glgftrbfdl djk tagrhdl fijjgftbijsrgspgftbvgly.

Vihg gxdhplgs in tag pissbmlg dftbvbtbgs nir bjtgcrdtbij bjflukg?Krybjc in tag wiik fabpsFAU ujbtGjgrcy tgrhbjdls, wbta bjtgcrdtgk trgdthgjt in mbihdss rdwhdtgrbdl djk prifgssgk hdtgrbdlCdsbfdtbij in mbihdss

Vildr gjgrcy Cgi gjgrcyHdjundfturbjc in pgllgtsUrikuftbij in mbicds nrih ndrhsUrikuftbij in mbicds nrih jgdrmy fihhujbtbgsUrifgssbjc in rdw hdtgrbdls nir tag prikuftbij in trdjspirtdtbijnugls

Dftbvbtbgs kgpgjk prbhdrbly ij lifdl kgvgliphgjt djk bjtgrgsts.


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47


NBCW]G 7. Lifdl djk bjtgcrdtgk gjgrcy prikuftbij.

Igj bjtgcrdtbij gvilvgs crdkudlly, djk bs kgpgjkgjt ij wadt stdcg tagpbgfgs tadt drg usgk bj tag kgvgliphgjt in lifdl dftbvbtbgs wbll mg bjtrikufgk.

[ag prbirbty bs hdbjly kug ti, nir gxdhplg, jggks djk kghdjks in tag lifdlgjgrcy fiipgrdtbij djk jgbcamiurbjc drgd.

C

My d faghbfdl rgjbjc in syjcds ir prikuft cds bt bs pissbmlg ti prikufgd vdrbgty in rdw hdtgrbdls djk prikufts. [ag crgdtgst gxpgftdtbijs drgdssifbdtgk ti tag trdjspirtdtbij nugls ds d rgpldfghgjt nir nissbl nugls. [abs

bs mgjgfbdl nir tag utblbsdtbij in nirgst-mdsgk mbihdss ds d rdw hdtgrbdlsbjfg bt kigs jit fihpgtg wbta niik prikuftbij.[ariuca tag kgvgliphgjt in crggj faghbstry bt bs pissbmlg ti rgkufg tag

kgpgjkgjfg in ibl prikufts. Bj dkkbtbij, ds lifdl rgsiurfgs drg gxplibtgkhirg gfbgjtly bt fdj ijly bhprivg tag ghpliyhgjt djk sgln-sufbgjfybj tag rgcbij.


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4>


V

D ciik dltgrjdtbvg bs ti lifdtg cdsbfdtbij djk rgjbjc ujbts flisg ti dFAU pldjt, wabfa dlliws tag gfbgjt utblbsdtbij in agdt djk kbstrbmutbij inprikuft cds imtdbjgk nrih tag cdsbfdtbij prifgss. Bt gjsurgs tadt prikuftcds in liw qudlbty djk agdt fdj mg gxplibtgk bj d FAU ujbt djk kbstrbftagdtbjc jgtwir` rgspgftbvgly.

Bt bs dppriprbdtg nir shdllgr cdsbfdtbij ujbts mdsgk ij mbihdsscdsbfdtbij ti fihmbjg wbta lifdl FAU pldjts, gspgfbdlly bn tag cdsbgrs,tadt fdj usg hibst ir kry mbihdss ti prikufg prikuft cds nrgg in tdrpdrtbflgs, drg dvdbldmlg. Bj irkgr ti prikufg prikuft cds gfijihbfdlly, d

FAU ujbt, wabfa rgqubrgs tag krybjc in nugls djk gfbgjt purbfdtbij intdrs, hust mg ldrcg gjiuca.

Kgfgjtrdlbsgk gjgrcy prikuftbij dlrgdky igrs fijsbkgrdmlg pitgjtbdl tiutblbsg lifdl mbigjgrcy rgsiurfgs tariuca shdll-sfdlg rgjbjc, prihitbjcd sustdbjdmlg kgvgliphgjt.

NBCW]G >. Crggj faghbstry - pitgjtbdl in cdsbfdtbij in mbihdssd.


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MBIHDVV

CDVBNBFD[BIJ


19/106


20/106

42

G[F-AM F

Hdcjus Hdr`lujk djk Iliv arhdjG[F, Ubtg, Vwgkgj

U-

Dj bjfrgdsg bj tag usg in mbihdss mdsgk gjgrcy rgsiurfgs, mita jdtbijdllydjk climdlly, wbll aglp ti rgkufg tag kghdjk in nissbl nugls djk lbhbtlijc-tgrh crggjaiusg ggfts. Mgsbkgs tag cgjgrdtbij in glgftrbfbty djkagdt, mbihdss fdj gfbgjtly mg fijvgrtgk bjti vdludmlg hdtgrbdls, sufa dsfaghbfdls djk mbinugls tariuca si-fdllgk mbirgjgry fijfgpts. Hdtgrbdl

iw in tag djjudl liccbjc in mbihdss bj Vwgkgj, wagrg dmiut ;7% bs bjtag nirh in liccbjc rgsbkugs (gqubvdlgjt ti dpprixbhdtgly 35 [Sa), bsprgsgjtgk bj Nbcurg 4.

Gjgrcy [gfajilicy Fgjtrg bj Ubtg (G[F, Ubtg, Vwgkgj) bs furrgjtlywir`bjc ij d pblit priogft nir tag cdsbfdtbij in mbihdss wabfa ads dlsi

mggj d pdrt in tag AbcaMbi priogft. [ag priogft ads bjvilvgk tag kgsbcj,fijstruftbij djk fihhbssbijbjc in tag pblit pldjt, wabfa bs mdsgk ijUrgssurbsgk Gjtrdbjgk iw Mbihdss Cdsbfdtbij (UGMC) nir tag prikuftbijin syjtagsbs cds nrih wiik wdstg djk itagr mbihdss tadt tag bjkustryads ji usg nir. [ag tgfajilicy fijfgpt bs mdsgk ij abca tghpgrdturg (:4=55 F) cdsbfdtbij in piwkgrgk mbihdss bj d prgssurbsgk gjtrdbjgkkiwj iw cdsbgr wbta d liw prikuftbij in tdr djk itagr aykrifdrmijs.[ag kbsdkvdjtdcg in tabs fijfgpt bj fihpdrbsij wbta cdsbfdtbij dt liwtghpgrdturgs djk d lijc rgsbkgjfg tbhg bs tadt tag nugl hust mg criujk tid jg piwkgr (


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=5


Fijfgrjbjc tag sldccbjc bssug, [dmlg 4 saiws tag kbgrgjt ngdturgs wabfahd`g up tag trgg. Bt flgdrly saiws tadt tag pripirtbij in gxtrdftbvgs djkdsa bs abcagr bj tag jggklgs djk mdr` bj fihpdrbsij wbta irkbjdry wiik.[abs hgdjs tadt liccbjc rgsbkugs nrih nirgstry ads d abcagr fijtgjt ingxtrdftbvgs djk dsa fijtgjt kug ti bjfrgdsgk dhiujts in jggklgs djk mdr`tadt fihgs wbta tabs hdtgrbdl.

NBCW]G 4. Adrvgstgk djjudlly hdtgrbdl iw in mbihdss bj Vwgkgj bj =55;.


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=4

MBIHDVV CDVBNBFD[BIJ

[DMLG 4. Dpprixbhdtg pgrfgjtdcgs in fgllulisg, aghbfgllulisg,lbcjbj, gxtrdftbvg djk dsa bj Ubjg djk Vprufg.

Fgllulisg Aghb-

fgllulisg

Lbcjbj

Pwt-%X krymdsbs

Gxtrdftbvgs Dsa

Ubjg (dmiut 35 ygdrs)

Vtgh wiik ;4 =3 =1 6 4

Mdr`, bjjgr 6> => =2 ;.7 =

Mdr`, iutgr =7 =5 ;1 6.7 =

Mrdjfags 6= 6= 64 6.7 4

Siik jggklgs =2 =7 =1 46 7

Vprufg (dmiut 445 ygdrs)Vtgh wiik ;6 =3 =1 5.1 4

Mdr` 6> =5 6> 6.1 ;

Mrdjfags =2 65 63 4.3 =

Siik jggklgs =1 =7 67 >.4 7

[ag UGMC pldjt dt G[F wds bjducurdtgk ds tag B^DM cdsbgr dt tagVildjkgr Vyhpisbuh bj Jivghmgr =545 (sgg Nbcurg = nir d sbkg vbgw intag pldjt). [ag ndfblbty bs furrgjtly mgbjc fihhbssbijgk (Dprbl =544) wagrg

dll sumsystghs advg mggj systghdtbfdlly tgstgk, djk bjbtbdl fihmustbijtgsts advg mggj fdrrbgk iut.

NBCW]G =. UGMC pblit pldjt dt G[F (tbtlgkB^DM cdsbgr) wds put bjti ipgrdtbij bjDprbl =544.


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==


[ag bjbtbdl cdsbfdtbij gxpgrbhgjts wbll nifus ij dthispagrbf cdsbfdtbijin stgh wiik wbta d syjtagtbf dbr hbxturg ti gjsurg sdng ipgrdtbij. Nurtagrij, gxpgrbhgjtdl fdhpdbcjs wbll mg nifusgk ij prgssurbsgk fijkbtbijs djkwbta dj bjfrgdsgk ixycgj fijfgjtrdtbij nir vdrbius nugls (mdr`, stuhps

djk itagr wiik rgsbkugs). [ag pldjt bs kgsbcjgk nir d lidk djk prgssurg in4 HStadjk 45 mdrs rgspgftbvgly. [ag jihbjdl ipgrdtbij fijkbtbijs wbll mg755 `Stadt 7 mdr dmsilutg prgssurg.

N

Vupply in mbihdss bj piwkgrgk nirh fdj mg primlghdtbf kug ti tagmrius strufturg in tag mbihdss. Uiwkgr nrih mbihdss bs hdbjly bj tag

nirh in shdll fabps tadt tgjk ti stbf` ticgtagr djk nirh drfags djk mrbkcgswagj tag piwkgr bs trdjspirtgk. D rimust djk rglbdmlg nggkbjc systgh bsd jgfgssbty nir dll typgs in prifgssgs tadt adjklg piwkgrs nrih mbihdss,gspgfbdlly wagj mbihdss bs usgk nir fihmustbij djk cdsbfdtbij (g.c.bj UGMC prifgss). Bj tagsg dpplbfdtbijs, d stgdky djk stdmlg supply inpiwkgr bs rgqubrgk. [agrg drg d vdrbgty in pjguhdtbf piwkgr trdjspirtsystghs dvdbldmlg ij tag hdr`gt nir dthispagrbf prifgssgs, mut tagsgdrg jit subtdmlg nir prgssurbsgk fijkbtbijs kug ti tag ldrcg dhiujts intrdjspirt cds rgqubrgk. [ag hist subtdmlg piwkgr supply nir prgssurbsgkcdsbfdtbij bs d lif` aippgr mdsgk fijfgpt wbta kudl nugl stirdcg tdj`s

tadt fdj dltgrjdtg wbta llbjc djk nggkbjc ti hdbjtdbj d fijtbjuiusipgrdtbij. Nir tag UGMC pldjt, sufa d fijfgpt ads mggj fijstruftgk djkkghijstrdtgk wbta ciik pgrnirhdjfgs bj tag bjbtbdl tgsts.

[ag rst tgsts in tag nggkbjc systgh bj tag UGMC pldjt wgrg fdrrbgk iutwbta targg kbgrgjt nugls (d mdr` piwkgr djk twi stgh wiik piwkgrswbta kbgrgjt sbzg kbstrbmutbijs) ujkgr dthispagrbf fijkbtbijs. [ag nggkgrwds fdlbmrdtgk my tag usg in d sfdlg tadt fiulk lic tag rdtg in nugl piwkgr

mgbjc trdjspirtgk gvgry sgfijk. [ag lbjgdrbty in tag wgbcat bjfrgdsg bjpripirtbij ti tag nggkbjc rdtg fdj mg usgk ds d stdmblbty hgdsurg in tag

piwkgr nggkgr. Nurtagrhirg, bhpdft in nugl typg, sbzg kbstrbmutbij djkfaibfg in nugl ij tag stdmblbty wgrg dlsi gxdhbjgk. Nbcurg 6 saiws taglbjgdr rgldtbijsabp mgtwggj tag hgdsurgk nugl iw djk tag usgk nggkbjcrdtg nir d piwkgr irbcbjdtbjc nrih stghwiik.


24/106

=6


NBCW]G 6. ]gldtbij mgtwggj tag hgdsurgk iw in nggkstif` djk tag nggkbjcrdtg.

N U

Bj rgfgjt kgfdkgs, pgllgt hdjundfturbjc djk piwkgr fihmustbij adsstgdkbly bjfrgdsgk. Bj mita prifgssgs, d sbcjbfdjt bssug bs tag crbjkbjc in

mbinugls. [abs dlsi dpplbgs ti mbihdss cdsbfdtbij bj pldjts wagrg wiikpiwkgr bs usgk, g.c. bj d fyflijg cdsbgr ir gjtrdbjgk iw cdsbgr. [agrgqubrghgjts nir tag piwkgr, aiwgvgr, kbgr mgtwggj tagsg dpplbfdtbijs.Nir gxdhplg, pgllgt prikuftbij bs subtdmlg nir pdrtbflgs wbta d kbdhgtgr

up ti 6 hh wablst tabs sbzg hust mg rgkufgk ti lgss tadj 4 hh bj piwkgrfihmustbij djk cdsbfdtbij. Nurtagrhirg, djitagr rgqubrghgjt bs tadt dpirtbij in tag pdrtbflgs, dmiut 45% in tag piwkgr, saiulk mg lgss tadj 455hh. [abs bs dj bhpirtdjt rgqubrghgjt fijsbkgrbjc dhg stdmblbty.

[ag crbjkbjc in mbinugl bs d hirg fihplbfdtgk prifgss djk rgqubrgshirg gjgrcy tadj fidl crbjkbjc. [abs bs mgfdusg fidl bs hirg mrblg,djk tagrgnirg, hirg gdsy ti mrgd` kiwj. Urgvbius stukbgs advg saiwjtadt fidl crbjkbjc rgqubrgs 3-6> `Sa/t in gjgrcy, wabfa bs lgss tadj taggjgrcy rgpirtgk nir mbihdss (=5-=55 `Sa/t). [ag crbjkbjc in pgllgts nirpulvgrbsbjc jirhdlly rgqubrgs hist piwkgrs ti mg lgss tadj 4 hh, djk


25/106

=;


d fgrtdbj dhiujt mgliw 5.= hh. [dmlg = saiws d juhmgr in pgllgtbsbjcfihpdjbgs ipgrdtbjc bj Vwgkgj. Mbijirr kbstbjcubsags taghsglvgs wbta dabca gjgrcy fijsuhptbij in dmiut 3; `Sa / t. [abs bs kug ti tag ndft tadtMbijirr usgs d spgfbdl prifgss wagrg crbjkbjc td`gs pldfg mgnirg krybjc.

Jirhdlly, krybjc bs fdrrbgk iut mgnirg crbjkbjc djk ds d rgsult rgkufgstag kghdjk nir glgftrbfbty. ^dlugs prgsgjtgk bj [dmlg = drg pdrtly mdsgkij gstbhdtgs (g.c. crbjkbjc fdpdfbty djk gjcbjg gfbgjfy), djk tagrgnirg,rgsults prgsgjtgk drg jit fihpdrdmlg kbrgftly. Bt bs, djyaiw, rgdsijdmlg tidssuhg tadt tag dvgrdcg gjgrcy fijsuhptbij nir hbllbjc in mbihdss bs =7`Sa/t (hibsturg fijtgjt in mbihdss mgbjc 45-4=%).

Bt bs wbkgly `jiwj tadt gjgrcy fijsuhptbij bjfrgdsgs hdr`gkly wbtatag hibsturg fijtgjt in mbihdss. Mbijirr usgs dmiut targg tbhgs ds hufagjgrcy nir crbjkbjc fihpdrgk wbta tag hdxbhuh gjgrcy fijsuhptbij

dt djy itagr ndfblbtbgs. Mbijirr usgs rdw fabps wbta d hibsturg fijtgjt indmiut 75 % wagrgds itagr ndfblbtbgs crbjk krbgk wiik fabps ir sdwkustwbta d hibsturg fijtgjt in dmiut 4= %. Urgvbius gxpgrbgjfg ads saiwjtadt tag nilliwbjc ndftirs, bj dkkbtbij ti hibsturg, bhpdft tag gjgrcyfijsuhptbij bj crbjkbjc?

4. Vbgvg kgjsbty=. Vbgvg pldtg drgd6. Vtrufturg in tag hdtgrbdls

Djitagr prg-trgdthgjt tgfajilicy bs tirrgndftbij, wabfa bs d tagrhdlprgtrgdthgjt prifgss in mbihdss ti fijvgrt bt nrih aykripablbf ti

aykripaimbf hdtgrbdls. [ag prifgss td`gs pldfg dt =75-655 F bj dj bjgrtgjvbrijhgjt (nuhgs). Dt tagsg tghpgrdturgs kurbjc tag agdt trgdthgjt inkry wiik, tag fijjgftbjc strufturg mgtwggj tag fgllulisg, aghbfgllulisgdjk lbcjbj (wiikgj hdbj fihpijgjts) fadjcgs. Aghbfgllulisg bs tag lgdstagdt stdmlg fihpijgjt in wiik djk bs tag siurfg in hist in tag sumstdjfgsprikufgk my tirrgndftbij. [ag kgcrdkdtbij in aghbfgllulisg dlsi bjbtbdtgssihg strufturdl fadjcgs bj tag lbcjbj, tag fgllulisg, aiwgvgr bt bs jitsbcjbfdjtly dgftgk.

[dmlg 6 saiws d lbst in vdrbius rgngrgjfgs tadt rgpirt hdss djk gjgrcygxfadjcgs bj tirrgndftbij djk tag miujkdry fijkbtbijs tadt wgrg usgk bjtag trbdls. [dmlg 6 dlsi saiws tadt tag hdss gxfadjcg vdrbgs mgtwggj ;6 djk13 % kgpgjkbjc ij tag wiik typg, tghpgrdturg djk rgdftbij tbhg. Gjgrcyiutput dlsi pissgssgs wbkg vdrbdtbijs. [ag liwgst gjgrcy ybglk bs 75 %wablg tag abcagst bs dmiut 26 %. Aiwgvgr, tagrg drg sihg rgsults waisgvdlugs tadt drg gvgj abcagr tadj tagsg.


26/106

=7


[DMLG =. drbius hbllbjc tgfajbqugs usgk bj Vwgkgj.

Iwjgr Hdr` Vbgvg(hh)

Urikuf-tbij

(t/a)

Hitirggft

(`S)

Gjgrcy(`Sa/t)

[ypg inrdw hdtg-

rbdl

Hibsturgfijtgjt %

4. Clih-hgrs

]ussbdj(uj-`jiwj)

> 4,> =7 47,> Kry fabps 2-47

=. VFDMbijirr

DMM wbjktgrh

45 36> 36,> Crggjfabps

;7-77

6. Ldx Ugl-lgts

DjkrbtzVpriut

=,7 1 =55 =7,5 Ubjg /sprufgsfbp

45

;. LulgMbigjgrcb

Mualgr 6 (3-45) =;,3 Fabps 45-47

7. KgrihgMbigjgrcb

Mualgr ;-> 7 441 =;,5 Vdwkusts 4=

>. Ldjt-hjjgjsDcrigjgrcbDm

DjkrbtzVpriut

;-> 45 647 64,7 Urifgssgkfabps(hdx 47hh)

44

3. ^bkd Ugl-lgts

DjkrbtzVpriut

7 4> =55 4=,7 Fabps 4=

[DMLG 6. Hdss djk gjgrcy gxfadjcg nrih tirrgndftbij.

Hdtgrbdl Hdss gx-fadjcg (%)

Gjgrcyiutput (%)

Fdlirbf vdlug(HO/`c)

[ghp(iF)

]gdftbijtbhg (hbj)

Sagdt strdw 3=.5 33.5 =5.3

=35 65]ggk fdjdrycrdss

34.5 31.5 =5.1

Sblliw 15.5 1>.5 =4.3Sagdt strdw 77.4 >7.1 ==.>

=25 65]ggk fdjdrycrdss >4.= >2.5 =4.1

Sblliw 3=.5 32.= =4.2Sblliw 13.5 27.5 42.; =75 65Sblliw >3.5 32.5 =4.5 655 45Siik wdstg 7>.5 >7.5 ==.1

=3565

Siik wdstg 7;.5 >=.5 =6.5 >5Siik wdstg ;6.5 75.5 =6.4 25Mbrfa >1.2 11.6 =4.4

=15 4=5Ubjg 3=.4 2=.2 ==.6

Mdcdss >;.3 1=.1 42.1


27/106

=>


Siik pissgssgs targg hdbj fihpijgjts? fgllulisg, aghbfgllulisg djklbcjbj. [agsg targg sumstdjfgs drg pilyhgrs wbta wgd` faghbfdl miujks.Kurbjc tag agdt trgdthgjt in kry wiik dt tghpgrdturgs dmivg =55 F, tagstrufturg in tagsg faghbfdl mijks fadjcgs. [agrg drg dlsi kbgrgjfgs bj

aghbfgllulisgs mgtwggj si djk adrk wiik. Nir gxdhplg, aghbfgllulisgprgsgjt bj adrkwiik fijtdbjs 15-25 % xyldj, wablg siwiik fijtdbjs>5-35 % clufihdjjdj djk 47-65 % drdmbjicdldftdj. Qyldj bs hirg agdtsgjsbtbvg tadj tag itagr wiik fihpijgjts, djk tabs gxpldbjs tag abcagrhdss liss kurbjc tirrgndftbij in adrkwiik djk strdw.

U

[ag cdsbfdtbij in mbihdss prikufgs d syjtagsbs cds fijsbstbjc in A=,FI djk FI=. Bj dkkbtbij ti tagsg fihpijgjts, rdw syjtagsbs cds fdjfijtdbj shdll dhiujts in pillutdjts sufa ds A=V, FIV, hgrfdptdjs, agdvyaykrifdrmijs (tdr) djk pdrtbfuldtgs. Bt hdy dlsi fijtdbj trdfgs in adlbkgsdjk AFJ. Kgpgjkbjc ij tag dpplbfdtbij wagrg tag syjtagsbs cds bs ti mgusgk, kghdjks nir purbfdtbij kbgr. Bj cgjgrdl, bn syjtagsbs cds bs usgknir fdtdlytbf syjtagsbs in trdjspirtdtbij nugl bt rgqubrgs d abcagr lgvgl intrgdthgjt fihpdrgk bn tag cds bs usgk nir piwgr cgjgrdtbij. Hdjy kbgrgjtcds purbfdtbij tgfajilicbgs gxbst tikdy. [ag tgfajbqugs tadt fdj mg rglgvdjtnir purbfdtbij in syjtagsbs cds nrih d mbihdss cdsbgr drg ds nilliws?

Uaysbfdl djk faghbfdl sfrummgrs (dmsirptbij)Dksirptbij[agrhdl ir fdtdlytbf fijvgrsbijHghmrdjgs

D

Sagj d cds kbssilvgs bj d ubk dmsirptbij td`gs pldfg. [agrg drg twi typgs

in dmsirptbij, faghbfdl djk paysbfdl. Dj gxdhplg in faghbfdl dmsirptbijbs dhbjg wdsa tadt fdj mg usgk ti flgdj syjtagsbs cds nrih A=V djk FI=.[agrg drg hdjy kbgrgjt typgs in dhbjgs usgk. [ag cgjgrdl rgdftbijs tadttd`g pldfg drg?


28/106

=3

Dl`dlbjg silutbijs fdj dlsi mg usgk ti flgdj syjtagsbs cds. Igj tagsilutbijs drg Jd=FI6ir @=FI6dt pA 2-44. [ag rgdftbijs tadt td`g pldfgdrg?

Dj gxdhplg in purbfdtbij in A=V nrih syjtagsbs cds prikufgk nrihcdsbfdtbij in mldf` lbquir bs saiwj bj Nbcurg ;. [ag crdpa saiws tagdhiujt in A=V djk FI= tadt fdj mg rghivgk nrih tag syjtagsbs cds my

hgdjs in sairt-tgrh fijtdftirs fijtdbjbjc kblutg lbquir, wabfa bs d `bjkin dl`dlbjg wdsa. Bj tag gxpgrbhgjt 31 % in tag A=V wds rghivgk nrih tagsyjtagsbs cds wbta targg sairt tgrh fijtdftirs.

NBCW]G ;. [rgdthgjt in A=V usbjc kblutgk lbquir dt 75 F.

Gxdhplgs in fihhgrfbdl prifgssgs tadt usg dl`dlbjg silutbijs bjflukgMgjglk, Fdtdfdrm, Nlgxsirm, Cbdhhdrfi-^gtrifi`g, Vgdmirk, ^dfuuhFdrmijdtg, dfdsuln djk Dl`dfbk gtf.

Sagj ldrcg dhiujts in bhpurbtbgs advg ti mg rghivgk nrih tag cdspadsg, d jdturdl dmsirptbij hbcat mg hirg dppriprbdtg. Nir gxdhplg,ircdjbf silvgjts sufa ds hgtadjil drg usgk ti dmsirm bhpurbtbgs.Nurtagrhirg, purbgk syjtagsbs cds ds wgll ds flgdj cds strgdhs fijsbstbjc



29/106

=1


in g.c. A=V djk FI=, drg rgdkbly dvdbldmlg nrih tag pldjt. Gxdhplgs infihhgrfbdl tgfajilicbgs drg Vglgxil, Vgpdsilv, Uurbsil djk ]gftbsil.

Vuljil djk Dhbsil drg twi kbgrgjt prifgssgs bj wabfa mita faghbfdldjk paysbfdl dmsirptbij td`gs pldfg. [ag paysbfdl dmsirptbij bs usgk ti

rghivg hist in tag bhpurbtbgs djk tag faghbfdls ti purbny tag jdl fijtgjt.Bj sufa Dhbsil prifgssgs hgtadjil bs usgk nir paysbfdl dmsirptbij djkdl`yl dhbjg ds d faghbfdl silvgjt.

D

Dksirptbij usudlly td`gs pldfg dt liw tghpgrdturg, djk fdj gbtagr mgpaysbfdl ir faghbfdl bj jdturg. [ag dksirptbij in d cds miujks ti tag

surndfg in d hdtgrbdl wbta abca surndfg drgd g.c. 755 h=

/c. Gxdhplgs inhdtgrbdls usgk bj dksirptbij drg dftbvdtgk fdrmij ir zgilbtgs. Dftbvdtgkfdrmij bs usgk ti dksirm agdvbgr aykrifdrmijs nrih d cds strgdh wablstzgilbtgs fdj mg usgk ti rghivg FI=nrih tag syjtagsbs cds. ]gcgjgrdtbijin dksirmgjts fdj mg dfabgvgk my agdtbjc ir usbjc prgssurg. Nir gxdhplg,_jI fdj mg usgk ti rghivg A=V nrih d cds strgdh sbjfg A=V rgdfts wbta_jI ti nirh _jV dt glgvdtgk tghpgrdturgs. Aiwgvgr, _jV bs kbfult tirgcgjgrdtg. Nir tabs rgdsij bt bs usgk ijly ti rghivg shdll dhiujts inpillutdjts mgnirg tag cds bs bjogftgk bjti tag fdtdlysts nir tag prikuftbij intrdjspirtdtbij nugls.

[

Fijtdhbjdjts fdj dlsi mg rghivgk vbd tagrhdl ir fdtdlytbf fijvgrsbij.Ikiurs djk vildtblg ircdjbf bhpurbtbgs fdj mg ixbkbsgk tagrhdlly wablstvbd fdtdlytbf fijvgrsbijs, bhpurbtbgs drg rghivgk dt liwgr tghpgrdturgs.

HHirg rgfgjtly, hghmrdjgs advg mggj usgk bj cds purbfdtbij. D zgilbtghghmrdjg ir pilyhgr glgftrilytg hghmrdjg bs usgk ti sglgftbvgly sgpdrdtgiut d pdrtbfuldr fihpijgjt bjti d cds strgdh. G[F bj Ubtg, Vwgkgj, adssuffgssnully tgstgk FI=sglgftbvg zgilbtg hghmrdjgs dt abca prgssurg. [aghghmrdjgs advg crgdt pitgjtbdl ti mg usgk bj mbinugl prikuftbij mgfdusgtag syjtagsbs cds nrih d mbihdss cdsbgr jggks ti mg purbgk nrih FI =.


30/106

=2

NMBIHDVV CDVBNBFD[BIJ

V

Vgvgrdl rgsgdrfa priogfts drg ujkgrwdy bj tabs drgd. Bj tag MbiKHG priogft,furrgjtly pgrnirhgk dt G[F bj Ubtg, KHG bs prikufgk ij d pblit sfdlg (;tijs/kdy) nrih syjtagsbs cds tadt bs prikufgk nrih cdsbfdtbij in mldf`lbquir, wabfa fiulk dlsi gdsbly mg nurtagr fijvgrtgk bjti cdsilbjg. Vbhbldrly,kbgsgl fdj mg prikufgk nrih syjtagsbs cds. Bj Nbjldjk tagrg drg ij-cibjcrgsgdrfa djk kgvgliphgjt dftbvbtbgs driujk tabs prifgss. Vyjtagsbs cds adsnir d lijc tbhg mggj fijvgrtgk bjti hdjy kbgrgjt prikufts. Nir mbihdsscdsbfdtbij, bt bs bhpirtdjt tadt tag nirhgk syjtagsbs cds fdj mg purbgkti d subtdmlg qudlbty nir gxbstbjc tgfajilicbgs. Bj dkkbtbij, tagrg saiulk

mg riih nir bjjivdtbijs bj cds flgdjbjc djk fdtdlytbf syjtagsbs in fustihsyjtagsbs cds nrih mbihdss cdsbfdtbij, sufa ds zgilbtg hghmrdjgs nir tag

purbfdtbij in syjtagsbs cds.G[F ads d mgjfa sfdlg pldjt nir tag fdtdlytbf syjtagsbs in hgtadjil djkKHG. Kurbjc =545, tag rst syjtagsbs in hgtadjil wds dfabgvgk nrihsyjtagsbs cds vbd mldf` lbquir cdsbfdtbij. [ag cds nrih tag mldf` lbquircdsbgr wds purbgk rst nrih mgjzgjg wbta d fdrmij ltgr (dksirptbij)djk tagj nrih sulpaur fihpijgjts wbta d ldygr in zbjf ixbkg. [ag flgdj cdswds tagj bjtrikufgk bjti d fdtdlytbf rgdftir wagrg tag cds wds fijvgrtgkbjti hgtadjil. Nbcurg ; saiws tag pldjt usgk nir hgtadjil syjtagsbs.[itdlly, dpprixbhdtgly 5.> kh6in lbqubk mbi-hgtadjil wds prikufgk, sggNbcurg >.


31/106

65


NBCW]G 7. Uldjt usgk nir tag fdtdlytbf syjtagsbs in hgtadjil nrih syjcds. [agpldjt bjflukgs tag rgdftir wbta tag dkkbtbij in fdrmij, zbjf ixbkgdjk d fdtdlyst.

NBCW]G >. Hgtadjil bs krdbjgk nrih tag ndfblbty, hdkg nrih cdsbgk mldf`lbquir.


32/106

64

F K M C V V FAU U

Rro Hublu & @drb UbgjbjbghbFgjtrdl Istrimitajbd Wjbvgrsbty in Dpplbgk Vfbgjfgs

FGJ[]BD ]&K, Rlbvbgs`d, Nbjldjk

Kurbjc tag pdst ngw ygdrs, cdsbfdtbij in mbihdss ads mgfihg d pipuldrtipbf in bjkustrbdl djk sfbgjtbf bjtgrgst. Urikuft cds ir syjtagsbs cds, ds drgsult in mbihdss cdsbfdtbij, fdj mg usgk bj shdll-sfdlg FAU (fihmbjgkagdt djk piwgr) ujbts nir agdt djk piwgr (glgftrbfbty) prikuftbij.Hirgivgr, tag prikuft cds fdj dlsi mg usgk bj prikuftbij in mbinugls djkfaghbfdls. Vhdll-sfdlg FAU fdj mg kgjgk ds fihmbjgk agdt djk piwgrcgjgrdtbij systghs wbta glgftrbfdl piwgr lgss tadj 455 `S. Hbfri-sfdlgFAU bs dlsi igj usgk ti kgjitg shdll-sfdlg FAU systghs wbta dj glgftrbffdpdfbty shdllgr tadj 47 `Sg (Kijc L. =552).

[ag Fgjtrbd kiwjkrd cdsbgr stukbgk bj tag AbcaMbi rgsgdrfa priogft,ds saiwj bj Nbcurg 4, bs mdsgk ij pdtgjtgk G@ cdsbgr tgfajilicy. [agrhdldjk glgftrbfdl iutput piwgr in tag Fgjtrbd rgsgdrfa cdsbgr bs 455 Stadjk75 `Sgrgspgftbvgly.

[ag Fgjtrbd kiwjkrd cdsbgrfijsbsts in d nggkbjc systgh nir wiikfabps, dbr prg-agdtgr djk supply, cdsbgr wbta dsa rghivdl djk d cds flgdjbjc

systgh (Nbcurg 4). Fgjtrbd rgsgdrfa cdsbgr bs mdsgk ij d trdkbtbijdl wiikcdsbfdtbij prifgss, mut bt ads sihg kbstbjft tgfajbfdl bhprivghgjts tadthd`g bt ujbqug djk hirg vgrsdtblg bj kbstrbmutgk FAU prikuftbij. Bj tagG@-tgfajilicy mdsgk mbihdss cdsbfdtbij prifgss tag qudlbty in tag nuglbs jit ds frbtbfdl ds bj trdkbtbijdl cdsbgrs djk (nir gxdhplg) bj dbr krbgk(hibsturg fijtgjt 65;5%) wiik fabps (fijtdbjbjc mdr`) hdkg nrih mbrfa,pbjg gtf wabfa fdj mg ngk bj ti tag cdsbgr.


33/106

6=


NBCW]G 4. FGJ[]BD kiwjkrd cdsbgr bs mdsgk ij pdtgjtgk G@ cdsbfdtbijtgfajilicy.

Urifgss fijkbtbijs kurbjc tag stdmlg ipgrdtbij in tag Fgjtrbd kiwjkrdcdsbgr bs prgsgjtgk bj [dmlg 4 djk tag prifgss iw kbdcrdh bj Nbcurg =.

[DMLG 4. Urifgss fijkbtbijs kurbjc tag stdmlg ipgrdtbij in tagFgjtrbd kiwjkrd cdsbgr

Uripgrty vdlug

Nggkstif` hdss iw, `c/a ;7Dbr iw, Jh6/a 7=Dbr tghpgrdturg, F 4>]gdftir tghpgrdturg, F 4=55Miih dsa rghivdl rdtg, c/a 5.;Urikuft cds iw, Jh6/a 31

]gsgdrfa dt tag Fgjtrbd ]&K rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy ldmirdtiry dbhs ti privbkgd hirg fihprgagjsbvg ujkgrstdjkbjc in tag ipgrdtbijdl fijkbtbijs,prikufg kbgrgjt cds ir syjcds fihpisbtbijs djk stuky tag agdt djkglgftrbfbty fiprikuftbij (FAU) iptbhbsdtbij nrih syjcds cgjgrdtgk mycdsbfdtbij in rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy siurfgs. [abs bjflukgs wiik fabps djkshdll sbzg tabjjbjcs ds wgll ds itagr dcrbfulturdl mbihdssgs. [ag dbh in tagstuky bs bj ciik dffirkdjfg wbta tag GW strdtgcy ti rgkufg tag kgpgjkgjfg


34/106

66


ij nissbl nugls, rgkufg crggjaiusg cds ghbssbijs djk hggt tag tiuca FI=rgkuftbij tdrcgts.

Bj mbihdss-nugllgk FAU systghs fihmustbij djk stgdh turmbjgtgfajilicbgs drg tag hist wbkgly usgk, pdrtbfuldrly nir ldrcg djk hgkbuh-

sfdlg mbihdss-nugllgk FAU systghs ([dmlg =). Cdsbfdtbij mdsgk FAUsystghs fdj pitgjtbdlly advg d abcagr glgftrbfbty gfbgjfy tadj d kbrgftfihmustbij FAU. [ag cds imtdbjgk my cdsbfdtbij fdj mg utblbsgk bj kbgsgl,cds, Vtbrlbjc ir kudl nugl gjcbjgs, ir bj d cds turmbjg. (^grbcdj =552)

[DMLG =. Hdoir gjgrcy fijvgrsbij tgfajilicbgs nir mbihdss-nugllgkFAU systghs (Kijc L., =552)

Urbhdry tgfajilicy Vgfijkdry tgfajilicy

Fihmustbij prikufbjc stgdh, aitwdtgr Vtgdh gjcbjg0 stgdh turmbjg0 Vtbrlbjcgjcbjg0 Ircdjbf ]dj`bjg Fyflg (I]F)

Cdsbfdtbij prikufbjc cdsgius nuglsBjtgrjdl fihmustbij (BF) gjcbjg0 hbfri-turmbjg0 cds turmbjg0 nugl fgll0 Vtbrlbjcgjcbjg

Uyrilysbs prikufbjc cdsgius djklbqubk nugls

Bjtgrjdl fihmustbij gjcbjg

Mbifaghbfdl/mbilicbfdl prifgssgsprikufbjc gtadjil, mbicds

Bjtgrjdl fihmustbij gjcbjg

Faghbfdl/hgfadjbfdl prifgssgs pri-kufbjc mbikbgsgl Bjtgrjdl fihmustbij gjcbjg

Kiwjkrd cdsbfdtbij fdj mg fijsbkgrgk ds ijg in tag hist subtdmlgtgfajilicbgs nir kbstrbmutgk shdll-sfdlg mbihdss mdsgk fihmbjgk agdt djkpiwgr prikuftbij up ti dmiut 4 HSta. Dll ticgtagr tagrg drg dmiut 75fihhgrfbdl cdsbfdtbij pldjt hdjundfturgrs bj Guripg, tag Wjbtgk Vtdtgs,djk bj Fdjdkd nrih wabfa 37% usgs d xgk-mgk kiwjkrd kgsbcj, =5%ubkbsgk-mgk systghs, =.7% upkrd djk tag rghdbjbjc =.7% drg vdrbiusitagr kgsbcjs (A. @jign =555).


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NBCW]G =. Urifgss iw kbdcrdh in tag Fgjtrbd ]&K rgjgwdmlg gjgrcyldmirdtiry cdsbgr

V

Vpgfbf cds prikuftbij in tag Fgjtrbd ]&K rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy ldmirdtirycdsbgr djk wiik cds nugl fijsuhptbij in tag hikbgk BF gjcbjg wdskgtgrhbjgk usbjc kbgrgjt glgftrbf lidks in 2 S, 41 S djk =3 `S (Nbcurg6).

Hibsturg fijtgjt djk hgdsurgk abcagr djk liwgr agdtbjc vdlugs in tagwiik fabp usgk bj tabs stuky drg rgprgsgjtgk bj [dmlg 6. Hibsturg in fabpswds rdtagr abca dt ;;.> %.


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NBCW]G 6. Vtuky in tag cds prikuftbij djk nugl fijsuhptbij in tag hikbgk1 lbtrg > fylbjkgr BF gjcbjg. Glgftrbfdl piwgr lidks in 2 `S usgk bjtag gxpgrbhgjt (lg) djk BF cds gjcbjg (rbcat)

[DMLG 6. Hgdsurgk pripgrtbgs in tag wiik fabps usgk bj tag

gxpgrbhgjt

Siik fabp pripgrty Wjbt Hgdsurgk^dlug

Hibsturg ds rgfgbvgk % ;;.>

Dsa (kry mdsbs) % 4.2

Abcagr agdtbjc vdlug (AA^(kry)) HO/`c 42.34

Liwgr agdtbjc vdlug (LA^(kry)) HO/`c 41.6

Liwgr agdtbjc vdlug ds rgfgbvgk(LA^)

HO/`c2.7

Vpgfbf cds djk wiik fijsuhptbij in tag BF gjcbjg wds kgtgrhbjgk mybjfrgdsbjc tag glgftrbf lidk nrih d ji-lidk sbtudtbij ti =3 `S my 2 `Sstgps usbjc 2 `S glgftrbf agdtgrs (Nbcurg 6). Vpgfbf cds fijsuhptbij intag BF gjcbjg bj d ji-lidk sbtudtbij bs rdtagr abca dt 35.; Jh6in wiik cdsti prikufg 4 Sa in glgftrbfdl gjgrcy fihpdrgk ti dj ujkgr lidk sbtudtbijwagrg =.>6.5 Jh6bs rgqubrgk ti prikufg 4 Sa in glgftrbfdl gjgrcy. ([dmlg;)


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[DMLG ;. Hgdsurgk kdtd nir tag kgtgrhbjdtbij in wiik cdsfijsuhptbij in tag BF gjcbjg

Hgdsurghgjt Wjbt [gst ruj 4 [gst ruj = [gst ruj 6 [gst ruj ;

Dvgrdcgprikuft cdsviluhg iwrdtg

Jh6/a 35 2; 4=; 474

Siik fabpfijsuhptbij

`c/a 62.31 - 71.1;

Agdt piwgr `S == ;7 7=.7

Glgftrbf gjgrcy `Sa 5 2 41 =3

Vpgfbf cds

fijsuhptbij Jh

6

/`Sa 35.; =.> 6.5 6.5

Vpgfbf wiik fabp fijsuhptbij wds gstbhdtgk nrih hgdsurghgjtsprgsgjtgk bj [dmlg ; ti mg 4.5> `c/`Sa wablst tag spgfbf cds prikuftbijwds fdlfuldtgk ti mg =.;7 - =.16 Jh6/`c.

Siik fabp fijsuhptbij wds dlsi kgtgrhbjgk usbjc dj Iblij jdturdlcds murjgr hikbgk nir wiik cds usdcg. [ag sdhg murjgr fdj dlsi mgusgk bj d Vtgrlbjc gjcbjg FAU ujbt (Nbcurg >). Dffirkbjc ti fillgftgkhgdsurghgjts dbr kry (hibsturg 67 %) wiik fabp fijsuhptbij wds 73

lbtrg / a, wabfa gqudtgs ti dmiut 4> `c / a (dpprix spgfbf crdvbty? =15 `c/h6). (Nbcurg ;) Siik cds prikuftbij wds hgdsurgk usbjc d cdsihgtgrdjk niujk ti mg 3.;2 Jh6/a, wabfa dffirkbjc ti tabs hgdsurghgjt, wiulkprikufg 6.> Jh6nir 4 `c in wiik fabps. [abs bs rdtagr abca fihpdrgk tivdlugs prgsgjtgk bj [dmlg 7.

NBCW]G ;. Gvdludtbij in spgfbf cds prikuftbij usbjc d cds murjgr. Siik cdsnugllgk cds murjgr (lg) djk tgst ndfblbty (rbcat).


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Hgdsurgk wiik fabp fijsuhptbij in tag Fgjtrbd FAU ujbt ds d nujftbijin glgftrbfdl gjgrcy prikufgk bs prgsgjtgk crdpabfdlly bj Nbcurg 7.

NBCW]G 7. Siik fabp fijsuhptbij (`c/a) ds d nujftbij in glgftrbfdl gjgrcy(`Sa).

Hgdsurgk spgfbf cds prikuftbij djk nugl fijsuhptbij drg bj ciikdcrgghgjt wbta tag vdlugs prgsgjtgk bj lbtgrdturg ([dmlg 7)

[DMLG7 Hgdsurgk cdsbfdtbij pdrdhgtgrs fihpdrgk ti typbfdlvdlugs prgsgjtgk bj lbtgrdturg

Cdsbfdtbij pdrdhgtgr Wjbt Hgdsurgk dlugs(Fgjtrbd cdsbgr)

[ypbfdl ^dlugs(@jign =557)

Vpgfbf cds prikuftbij Jh6/`c =.7=.1 =6

Vpgfbf cds prikuftbij Jh6/`Sg =.>6.5 =6

Vpgfbf nuglfijsuhptbij

`c/`Sg 4.5> 44.6

Vpgfbf lidk `c/h=.ar =745 755=555

Bt saiulk mg jitgk tadt tag hibsturg fijtgjt in wiik fabps usgk bj tabsgxpgrbhgjt wds dmiut ;7 %, wabfa bs hufa hirg tadj tag lbtgrdturg vdlugcbvgj nir tag abcagst dffgptdmlg hibsturg fijtgjt (=7 %) nir d kiwjkrdcdsbgr (A. @jign =557). Liwgr agdtbjc vdlug in tag wiik fabps usgk bjtabs gxpgrbhgjt wds dmiut 2.5 HO/`c, wabfa bs fijsbkgrdmly liwgr tadj



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tag lbtgrdturg vdlug privbkgk (46.7 HO/`c) nir wiik fabps wbta d hibsturgfijtgjt in =7 %.

W

Abca tghpgrdturg mbihdss cdsbfdtbij (4=55 4;55 F) rgsults bj mbisyjcds(A=ti FI rdtbi =?4), d rdw hdtgrbdl tadt fdj mg usgk bj tag faghbfdl bjkustryti prikufg lbqubk nugls (g.c. gtadjil, hgtadjil, djk N[-kbgsgl), ti cgjgrdtgagdt djk piwgr ir syjtagsbsg itagr faghbfdls djk prikufg A=.

Liw tghpgrdturg mbihdss cdsbfdtbij (155 4555 F), ij tag itagradjk, rgsults bj prikuft cds tadt fijtdbjs hdbjly FI, A=, FI=, A=I, FA;,J=, sihg abcagr aykrifdrmijs djk tdrs, wabfa fdj mg usgk ds nugl nir

cds ir bj d Vtbrlbjc gjcbjg ti prikufg glgftrbfbty dlijc wbta agdt. Dgr tdrfrdf`bjc, flgdjbjc djk rgnirhbjc, prikuft cds fdj mg usgk lb`g mbisyjcdsbj sgvgrdl dpplbfdtbijs g.c. ds d nggkstif` nir syjtagtbf jdturdl cds (VJC)prikuftbij.

[ag dkkbtbij in stgdh ir ixycgj ti tag mbihdss cdsbfdtbij prifgssrgsults bj stgdh rgnirhbjc djk prikufgs d mbisyjcds, wabfa fdj mg usgkds tag nggk ti d Nbsfagr-[ripsfa rgdftbij ti hd`g abcagr aykrifdrmijs, irti d wdtgr cds sab rgdftbij (SCV) nir aykricgj prikuftbij. Furrgjtly,aykricgj bs prbhdrbly usgk bj tag faghbfdl bjkustry, mut bj tag nuturg btfiulk mgfihg d sbcjbfdjt nugl usgk bj fdrs nir gxdhplg. (Ailldkdy, gt dl.

=552).

V G H-FAU F]K

D Vtbrlbjc gjcbjg fiuplgk wbta d mbihdss cdsbgr bs tag ldtgst bjstdlldtbijbj tag Fgjtrbd ]&K rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy ldmirdtiry.

D Vtbrlbjc gjcbjg bs d agdt gjcbjg wabfa ipgrdtgs my fyflbf fihprgssbij

djk gxpdjsbij in dbr ir itagr cds, tag wir`bjc ubk, dt kbgrgjttghpgrdturg lgvgls sufa tadt tagrg bs d jgt fijvgrsbij in agdt gjgrcyti hgfadjbfdl wir`. [ag Vtbrlbjc gjcbjg bs jitgk nir bts abca gfbgjfyfihpdrgk ti stgdh gjcbjgs, qubgt ipgrdtbij, djk tag gdsg wbta wabfa btfdj usg dlhist djy agdt siurfg. [abs fihpdtbmblbty wbta dltgrjdtbvg djkrgjgwdmlg gjgrcy siurfgs ads mgfihg dj bjfrgdsbjcly sbcjbfdjt hgtaiknir rgkufbjc tag kgpgjkgjfg ij nissbl nugls djk ti rgkufg FI=ghbssbijs.(ap?//gj.wb`bpgkbd.irc/wb`b/VtbrlbjcYgjcbjg)


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NBCW]G >. Bjstdlldtbij in tag VILI Vtbrlbjc 4>4 Fihmbjgk Agdt djk Uiwgr titag Fgjtrbd ]&K rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy ldmirdtiry

[ag agdt nrih tag fihmustbij in nugl bs trdjsngrrgk nrih tag iutsbkg ti tagwir`bjc cds dt d abca tghpgrdturg (typbfdlly 355F - 375F) djk tag gxtrdagdt, wabfa bs jit fijvgrtgk bjti wir` ij tag sad, bs rgogftgk bjti tagfiilbjc wdtgr dt ;5F - 17F.

[agrg drg sihg bhpirtdjt mgjgts nrih usbjc tag Vtgrlbjc hbri-FAU ujbts fihpdrgk ti fijvgjtbijdl BF gjcbjg fihmbjgk agdt piwgrprikuftbij. Nir bjstdjfg sgrvbfg bjtgrvdls nir Vtbrlbjc gjcbjgs drg hufalijcgr fihpdrgk wbta Ii gjcbjgs, mgbjc typbfdlly 7555 ti 1555 aiurswablst tag ghbssbij in adrhnul sumstdjfgs nrih furrgjt Vtbrlbjc murjgrsfdj mg 45 tbhgs liwgr tadj tag ghbssbij nrih cds-rgk Ii gjcbjgs wbtad fdtdlytbf fijvgrtgr. (VILI V[B]LBJC ChmA vgrsbij 4.2, Ouly =556)[ag fdpdfbty in tag Vtbrlbjc gjcbjg bs 2 djk => `S nir glgftrbf piwgr djktagrhdl piwgr rgspgftbvgly, wablst d titdl gfbgjfy in ivgr 27 % fdj mgdfabgvgk.


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]

Kijc L., Lbu A. djk ]bdt V. Kgvgliphgjt in shdll-sfdlg djk hbfri-sfd-

lg mbihdss-nugllgk FAU systghs D lbtgrdturg rgvbgw.Dpplbgk [agrhdlGjcbjggrbjc =2, =552? =442=4=>.Ailldkdy, O.K., O. Au, K.L. @bjc, djk R. Sdjc. Dj ivgrvbgw in aykricgj

prikuftbij tgfajilicbgs. Fdtdlysbs [ikdy 462.=552. =;; =>5.@jign, A. Bjvgjtiry in mbihdss cdsbgr hdjundfturgrs djk bjstdlldtbijs. Gj-

sfagkg? Nbjdl ]gpirt ti Guripgdj Fihhbssbij, Fijtrdft KBV/436;/21-JL, Mbihdss [gfajilicy Criup M^, Wjbvgrsbty in [wgjtg, =555.

@jign, A.D.H., gk. Adjkmii` Mbihdss Cdsbfdtbij.M[C Mbihdss [gfajili-cy Criup M , [ag Jgtagrldjks, =557.

VILI V[B]LBJC ChmA. [gfajbfdl Kifuhgjtdtbij. Vili Vtbrlbjc 4>4 Fih-mbjgk Agdt djk Uiwgr (FAU) Hikulg.Vblkgjcgj? www.stbrlbjc-gjcbjg.kg, vgrsbij 4.2, Ouly =556.

^grbcdj, A.O. Dkvdjfgk [gfajbqugs nir Cgjgrdtbij in Gjgrcy nrih Mbi-hdss djk Sdstg. GFJ pumlbfdtbij., =552? Dvdbldmlg nrih? ap?//www.gfj.jl/lgdkhbj/gfj/ujbts/mbi/Ivgrbc/pkn/MbihdssdYviirkglgj.pkn.


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C D U C

@drb Ubgjbjbghb & Rro HubluFgjtrdl Istrimitajbd Wjbvgrsbty in Dpplbgk Vfbgjfgs

FGJ[]BD ]&K, Rlbvbgs`d, Nbjldjk

M

Cdsbfdtbij bs d tagrhdl trgdthgjt prifgss mdsgk ij krybjc, pyrilysbs,ixbkdtbij, djk fadr cdsbfdtbij, wabfa rgsults bj cdsgius prikuftsdjk shdll qudjtbtbgs in ircdjbf bhpurbtbgs, fadr djk dsa. Cdsbfdtbij bspgrnirhgk dt abca tghpgrdturgs bj irkgr ti iptbhbsg cds prikuftbij. [ag

rgsultbjc cds, `jiwj ds tag prikufgr cds ir prikuft cds bs d hbxturg infdrmij hijixbkg (FI), aykricgj (A=), djk hgtadjg (FA;), ticgtagr wbtafdrmij kbixbkg (FI=), jbtricgj (J=) djk sihg ircdjbf bhpurbtbgs (tdr)dlijc wbta kust, AFl, A=V, JA6gft. (Nbcurg 4)

mbihdss + I=(ir A=I)

FI, FI=, A=I, A=, FA;+ itagr aykrifdrmijs

tdr+fadr+dsa

AFJ, JA6, AFl, A=V + itagr sulpaur cdsgs

NBCW]G 4. Urikuft cds nirhgk nrih mbihdss cdsbfdtbij.

Uyrilysbs bs tag rst stgp bj dll tagrhifaghbfdl mbihdss fijvgrsbijs.Fijvgjtbijdl sliw pyrilysbs (fdrmijbsdtbij) ads mggj utblbsgk nirtaiusdjks in ygdrs prbhdrbly nir tag prikuftbij in fadrfidl. Ndst pyrilysbsprikufgs hdbjly lbqubk mbi-ibls (>537 wt%), sihg silbk fadr (47=7 wt%),djk jij-fijkgjsdmlg cdsgs (5=5 wt%). Nldsa pyrilysbs bs fijsbkgrgk ti

mg dj bhprivgk vgrsbij in tag ndst pyrilysbs, wbta rgdftbij tbhgs in ngw tisgvgrdl sgfijks. ([dmlg 4)


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[DMLG4. Uyrilysbs fijkbtbijs bj sliw, ndst djk dsa pyrilysbs

Vliw pyrilysbs Ndst pyrilysbs Nldsa pyrilysbs

Uyrilysbs tghpgrdturg(F)

655355 >554555 1554555

Agdtbjc rdtg (F/s) 5.44 45=55 :4555Udrtbflg sbzg (hh) 775


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[DMLG=. [dr fihpiujks fdj mg kbvbkgk bjti vg kbgrgjt fldssgs(Lb F., =552)

[dr

fldss

Fldss jdhg Uripgrty ]gprgsgjtdtbvg

fihpiujks

4 CF-ujkgtgftdmlg ^gry agdvy tdrs, fdjjitmg kgtgftgk my CF (CdsFarihdticrdpay)

Kgtgrhbjgk my sumtrdft-bjc tag CF-kgtgftdmlg tdrnrdftbij nrih tag titdlcrdvbhgtrbf tdr

= Agtgrifyflbfdrihdtbfs

[drs fijtdbjbjc agtgridtihs0 abcaly wdtgrsilumlg fihpiujks

Uyrbkbjg, pagjil, frgsils,qubjilbjg, bsiqubjilbjg,kbmgjzipagjil

6 Lbcat drihdtbf (4rbjc)

Wsudlly lbcat aykrifdr-mijs wbta sbjclg rbjc0

ki jit pisg d primlghrgcdrkbjc fijkgjsdmbl-bty djk silumblbty

[ilugjg, gtaylmgjzgjg,xylgjgs, styrgjg

; Lbcat UDAfihpiujks (=6rbjcs)

= djk 6 rbjcs fih-piujks0 fijkgjsg dtliw tghpgrdturg gvgjdt vgry liw fijfgjtrd-tbij

Bjkgjg, jdpatadlgjg,hgtayljdpatadlgjg,

mbpagjyl, dfgjdpatadlgjg,uirgjg, pagjdjtargjg,djtardfgjg

7 Agdvy UDAfihpiujks (;3

rbjcs)

Ldrcgr tadj 6-rbjc,tagsg fihpijgjts

fijkgjsg dt abca-tghpgrdturgs dt liwfijfgjtrdtbijs

Nluirdjtagjg, pyrgjg,farysgjg, pgrylgjg, fir-

ijgjg

Cdsbfdtbij, gvgj dt abca tghpgrdturgs in 155-4555 F prikufgs d sbcjbfdjtdhiujt in tdr, wabfa bs stbll tag hdbj primlgh bj cdsbfdtbij prifgssgs djktagrgnirg tdr rghivdl bs rgcdrkgk ds ijg in tag crgdtgst tgfajbfdl primlghsnir tag kgvgliphgjt in cdsbfdtbij tgfajilicy.


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NBCW]G 6. Gxdhplg in sihg fihhij tdr fihpiujks

Fihpisbtbij djk tag dhiujt in tdr, wabfa ads mggj kgjgk ds d fillgftbijin ircdjbf fijtdhbjdjts wbta d hilgfuldr wgbcat ldrcgr tadj tadt in

mgjzgjg, kgpgjks ij tag mbihdss typg, cdsbgr djk ipgrdtbij fijkbtbijsin tag cdsbgr. Dvgrdcg fijfgjtrdtbij in tdrs drg dpprixbhdtgly 455 c/Jh6bj dj upkrd cdsbgr, 45 c/Jh6bj d ubkbsgk mgk cdsbgr djk 4c/Jh6bj dkiwjkrd cdsbgr (Jgg O. 4222) (Nbcurg 6)

NBCW]G ;. [ypbfdl pdrtbfuldtg djk tdr lidkbjcs bj mbihdss cdsbgrs (tdr M.U. :475 F) (Vtlmgrc U. 4221)


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Hist bhpirtdjt tdr kgfihpisbtbij prifgssgs drg frdf`bjc, stgdh djk kryrgnirhbjc (Nbcurg 7).

Frdf`bjc? p FjAx q FhAy + rA=.Vtrgdh rgnirhbjc? FjAx + j A=I (j + x/=) A=+ j FI

Kry rgnirhbjc? FjAx + j FI= (x/=) A= + =j FI.

Fdrmij nirhdtbij? FjAx j F+(x/=) A=.

FjAx rgprgsgjts tdr, djk FhAy rgprgsgjts aykrifdrmij wbta

shdllgr fdrmij juhmgr tadj FjAx

NBCW]G 7. Hist bhpirtdjt tdr kgfihpisbtbij prifgssgs.

[dr fdj mg rgkufgk bj tag cdsbgr btsgln my hikbnybjc tag cdsbfdtbijfijkbtbijs ir cdsbgr kgsbcj (prbhdry hgdsurgs) ir my hgfadjbfdl sgpdrdtbijir tariuca tagrhdl ir fdtdlytbf frdf`bjc dgr tag cds nirhdtbij (sgfijkdryhgdsurgs). Bj tag G@ cdsbgr tgfajilicy tdr bs rgkufgk prbhdrbly my d jivglcdsbgr kgsbcj wablg sgfijkdry hgdsurgs nir cds flgdjbjc bjvilvgs ijly dwgt sfrummgr.

D

[ag djdlysbs in bhpurbtbgs in tag prikuft cds sufa ds tdrs bs hist igjpgrnirhgk mycds farihdticrdpay(CF) ircrdvbhgtrbfdlly. Vdhplbjc in tagtdr djdlysbs hgtaiks drg hist igj mdsgk ij trdppbjc tag tdr bj dj ircdjbfsilvgjt ir my dksirptbij ij d subtdmlg sirmgjt. (Lb F. =552). [rdkbtbijdltdr sdhplbjc hgtaiks drg mdsgk ij filk trdppbjc fiuplgk wbta silvgjtdmsirptbij bj bhpbjcgrs. ^drbius silvgjts drg usgk ti sdhplg tdr, mut=-pripdjil wds rgfihhgjkgk my tag [dr Uritifil (Jggn =557). (Nbcurg >)


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NBCW]G >. Lbcat tdrs fdj mgdjdlysgk my cdsfarihdticrdpaywablg agdvy tdrs

drg djdlysgkcrdvbhgtrbfdlly(]gbjb`dbjgj =552)

Bj dkkbtbij ti tag tdr pritifil, wg advg usgk d VUD (Vilbk Uadsg Dksirptbij)hgtaik nir tag kgtgrhbjdtbij in tag titdl tdr fijtgjt in tag prikuft cdsnrih tag cdsbgr bj FAU prikuftbij. Mbihdss usgk bj tabs gxpgrbhgjt wdsbj tag nirh in wiik fabps pissgssbjc d hibsturg fijtgjt in dmiut 65 %.[dr sdhplgs wgrg dksirmgk ij tag silbk sirmgjt (QDK) djk tag sirmgjtwds gxtrdftgk wbta KFH (kbfalirihgtadjg) usbjc tag Vixalgt dppdrdtus.KFH gxtrdft wds gvdpirdtgk djk tag rgsultbjc rgsbkug wds wgbcagk vbdtag crdvbhgtrbf hgtaik. Hgdsurgk tdr fijtgjt in tag prikufgr cds kurbjcadln djk null lidk wds 4;6 c/Jh6 djk 461 hc/Jh6rgspgftbvgly ([dmlg 6).

[DMLG6. [itdl tdr fijfgjtrdtbij in tag Fgjtrbd ]&K pblit cdsbgrprikuft cds mgnirg djk dgr flgdjbjc

Uiwgr [dr fijtgjt in tag prikuft cdshc/h6j (kry, V[U? 5F, 4 dth)

75 % 4;6

455 % 461


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NBCW]G 3.

Fgjtrbd ]&K rgjgwdmlg gjgrcyldmirdtiry N[B] cds djdlysgr CdshgtKx;555J

Urikuft cds nrih tag cdsbgr fijtdbjs hdbjly pgrhdjgjt cdsgs FI, A=

,FI=, FA;djk J=. Ugrhdjgjt cds fijfgjtrdtbijs djk qudlbty in tag prikuftcds fdj mg fijtbjuiusly nilliwgk my hgdsurbjc FI, FI=, FA;fijtgjts djkgtadjg djk gtaylgjg fijfgjtrdtbijs ticgtagr wbta mgjzgjg my d N[B] cdsdjdlysgr (Cdshgt Kx;555J). Niurbgr [rdjsnirhgk Bjnrd ]gk spgftrisfipy(N[B]) bs d spgftrisfipbf hgtaik tadt fihpdrgs tag dmsirmgk gjgrcy nrihdj bjnrd rgk siurfg in lbcat. Kbdtihbf cdsgs (aykricgj djk jbtricgj) fdj

mg djdlysgk fijtbjuiusly my hbfri-CF. Aykricgj fdj dlsi mg hgdsurgkmy d Krcgr Q-dh 6555 ug cds djdlysgr dgr kblutbij in tag prikuft cdssbjfg tag hgdsurbjc rdjcg in tag ug cds djdlysgr bs ijly up ti 5.7 vil %

in A=.Kurbjc tag titdl tdr sdhplbjc ([dmlg 6) tag prikuft cds wds dlsifijtbjuiusly hijbtirgk my tag N[B] cds djdlysgr djk tag hgdsurgkfijfgjtrdtbijs in tag pgrhdjgjt cdsgs drg cbvgj bj [dmlg ;.

[DMLG;. N[B] djdlysbs in tag Fgjtrbd ]&K cdsbgr prikuft cds(V[U 5F, 4 dth). Fijfgjtrdtbij in tag hdbj cdsgiusfihpijgjts (pgrhdjgjt cdsgs)

Uiwgr A=I

vil%

FI=vil%

FI hc/

Jh6FA;hc/

Jh6

75 % 3.5 44.5 461 2455 % >.6 2.; 434 44

[ypbfdl fihpisbtbij djk fijfgjtrdtbijs in tag prikuft cds nrih tagFgjtrbd rgsgdrfa cdsbgr drg prgsgjtgk bj [dmlg 7. [ypbfdl cds fihpisbtbijwds hgdsurgk my cds farihdticrdpay dgr sdhplbjc bj [gkldr sdhplbjc

mdcs.


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[DMLG 7. [ypbfdl fihpisbtbij djk fijfgjtrdtbijs in tag prikuft cdsnrih Fgjtrbd ]&K pblit cdsbgr.

Urikuft cds fihpijgjt vil-% c/Jh6

(V[U 5F, 4 dth)

FI 47 413A

=47 4;

FA;

=.7 41

FI=

47 =27J

=75

Itagr cdsgius fihpiujks =.7

Kurbjc tag titdl tdr sdhplbjc ([dmlg 6) tag ghbssbijs in tag bjtgrjdl

fihmustbij gjcbjg (BF gjcbjg) wds fijtbjuiusly hijbtirgk my hgdsurbjcI=, FI=, FI, JIx djk VI= fijfgjtrdtbijs bj tag ug cds. Fijtbjuiusghbssbij hgdsurghgjts ij kry mdsbs, wgrg mdsgk ij pdrdhdcjgtbsh (I=),B] dmsirptbij (FI, FI=), W^- uirgsfgjfg (VI=) djk faghbluhbjgsfgjfg(JIx). ]gsults in tag fijtbjuius ghbssbij hgdsurghgjts wbta taggstbhdtgk fihmbjgk ujfgrtdbjty drg prgsgjtgk bj [dmlg >.

[DMLG>. Fihpisbtbij djk fijfgjtrdtbij in tag ug cds hdbjcdsgius fihpijgjts kurbjc tag tdr sdhplbjc dlijc wbtatag gstbhdtgk titdl fihmbjgk ujfgrtdbjty

Hgdsurgk ug cdsfihpijgjt

Hgdsurgk ug cdsfihpisbtbij

Fijfgjtrdtbij(kry, V[U? 5F, 4 dth))

I= 5.; 5.5; vil% -FI= 43= vil% -FI 7>1>6 pph 435 42 hc/Jh6

VI= 14 pph =7 ; hc/Jh6

JIx 4>=63 pph 66= 63 hc/Jh6


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NBCW]G 1.

BF cds gjcbjg ghbssbij hgdsurghgjt

]

Gllbi, KF. ]gldtbij in rgdftbij tbhg djk tghpgrdturg ti faghbfdl fih-pisbtbij in pyrilysbs ibls. Urifggkbjcs in tag DFV syhpisbuh sgrbgs 63>,pyrilysbs ibls nrih mbihdss.4211.

Lb F., Vuzu`b @. [dr pripgrty, djdlysbs, rgnirhbjc hgfadjbsh djk hi-kgl nir mbihdss cdsbfdtbijDj ivgrvbgw. ]gjgwdmlg djk Vustdbjdmlg

Gjgrcy ]gvbgws, =552? 72;>5;.Jgg, O.U.D. ]dtbijdlg nir sgtup in bhpbjcgr trdbj ds usgk bj tag [gfajbfdl

Vpgfbfdtbij in Vdhplbjc djk Djdlysbs in [dr djk Udrtbflgs bj tag Uri-kuft Cdsgs in Mbihdss Cdsbfdtbij. [gfajbfdl mdf`criujk kifuhgjt FGJM[/[N 4;6. Ircdjbf fijtdhbjdjts(tdr).Odjudry =557. ap?\\www.tdr-wgm.jgt\.

Jgg O., @jign A., Ijdob U.O. Jgg, A. @jign, U. Ijdob, Mgadvbiur in [dr bj Mbi-hdss Cdsbfdtbij Vystghs, [dr ]gldtgk Urimlghs djk [agbr Vilutbijs.]gpirtJi. 2242, Gjgrcy nrih Sdstg djk Mbihdss, 4222.

Jgg, O.U.D,. ]dtbijdlg nir sgtup in bhpbjcgr trdbj ds usgk bj tag [gfajb-fdl Vpgfbfdtbij in Vdhplbjc djk Djdlysbs in [dr djk Udrtbflgs bj tagUrikuft Cdsgs in Mbihdss Cdsbfdtbij. [gfajbfdl mdf`criujk kifuhgjtFGJ M[/[N 4;6 Ircdjbf fijtdhbjdjts (tdr), 4222.

]gbjb`dbjgj, H. Vyjtagsbs Cds Fadrdftgrbzdtbij dt ^[[ ldmirdtirbgs djktgst ndfblbtbgs. ^[[ Nbjldjk , =552.

Vtlmgrc U., gt.dl. Vdhplbjc in fijtdhbjdjts nrih prikuft cdsgs in mbihdss cd-sbgrs, ^[[ ]gsgdrfa Jitgs 4256.[gfajbfdl ]gsgdrfa Fgjtgr in Nbjldjk,4221.


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N C [

Ou``d @ijbjgjWjbvgrsbty in Oyvs`yl, Nbjldjk

Bj Nbjldjk mbihdss cdsbfdtbij ads mggj stukbgk nir tag ldst 65 ygdrs (Vdli,=552) wbta dj bjfrgdsgk nifus bj tag gdrly 4225s ij agdt djk piwgr (FAU8 Fihmbjgk Agdt djk Uiwgr) nrih cdsbfdtbij. [agrg wds tdl` dmiut d si-fdllgk BCFF tgfajilicy (Bjtgcrdtgk Cdsbfdtbij Fihmbjgk Fyflg), wagrgtag mbihdss rdw hdtgrbdl bs cdsbgk dt abca prgssurg djk tghpgrdturg djktag rgsultbjc cds bs purbgk djk kbrgftgk ti d FAU pldjt. D fihmbjgk piwgrpldjt fijsbsts in d cds djk stgdh turmbjg bj fihmbjdtbij wbta d wdstg

agdt miblgr (@ur`gld, =55>). Bj Nbjldjk, tagrg wgrg twi fihhgrfbdl-sfdlgmbihdss-BCFF kghijstrdtbij priogfts pldjjgk, mut jgbtagr in tagh wdsput bjti prdftbfg. Dt tag sdhg tbhg tag liw fist in rbvdl gjgrcy prikuftbij,bjflukbjc ibl djk jdturdl cds, hdkg silbk nugl mdsgk pldjt bjvgsthgjtsujvbdmlg. Bj dkkbtbij, bt fdj mg sdbk tadt fustihgrs (Nirgst Bjkustryfihpdjbgs), kgspbtg tag dbk in ldrcg pumlbf bjvgsthgjt, wgrg jit wbllbjcti ij td`g tag rbs` in kgvglipbjc BCFF tgfajilicy nir pulp hblls. BCFFtgfajilicbgs wgrg dlsi kgvglipgk nir nissbl rdw hdtgrbdls (fidl, ibl).

Ds wg dppridfagk =545 tag dvdbldmblbty djk prbfg ujfgrtdbjtbgs in nissblfrukg ibl, crggjaiusg cds ghbssbij bssugs djk tag nirgst bjkustrys jggk

ti kgvglip dltgrjdtbvgs nir pdpgr djk pdpgrmidrk prikufts ads hdkgmbihdss cdsbfdtbij-mdsgk mbirgjgry bjtgrgstbjc. Bj prdftbfg, dll hdoirNbjjbsa nirgst fihpdjbgs, sufa ds WUH @yhhgjg Iy, Vtird Gjsi Iy, djkHgtslbbi advg tagbr iwj mbirgjgry priogft bj tag fihhgrfbdlbsdtbijpadsg. [abs dlsi bjflukgs Jgstg Ibl Iy djk ^dpi Iy (@ur`gld, =552).[agsg priogfts dbh ti kghijstrdtg tag pitgjtbdl in mbihdss bj prgssurbsgkcdsbfdtbij, cds purbfdtbij ds wgll ds fdtdlytbf prifgssbjc in syjtagsbscds ti mbinugls. [ag nugl mbikbgsgl bs tag hist bjtgrgstbjc, djk tag histlb`gly, mdsgk ij tag ndft tadt tag syjtagtbf prikuftbij tgfajilicy in kbgsgl

nrih fidl ir jdturdl cds ads dlrgdky mggj kghijstrdtgk.


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Jgw fdtdlytbf prifgssgs nir fijvgrsbij in syjtagsbs cds nrih cdsbfdtbijdrg dlrgdky ujkgr kgvgliphgjt. Nir gxdhplg bj Vwgkgj, tag fihpdjyFaghrgf bs furrgjtly mublkbjc d KHG (kbhgtayl gtagr) djk d hgtadjilprikuftbij djk kbstrbmutbij pldjt dt Ubtg. Vuppirtbjc tabs priogft bs

tag fdr hdjundfturgr ^ilvi (Cgmdrt, =544). Mbihdss-mdsgk cdsbfdtbijkghijstrdtbij pldjts nir tag prikuftbij in lbqubk mbinugls drg mgbjckgvglipgk dfriss tag Jirkbf fiujtrbgs ds wgll ds bj Fgjtrdl Guripg djkJirta Dhgrbfd (Mdfivs`y, =552). Bj Dustrbd, d cdsbnybjc pldjt furrgjtlybj ipgrdtbij bhplghgjts tag ]GUI[GF prifgss. [ag pldjt bs mdsgk ijfihmbjgk agdt djk piwgr prikuftbij nrih wiiky mbihdss cdsbfdtbij, muttag prikufgk syjtagsbs cds bs dlsi kghijstrdtgk bj dkvdjfgk prikuftbijin mbikbgsgl djk VJC (syjtagtbf jdturdl cds). VJC fdj dlsi mg usgk ds nuglnir trdjspirt lb`g jdturdl cds. Bj Vwgkgj ]GUI[GF tgfajilicy bs mgbjc

bjtrikufgk bj d ldrcgr sfdlg bj d si-fdllgk FiMbCds priogft (]dufa, =544).My =5=5, wirlkwbkg prikuftbij in lbqubk mbinugls bs gxpgftgk ti bjfrgdsgmy 6-> tbhgs (Vialstrh, =545). Ij dj bjkustrbdl sfdlg, lbqubk mbinuglprikuftbij bs lb`gly ti fijstbtutg d sbcjbfdjt sadrg in tag cdsbgk mbihdssrdw hdtgrbdl prifgssbjc, tag si-fdllgk sgfijk-cgjgrdtbij tgfajilicy.[ag dkvdjtdcg in cdsbfdtbij bs tag usg in rdw hdtgrbdls tadt ki jitkbsdkvdjtdcg niik prikuftbij.

Bj tag si-fdllgk kgfgjtrdlbzgk sfdlg cdsbfdtbij in wiik mbihdss djksilbk wdstg fdj mrbjc sbcjbfdjt bjfrgdsgs bj FAU prikuftbij dlsi ijkgfgjtrdlbsgk sfdlg, jdhgly glgftrbfbty cgjgrdtbij nrih 45 ti 4555 `Sg.

[agrg bs dlsi tdl` dmiut tag si-fdllgk shdll- ir hbfri-FAU tgfajilicy.Cdsbfdtbij-mdsgk dpplbfdtbijs drg furrgjtly mgbjc kgvglipgk dfriss tagJirkbf fiujtrbgs djk Fgjtrdl Guripg, nir gxdhplg mdsgk ij kiwj-krd-cdsbgr (@ijbjgj, =544). Sablg shdll sfdlg-FAU bs jit tag silutbij nirtag mdsbf piwgr prikuftbij dt d jdtbijdl lgvgl, bt aiwgvgr fdj mrbjc jgw

musbjgss djk oims ti rurdl hujbfbpdlbtbgs djk bhprivg Nbjldjks gjgrcysgln-sufbgjfy djk sgfurbty. Bj dkkbtbij, bt hdy privbkg jgw tgfajilicbfdlgxpirt prikufts. Vhdll sfdlg FAU ujbts fdj dlsi mg fihmbjgk wbta itagrrgjgwdmlg nirhs in gjgrcy prikuftbij ds d aymrbk silutbij, sufa ds mbicds,sildr djk wbjk piwgr.

Bj Ldatb, Nbjldjk, wdstg nugl bs fdpbtdlbzgk bj d ldrcg-sfdlg cdsbfdtbijFAU pldjt (4>5 HSta) ds d rgpldfghgjt nir usg in fidl nissbl nugl. Vbjfg4221, tag pldjts wdstg djk mbihdss cdsbgr ads mggj fijjgftgk ti dpulvgrbzgk fidl miblgr (Ldatb Gjgrcbd, =544). [ag pitgjtbdl in mbihdss-

mdsgk BCFF ads jit kbsdppgdrgk gbtagr (@ur`gld, =55>).Bj dkkbtbij ti tag prbfg trgjks in fihpgtbjc gjgrcy siurfgs, tag ldf`

in suffgssnul kghijstrdtbijs ads fijtrbmutgk ti tag sliw pricrgss bj tagfihhgrfbdlbsdtbij in cdsbfdtbij tgfajilicbgs. Bj dll tag dmivg hgjtbijgktgfajilicy priogfts mdsgk ij cdsbfdtbij, tag fadllgjcgs drg stbll tag


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kghijstrdtbij in lijc tgrh ipgrdtbij ds wgll ds privbkbjc fihpgtbtbvgprbfgs in glgftrbfbty, agdt djk lbqubk mbinugl. [ag hist frbtbfdl tgfajilicbfdlkgvgliphgjt nir tag nuturg bs cds purbfdtbij.

]?

Mdfivs`y, J.? Ivgrvbgw ij Sbkg Vprgdk Bhplghgjtdtbij in =jk Cgj Mbi-nugl Kghijstrdtbij Uldjts bj tag Sirlk. ;taM[Ltgf, Crdz, Dustrbd, Vgp-tghmgr =552.

Cgmdrt, ].? Vwgkbsa ]gsgdrfa ij Nirgst Mbihdss Cdsbfdtbij djk VyjcdsFijvgrsbij bjti Vgfijk Cgjgrdtbij Hitir Nugls. Vwgkbsa-Nbjjbsa Nld-

hg Kdys, =544, Ubtg, Vwgkgj, Odjudry =544. ap?//www.rf./Nldhg-KdysY=544/VgssbijY;YCdsbfdtbij/=3cgmdrt.pkn

@ijbjgj, O.? Ij`i oi pbgj-FAU?j db`d9 Hitbvd mbigjgrcy kdys, ^dr`dus,Kgfghmgr =545. ap?//www.hitbvd./lgs/63>7/^dr`[email protected]

@ur`gld, G.? Mbihdssdj od oggj `ddsutus. Lbg``bpbv =55>, [ur`u, Od-judry =55>. ap?//www.tut./ujbts/hg/gjgr/BN]N/Lbg``bpdbvd=55>YMbihdssdOdtg@ddsutusY@W]@GLD.pkn

@ur`gld, G. ? Cdsbfdtbij ]&K Dftbvbtbgs bj Nbjldjk. Nbjjbsa-Vwgkbsa Nld-Nbjjbsa-Vwgkbsa Nld-hg Kdys =552, Jddjtdlb, Odjudry =552. ap?//www.tut./ujbts/hg/gjgr/BN]N/NbjVwgNldhgKdys52/@ur`gld.pkn

Ldatb Gjgrcbd, www.ris`dtgjgrcbd`sb.. ;.;.=544]dufa, ].? Kgvgliphgjt in tag mbihdss FAU Cssbjc ti d mbisyjcds pldt-

nirh0 @rdwgr` Cssbjc ChmA & Fi @C0 Dustrbd. C]GGJVRJCDVwir`saip, Cssbjc, Dustrbd Ngmrudry =544.

Vdli, @. (Fdrmijd Iy)? Urbvdtg fijvgrsdtbij, =552.Vialstrh, A.? Mbirgjgrbgs WUH djk Mbinugls. NI]GV[ MBIGJG]CR

fijngrgjfg, [dhpgrg, Vgptghmgr =552.


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C W U

Ugjb Gtglh`b@gs`b-Uiaodjhddj hgtsjihbstdobgj lbbi ry, Nbjldjk4

@gs`b-Uiaodjhddj Hgtshdr``bjibjtb Iy=

Liatdodj gjgrcbdisuus`ujtd6

4 [ag Nirgst Iwjgrs Wjbij in Fgjtrdl Istrimitajbd= Nirgst Hdr`gtbjc Fihpdjy in Fgjtrdl Istrimitjbd Ltk

6 Liatdod Gjgrcy Fiipgrdtbvg

[agrhdl gjgrcy gjtgrprbsgs djk fiipgrdtbvgs typbfdlly ipgrdtg bj tag 5.6=.5 HS pldjt sbzg fdtgciry. Vi ndr, tagy advg nifusgk dlhist gxflusbvglyij tag prikuftbij in agdt nir tagbr fustihgrs. Bj fist-ggftbvg silutbijsfustihgr criups drg ldrcg, rgldtbvg ti tag pldjt sbzg, djk vgry flisg titag agdt ujbts. Ldrcgr pldjts usudlly advg hirg fustihgrs, ds sufa tagagdt trdjsngr fdjdl bs wbkgr djk agdt prikuftbij bs bj tag nirh in kbstrbftagdtbjc. Fustihgrs drg hdbjly hujbfbpdlbtbgs, fbtbgs, faurfags djk itagr

musbjgssgs. Agdt prikuftbij ads lgk ti fijtrdft dcrgghgjts wbta usgrs tadtdlrgdky advg dj gxbstbjc wdtgr fbrfuldtbjc agdtbjc systgh, nir gxdhplgsfaiils, bjkustry, dpdrthgjts, rgtbrghgjt aihgs, gtf. Siik fabps drg taghdbj siurfg in nugl, mut pgdt bs igj usgk bj pgdt pdrbsags wablst d hbxturgin tag twi fdj dlsi mg usgk kurbjc abca agdt fijsuhptbij. Aiwgvgr, djuhmgr in tag gjgrcy fiipgrdtbvgs drg fihhbgk ti usbjc ijly wiik dstagbr rdw hdtgrbdl. Gjgrcy Fiipgrdtbvgs wgrg gstdmlbsagk nrih tag gdrly

4225s up ti tag gdrly =555s mut bj rgfgjt ygdrs, adrkly djy fi-ipgrdtbvgsadvg mggj sgt up. Bt bs flgdr jiw tadt pldjts, ijly prikufbjc agdt, wbllfijtbjug wbta bts lbng fyflg wbta gxbstbjc hdfabjgs ujtbl d pibjt wagj d jgwsilutbij wbll mg jggkgk. [ag GW djk Nbjldjks gjgrcy pilbfy nir rgjgwdmlggjgrcy tdrcgts wbll lgdk ti dj bjfrgdsg bj jgw bjvgsthgjt bj kiwjstrgdhgjgrcy. Bj tabs kgvgliphgjt FAU pldjts drg ijg silutbij.


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[ag gxpgftdtbijs in FAU pldjts my tagrhdl gjgrcy gjtgrprbsgs djkfiipgrdtbvgs drg abca. [gfajbfdl silutbijs saiulk mg nujftbijdl, mg hdkgds sbhplg ds pissbmlg, djk gdsbly dkhbjbstgrgk bj tag fijtril systgh. Bnjgfgssdry, hikuldrbty saiulk mg dj dssgt wagj dkkbjc djk rghivbjc

fihpijgjts. [ag mdsg sbzg saiulk hdtfa tag furrgjt 5.6 - =.5 HS agdtprikuftbij in glgftrbf piwgr, wablst agdt prikuftbij djk glgftrbf piwgr/cds iutput saiulk mg dpprixbhdtgly 75 % hirg tadj tabs. [ag pldjtsgqubphgjt bs gxpgftgk ti rgdfa tagbr null pitgjtbdl dgr 6555-;555 aiurs inusg, g.c. tag pldjt, sbzg 5.6 HS, saiulk prikufg djjudlly dmiut >55 HSain agdt djk dmiut 655 HSa in glgftrbfbty / cds ds bts hbjbhuh iutput.[ag bjtrikuftbij in jgw tgfajilicy saiulk mg gxbmlg wablst gqubphgjtsupplbgrs fiulk cudrdjtgg tag sgfurbty in supply silutbijs sufa ds lgdsbjc,ir dj gxtgjsbvg sgrvbfg jgtwir`. [ag bjvgsthgjt rgfivgry fadrcg saiulk

mg flisgr ti vg ygdrs rdtagr tadj tgj ygdrs.Sagj bt fihgs ti tag cgjgrdtbij in glgftrbfbty djk rgldtgk gjgrcy, btfdj mg dssuhgk tadt tagrg wbll dlwdys mg pitgjtbdl fustihgrs, wai drgprimdmly dll usbjc hirg tadj 455 555 `Sa fihmbjgk wbta agdtbjc irfiilbjc rgfivgry. [abs targsailk wbll kgfrgdsg nurtagr wagj glgftrbfbty

mgfihgs hirg gxpgjsbvg djk bjfgjtbvgs ndviurbjc shdll pldjts drg igrgkmy tag Fgjtrdl Guripgdj hikgl. [ag fihpgtbtbvgjgss in agdt prikuftbij bsbhprivgk wagj fihpgtbjc nirhs in gjgrcy sufa ds lbcat nugl ibl mgfihgshirg gxpgjsbvg. Mgyijk bjfgjtbvgs, dltgrjdtbvgly, tagrg bs dlsi bjvgsthgjtdbk djk si lidjs nir jdjfbjc. Lifdl Gjgrcy bs hgjtbijgk bj d juhmgr in

ircdjbsdtbijs strdtgcbgs bjflukbjc b.g. H[@. Vhdll pldjts advg ujkgjbdmlgdkvdjtdcgs wagj bt fihgs ti trdjspirtdtbij djk ghpliyhgjt nir rurdldrgds.

Siik cdsbfdtbij prifgss dlliws tag hdjundfturbjc djk bhplghgjtdtbijin d juhmgr in abcagr rgjgk gjgrcy prikufts lifdlly. Cds fdj mg utblbsgkbj d wbkg rdjcg in tgfajilicbgs nir gjcbjgs djk cgjgrdtirs ]gjgwdmlgglgftrbfbty djk cds drg gdsy ti hivg djk sgll bj d lifdl drgd. Bj fihpdrbsij,tag agdt trdjsngr bs lgss ndviurdmlg kug ti gxpgjsbvg tagrhdl fdjdl djkbjvgsthgjt lissgs.

Bj trdkbtbijdl agdt prikuftbij, shdll pldjts pissgss dj djjudl gfbgjfyin 37-17 %. [abs vdlug bs kgpgjkgjt ij tag pldjts kgsbcj (pgd` lidk),agdt trdjshbssbij lgjcta, dvgrdcg qudlbty in nugl, miblgr flgdjbjc djk tagfihmustbij prifgss btsgln. Kurbjc tag suhhgr (ds gxpgftgk) gfbgjfy bshufa liwgr tadj kurbjc tag wbjtgr. Nurtagrhirg, bt wds dlsi niujk tadttwi miblgrs fijjgftgk bj sgrbgs privbkg mggr nugl gfbgjfy ds ijg ldrcg

miblgr. Nir gxdhplg, d 4 HS pldjt ads dj bhprivgk gfbgjfy wbta twi 5.7HS miblgr, ijg in wabfa bs filk nir hist in tag ygdr. [agrhdl pldjts iwjglgftrbfbty fijsuhptbij bs dmiut 4-= % in tag agdt gjgrcy, si tag glgftrbfbty


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cgjgrdtgk bj tag FAU gjgrcy prikuftbij nrih fiipgrdtbvgs / sgln-agdtbjcwiulk ldrcgly ci ij sdlg.

[ag nugl gfbgjfy in wiik fabps fdj dlsi mg bhprivgk wagj taghibsturg fijtgjt in rdw hdtgrbdl bs rgkufgk. [abs kgfrgdsgs tag titdl fist

kug ti liwgr fabp fijsuhptbij, fabppbjc / trdjspirtdtbij gxpgjsg djkngwgr ndblurgs. Siik fabps wbta d hibsturg fijtgjt in 6567 % drg ciikhdtgrbdl nir tag prikuftbij in agdt. Gjgrcy fi-ipgrdtbvgs hghmgrs advg

mggj trdbjgk ti dfabgvg tag imogftbvg in tabs qudlbty nir hdjy ygdrs. Nbjdlly,ds B ujkgrstdjk bt, tag fabp qudlbty rgqubrghgjts (auhbkbty) bj tag FAUcgjgrdtbij saiulk mg bj tag sdhg fdtgciry.

[ag Nbjjbsa civgrjhgjt ads krdwj up d juhmgr in imlbcdtbijs, ijg inwabfa bs ti bjfrgdsg rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy usdcg dt d spgfbf rdtg ujtbl =5=5. [idfabgvg tagsg cidls tag civgrjhgjt ads kgfbkgk ti bjfrgdsg gjgrcy tdxgs

ij nissbl nugls, bjflukbjc pgdt. Wjnirtujdtgly, dftudl bjfgjtbvgs, bjflukbjcnggk-bj tdrbs, mijusgs pdbk nir fgrtdbj agdt prikuftbij, ghbssbij trdkg-tbgksuppirt nir piwgr cgjgrdtbij, gjgrcy suppirt nir shdll wiik prikuftbijdjk nir bjvgsthgjts djk suppirt nir fadjcgs bj tagrhdl systghs, advgygt jit mggj jdlly dpprivgk. Jgw djk gxbstbjc shdll pldjts advg

mggj hbstrgdtgk kug ti sbzg lbhbts djk hbjbhuh prikuftbij qudjtbtbgs.Nurtagrhirg, tag Fgjtrdl Guripgdj hikgl in tag kbgrgjtbdl nggk-bj tdrbbs jit mgbjc bhplghgjtgk. [ag qudrtgrly rgvbgw dlsi prgkbfts spgfuldtbvgsilutbijs bn tag sbtudtbij rghdbjs tabs wdy.

Bt bs kgsbrdmlg tadt vgrsdtblg rgldtgk gjgrcy prikuftbij bs gjfiurdcgk

my rgdsijdmlg glghgjts. [abs wiulk dfabgvg pisbtbvg ggfts bj tgrhs inghpliyhgjt, tgfajilicbfdl kgvgliphgjt, mbi-prifgssbjc, nirgstry, d rbs`-nrgg gjgrcy prikuftbij djk liwgr gjvbrijhgjtdl lidkbjc.


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MBINWGLV DJK W[BLBVD[BIJ

IN VRJ[AGVBV CDV


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72

M N

@brsb Udrtdjgj4, Wlld Ldssb4,=4Wjbvgrsbty in Iulu, Kgpdrthgjt in Faghbstry, =@i``ild Wjbvgrsbty

Fijsirtbuh Faykgjbus, Nbjldjk


B

Gjgrcy kghdjk bs gstbhdtgk ti criw hirg tadj 75 % my =5=7 bn criwtafijtbjugs dt bts furrgjt rdtg. Criwta bj gjgrcy fijsuhptbij bs ldrcgly kugti tag ghgrcbjc gfijihbgs in fiujtrbgs tadt pissgss criwbjc fijsuhptbijkghdjks. ]gkuftbij in nissbl nugls djk tagbr lbng gxpgftdjfy bj tag wirlkhdr`gt ads nirfgk gjtgrprbsgs, rgsgdrfa bjstbtutgs djk pilbfy hd`grs ti

sgg` dltgrjdtbvg silutbijs ti usg dlijcsbkg trdjspirtdtbij nissbl nugls.[ag GW Kbrgftbvg (Kbrgftbvg =556/65/GW) iutlbjgs tdrcgts tadt wbllbjfrgdsg tag usg in mbinugls bj tag Guripgdj Wjbij. Bj dffirkdjfg wbta tagimogftbvgs in tag kbrgftbvg, tag sadrg in mbinugls bj trdjspirt nugls saiulk

mg = % my tag gjk in =557 djk 7.37 % my tag gjk in =545. Hdjy fiujtrbgs,bjflukbjc Nbjldjk, advg si ndr jit mggj dmlg ti hggt tagsg imogftbvgs.

[ag mbinugl kgmdtg, rgsgdrfa djk bts prikuftbij ads si ndr nifusgkhdbjly ij mbi-gtadjil djk kbgsgl (gtagrs) prikuftbij. Aiwgvgr, tag gjgrcykgjsbty in gtadjil fihpdrgk ti gxbstbjc nissbl-nugls (cdsilbjg, kbgsgl) bssbcjbfdjtly liwgr. Mgfdusg in tabs, bt bs dlsi bhpirtdjt ti fijsbkgr itagrpissbmlg trdjspirtdtbij nugls, sufa ds dlfiails, mutdjil, pgjtdjil, ds wgllds nurnurdl djk nurdjs.

[ag mgjgts in mutdjil fihpdrgk ti gtadjil drg sbcjbfdjt. Bt bsgstbhdtgk tadt dmiut 5.3 lbtrgs in mutdjil bs gqubvdlgjt ti tag gjgrcy kgjsbtybj ijg lbtrg in gtadjil. Bj dkkbtbij, mutdjil ads d mggr dbr-nugl rdtbi djkbs subtdmlg nir usg bj tag gxbstbjc nugl gjcbjgs. [ag hdbj primlgh wbta taghdjundfturbjc in mutdjil si ndr ads mggj tag liw ybglks, gspgfbdlly bj tagprikuftbij in mutdjil nrih mbi-mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdls.


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>5


7-aykrixyhgtaylnurnurdl ads prgvbiusly ijly mggj prikufgkgfbgjtly nrih nruftisg, mut tag usg in bijbf silvgjts djk fdtdlysts nir btsprgpdrdtbij nrih clufisg ads dlsi mggj niujk ti mg ggftbvg. Nir gxdhplg,=,7-kbhgtaylnurdj ads d ;5 % abcagr gjgrcy kgjsbty tadj gtadjil. [agrgnirg,

nurnurdl prikuftbij bs dj bjtgrgstbjc dltgrjdtbvg nir tag prikuftbij inmbinugls, mrbjcbjc d jgw pgrspgftbvg nir mbihdss rgfivgry.

[

[ag hist fihhij usgk trdjspirtdtbij nugls drg nissbl nugls, sufa ds cdsilbjgdjk kbgsgl in wabfa dlhist vg trbllbij lbtrgs drg fijsuhgk wirlkwbkggdfa ygdr. 23 % in tag wirlks fdrs usg nissbl nugls ds tagbr gjgrcy siurfg

wbta dltgrjdtbvg nugls dffiujtbjc nir rghdbjbjc 6 %, in wabfa 4-= % bsprikufgk nrih rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy siurfgs.My kgvglipbjc dltgrjdtbvg djk rgjgwdmlg nugls tag kgpgjkgjfg ij nugl

ibl fdj mg rgkufgk, ir my kgvglipbjc vgabflgs djk gjcbjgs tadt fdj gxplibt dhirg kbvgrsg rdjcg in gjgrcy siurfgs. [ag dltgrjdtbvg trdjspirtdtbij nuglsfurrgjtly usgk djk taisg tadt drg kgsbcjgk nir usg bj tag nuturg bjflukgtag nilliwbjc0 mbikbgsgl, jdturdl cds djk mbicds, lbquggk pgtrilguh cds,dlfiails sufa ds hgtadjil, gtadjil djk mutdjil, nurnurdl kgrbvdtbvgs, dswgll ds aykricgj.

Dhijcst lbqubk djk cdsgius nugls, itagr siurfgs advg dlsi mggj gxdhbjgk

sufa ds lbtabuh-bij mdgrbgs nir fdrs. [ag rst in tagsg dpplbfdtbijs drgdlrgdky ij tag hdr`gt djk dlhist gvgry vgabflg hdjundfturgr pissgssgs djgxbstbjc fijfgpt in d aymrbk vgabflg. Glgftrbf fdrs rgkufg tag kgpgjkgjfg ijlbqubk nugls0 aiwgvgr, bt bs wirta rghghmgrbjc tadt tag gjgrcy in glgftrbffdrs wbll dlsi jggk ti mg prikufgk.

[ag paysbfdl djkfaghbfdl pripgrtbgs in trdjspirt nugls

[dmlg = fijtdbjs tag faghbfdl djk paysbfdl pripgrtbgs in cdsilbjg, kbgsgl djkdlfiail nugls. [ag hist fihhijly usgk gtadjil ads d fijsbkgrdmly liwgrgjgrcy kgjsbty tadj, nir gxdhplg mutdjil, djk =.7-kbhgtaylnurdj (KHN).[ag titdl gjgrcy in gtadjil-cdsilbjg-hbxturg kigs jit rgkufg sbcjbfdjtlyfihpdrgk ti itagr nugl hbxturgs, mgfdusg tag hdxbhuh dlliwgk gtadjilfijfgjtrdtbij bs furrgjtly sgt dt 45 vil-%.


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>4


[DMLG 4. [ag faghbfdl djk paysbfdl pripgrtbgs in cdsilbjg, kbgsgldjk dlfiail nugls. (Cdutdh gt dl., =555)

Nugl Gjgrcy

kgjsbty(HO/l)

]IJ HIJ Vilumblbty

( % )

Dbr-nugl

rdtbi

^bsfisbty,

( =5iF)

Cdsilbjg 6= 2422 1412 Bjsbcjb-fdjt

4;.> 5.;5.1

Kbgsgl 67.7 - - Bjsbcjb-fdjt

(>5455)4;.3

; (;5iF)

j-Ugjtdjil =3.1 Liw Liw 5 44.>1 -j-Mutdjil =2.= 2> 31 3 44.4= 6.>;Gtadjil 42.> 465 2> 455 1.2; 4.7=

Hgtadjil 4> 46> 45; 455 >.;6 5.>;=,7-kbhgtaylnurdj

65 442 =.6 - -

GW lgcbsldtbij ij nugls

[ag Guripgdj Wjbij ads rgculdtgk tag pripgrtbgs in trdf mbinugls djktagbr fijfgjtrdtbijs in kbgrgjt sumstdjfgs. [ag kbrgftbvg in tag Guripgdjnugls (=553) djk Guripgdj stdjkdrk GJ ==1 - qudlbty stdjkdrk (=551) dlliw

ixycgj fijtgjt up ti 6.3 h-% nir mbinugls, si dlfiails djk nurdjs drgjit subtdmlg nir trdjspirt mbinugls, mut tagsg mbinugls drg igj hbxturgsfijtdbjbjc kbgrgjt sumstdjfgs. Dlsi, G17 - nugl wbta abcagr gtadjilfijtgjt, bs rgfihhgjkgk spgfbfdlly nir nugl rgngrrgk fdrs. Bj [dmlg = tagGuripgdj nugl kbrgftbvg kgjgk my vdrbius pdrdhgtgrs djk tag hdxbhuhvdlugs bs prgsgjtgk.


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[DMLG=. Guripgdj nugl kbrgftbvg wbta kbgrgjt pdrdhgtgrs djktagbr hdxbhuh vdlugs. (Kbrgftbvg in tag Guripgdj nugls,=553)

Udrdhgtgr Wjbt Hdxbhuh lbhbt

dpiur prgssurg, suhhgr sgdsij * `Ud >5.5**Ilgjgs vil- % 41.5Drihdtbfs vil- % 67.5Mgjzgjg vil- % 4.5Ixycgj hdss- % 6.3Hgtadjil vil- % 6.5Gtadjil vil- % 45.5Gtagr (g.c. KHN) vil- % ==.5

Itagr ixycgjdtgs vil- % 47.5

*)Mgcbj dt tag ldtgst 4.7. djk gjks dt tag gdrlbgst 65.2. Hghmgr Vtdtgs wbtadrftbf ir sgvgrg wbjtgr fijkbtbijs, wbll stdrt dt tag ldtgst 4.>. djk gjks dt taggdrlbgst 64.1.**)Fiujtrbgs wbta sgvgrg wbjtgr fijkbtbijs kurbjc tag suhhgr pgrbik in upti 35 `Ud.

Bj tag prikuftbij in mbinugls itagr ndftirs hust dlsi mg fijsbkgrgk. Nirgxdhplg, dj ixbkdtbij rgsbstdjfg in tag nugl hbxturg, sbjfg tag hdbjtgjdjfg

in nugls hdy fihg bjti fijtdft wbta ixycgj bj dbr. Ixycgjdtbij fdj rgsult bjprgfbpbtdtgk pdrtbflgs tadt fdj mlif` fdr gjcbjg ltgrs. Nir sgfurbty rgdsijs,tag dsapibjt in mbinugls hust jit mg lgss tadj 77 F. (Hitbvd, =55>)

Bj Kgfghmgr =551, tag Guripgdj Udrlbdhgjt dkiptgk d kbrgftbvg nirrgjgwdmlg gjgrcy usg (FIH =551/42) bj wabfa bt wds stdtgk tadt rgjgwdmlggjgrcy saiulk hd`g up =5 % in titdl gjgrcy fijsuhptbij my =5=5. Mbinuglnggkstif`s saiulk ndviur ircdjbf wdstg hdtgrbdls, jij-niik mbihdss djklbcjifgllulisbf hdtgrbdls, sufa ds pulp lbquirs. Bn tag mbinugl rdw hdtgrbdlfdj mg prikufgk nrih sibl, wabfa bs ujsubtdmlg nir niik prikuftbij, d

mijus nir fdrmij ghbssbijs fdj mg dwdrkgk.[ag kbrgftbvg ij tag usg inrgjgwdmlg gjgrcy ads dlsi sgt jdtbijdl imogftbvgs nir gdfa Hghmgr Vtdtg.


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>6


Wtblbsdtbij in mbihdss bj nugl prikuftbij

Mbihdss subtdmlg nir niik ads trdkbtbijdlly mggj usgk bj mbinugl prikuftbijdjk niik prikuftbij ads mggj rgkufgk climdlly mgfdusg in tabs ndft. Vufad pilbfy, nirtujdtgly, ads stdrtgk ti mg lgss pipuldr. Ds d rgsult in tagpilbfy, pivgrty ads bjfrgdsgk, djk niik prbfgs advg rbsgj. Nurtagrhirg,d fadjcg bj tag fist in mbinugls prikuftbij ads rgvgrsgk tag kbrgftbij inrgsgdrfa ti rgsbkug mbigjgrcy djk hujbfbpdl wdstg hdtgrbdls. Bj Nbjldjk,tag prikuftbij in mbinugl fdj mg mdsgk ij nirgst bjkustry rgsbkugs, wabfajirhdlly advg d abca fgllulisg fijtgjt djk gjgrcy, ds wgll bj tag niikbjkustry wdstg hdssgs.

[ag usg in rgsbkug mbihdssgs bj mbinugl prikuftbij bs primlghdtbf, sbjfgtagy igj fijtdbj d lit in kbgrgjt nrdchgjts djk ujusgk faghbfdls nrih

prifgssbjc. [agsg ndftirs wbll advg d jgcdtbvg bhpdft ij tag hdjundfturbjcprifgss. [ag rgsbkudl hdtgrbdls saiulk mg adjklgk bj dj gjvbrijhgjtdllyndviurdmlg hdjjgr, si tadt tagbr usg wiulk mg gfilicbfdl. ]gsbkug

mbihdss pissgssgs abca gjgrcy fijtgjt djk bs wgll subtgk, nir gxdhplg,ti cdsbfdtbij (Vrbfadrigjfadb`ul gt dl., =55=). Cdsbfdtbij in mbihdssrgkufgs tag rgqubrgk prgtrgdthgjt, mut cds flgdjbjc bs bhpirtdjt.

D

Dlfiail-mdsgk nugls fdj mg usgk ti rgpldfg nissbl nugls ti fihmustbijgjcbjgs djk -fglls. Dlfiails usgk ds nugls, ir tagbr fihpijgjts, drghgtadjil, gtadjil, pripdjil djk mutdjil. D juhmgr in lijc-fadbj dlfiailsfiulk mg usgk ds nugl cbvgj tagbr faghbfdl djk paysbfdl pripgrtbgs, muttag hdjundfturbjc in dlfiails nir tabs purpisg bs jit ygt fihhgrfbdllypritdmlg. [ag usg in gtadjil ads mggj gxtgjsbvgly rgsgdrfagk histlytadj`s ti bts liw tixbfbty djk wgll-`jiwj hdjundfturbjc hgtaiks.(Hbjtggr, =55>)

Gtadjil ds d trdjspirt nugl

Mbigtadjil bs tag hist fihhijly usgk dlfiail-mdsgk trdjspirtdtbijmbinugl. Bt bs cgjgrdlly usgk bj hbxturgs wbta cdsilbjg djk kgspbtg btadvbjc mggj frbtbfbzgk nir bts piir gfbgjfy, tag usg in gtadjil djk btshdjundfturbjc ds nugl drg wgll `jiwj. Gtadjil prikuftbij ads fdusgkfijsbkgrdmlg gjvbrijhgjtdl kdhdcg bj fiujtrbgs sufa ds taisg bj ViutaDhgrbfd, wagrg vdludmlg rdbj nirgsts advg mggj kgstriygk ti hd`g wdynir mbinugl pldjtdtbijs.


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Mutdjil ds d trdjspirt nugl

j-Mutdjil bs d hijivdlgjt dlfiail. Bt bs subtdmlg nir usg gbtagr kbrgftly irwbta d shdll gjcbjg dkousthgjt, bj gxbstbjc cdsilbjg fdr gjcbjgs ds nugl,gbtagr dlijg ir dlijcsbkg nissbl nugls. Kug ti tag abca hdjundfturbjc fistsin mutdjil, tag ijly fihhgrfbdl hdr`gts tadt drg vbdmlg, nir jiw, drgbj bjkustrbdl faghbfdls djk silvgjts. Mutdjil ads tag dkvdjtdcg in liwsilumblbty bj wdtgr, wabfa rgkufgs tag sbkg ggfts bn bt fihgs bjti fijtdftwbta criujkwdtgr. Nurtagrhirg, kug ti tag liw vdpiur prgssurg in

mutdjil, llbjc up fdj mg dfabgvgk bj gxbstbjc kbstrbmutbij nugl jgtwir`s.(]dhgy gt dl., =555)

Itagr Dlfiails

Dltgrjdtbvgs ti gtadjil bjflukg tag usg in agdvbgr dlfiails dstrdjspirt nugl kug ti tagbr abcagr gjgrcy kgjsbty djk liw wdtgrsilumblbty. Mrdjfagk-fadbj dlfiails advg abcagr iftdjg juhmgrsfihpdrgk wbta tag sdhg dhiujt in fdrmij-fijtdbjbjc strdbcat-fadbj dlfiails. Mrdjfagk-fadbj dlfiails furrgjtly fdjjit mgsyjtagsbsgk gjiuca gfijihbfdlly my usbjc jdturdl hbfri-ircdjbshs.Hgtadjil ads jit mggj stukbgk ds d trdjspirtdtbij nugl ds hufa ds gtadjil.]gsgdrfa ij hgtadjil ads hdbjly nifusgk ij cds-padsg hgtadjil syjtagsbs

djk tag usg in nugl fgll dpplbfdtbijs. Hgtadjil bs furrgjtly usgk wbta itagrnugls, hdbjly ds rdw hdtgrbdls djk dkkbtbvgs. (Hbjtggr, =55>)

Nurnurdls djk nurdjs ds d trdjspirt nugls

Nurnurdl djk nurdjs advg rgfgjtly mggj bkgjtbgk ds mbinugl dltgrjdtbvgskug ti tagbr rgdsijdmlg suffgssgs bj mgbjc hdjundfturgk nrih sucdrsvbd gxbstbjc hgtaiks. Hirgivgr, tagy pissgss ciik qudlbtbgs ds nugl. Nir

gxdhplg, =,7-kbhgtayl nurdj (KHN) gjgrcy kgjsbty bs dmiut ;5 % abcagrtadj gtadjils. =,7-KHN prikuftbij ads mggj pgrnirhgk, hdbjly nrihnruftisg, mut d jgw hgtaik dlsi dlliws tag usg in clufisg ds d rdw hdtgrbdl.[abs gjdmlgs nir gxdhplg tag utblbsdtbij in fgllulisg fijtdbjbjc rgsbkugsnrih nirgst bjkustry. (]ihj-Lgsa`iv gt dl, =553)


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>7


U

Dlfiails drg cgjgrdlly prikufgk my ngrhgjtdtbij in sucdrs my gjzyhgfdtdlysts. Fdtdlytbf hgtaiks, wagrg tag mbihdss bs rst cdsbgk ti syjtagsbscds, drg kgvglipgk bj ldrcg dhiujts djk tag rst fihhgrfbdl prikufgrsdrg dlrgdky niujk wbtabj tag Dhgrbfds.

Urgpdrdtbij in Dlfiails usbjc Gjzyhg Fdtdlysts

[ag prgpdrdtbij in dlfiails my dj gjzyhg fdtdlyst bs wgll `jiwj. Nirgxdhplg, ngrhgjtdmlg sucdrs advg mggj utblbsgk bj tag prikuftbij invdrbius dlfiailbf mgvgrdcgs nir hdjy ygdrs. [ag mgst `jiwj hgtaik bs

ti prikufg gtadjil nrih sucdr-mdsgk rdw hdtgrbdls my Vdffadrihyfgsfgrgvbsbdg - dj gjzyhg in ygdst. (Cldzgr gt dl., 42270 Agllg gt dl., =55;0Ldwnirk gt dl., =55=)

Urgpdrdtbij in Gtadjil

Rgdst usgs sucdr ds dj gjgrcy siurfg (fdrmij siurfg), nir gxdhplg bj tabsfdsg, iffurrbjc tariuca djdgrimbf (ixycgj-nrgg) ngrhgjtdtbij. Faghbfdllybt bs d rgkix rgdftbij, wagrg tagrg bs ji jgt ixbkdtbij ir rgkuftbij. [ag

ngrhgjtgk gjk prikuft rgsults bj jdl fihpiujks wabfa fglls sgfrgtg titagbr surriujkbjcs. Gtadjil bs sgpdrdtgk nrih tag dqugius silutbij mykbstblldtbij, aiwgvgr jit dll wdtgr bs rghivgk djk bt hdy mg jgfgssdry tiusg vdrbius krybjc faghbfdls.

Urgpdrdtbij in mutdjil

Mutdjil bs hdjundfturgk usbjc d pdrtbfuldr ndhbly in mdftgrbd, Flistrbkbuh.

Urgpdrdtbij in mutdjil iffurs bj targg stdcgs. [ag rst stgp bs tag si-fdllgkdfbkicgjbf padsg, wagrg tag pA bs jgutrdl djk tag prikufts drg dfgtbf djkmutyrbf dfbk. [ag sgfijk stgp bs tag silvgjticgjbf padsg, fdrrbgk iut dtliw pA (dmiut ;.6 ti ;.;). [ag prikufts in tag sgfijk stgp drg dfgtijg,

mutdjil djk gtadjil. [ag tabrk stgp bs `jiwj ds tag dlcicgjbf stdcg, wagrgprikufts mutdjil, dfgtijg djk gtadjil drg sgpdrdtgk.


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>>


Fdtdlytbf prgpdrdtbij in mbinugls

Fdtdlytbf hgtaiks drg qubtg fihhij bj tag prifgssbjc in frukg ibl. Bjtabs fdsg, rgdftbij tghpgrdturgs hdy mg sgvgrdl aujkrgk kgcrggs djk tagrgdftbijs td`g pldfg bj tag cds-silbk bjtgrndfg. Mbihdssgs tagrhdl stdmblbtybs sbcjbfdjtly liwgr tadj frukg ibl. [agrgnirg, mbihdss prifgssbjc saiulktd`g pldfg bj tag lbqubk padsg ir vgry fdrgnully bj tag cds padsg bn tagkgfihpisbtbij in mbihdss bjti syjtagsbs cds bs ti mg prgvgjtgk. Bj tabsfdsg, tag prifgssgs drg sliwgr djk rgqubrg ldrcgr rgdftir viluhgs. (@ldss,=55;)

[ag wirlks tag rst fihhgrfbdl tgfajilicbgs advg dlrgdky mggjkgvglipgk nir tag prikuftbij in mbinugls nrih mbihdss my cdsbfdtbijdjk tag fijvgrtbjc in cds fdtdlytbfdlly. [agsg fihpdjbgs, nir gxdhplg?

Fairgj, Fisfdtd djk ]djcg Nugls, hdbjly prikufg gtadjil djk dl`djgs.[ag cdsbfdtbij prifgss bs furrgjtly jit sglgftbvg gjiuca nir lijc fadbjdlfiails djk dl`djgs prikuftbij (Lbj gt dl., =552). [ag mgst jiwj prifgssgsdrg hgtadjil syjtagsbs djk Nbsfagr-[ripsfa syjtagsbs. Fijvgrtbjc

mbihdss bjti syjtagsbs cds rgqubrgs sgvgrdl stgps, wabfa bjflukg mbihdsscdsbfdtbij, cds flgdjbjc, (bj hist fdsgs, d wdtgr-cds-sab ujbt) djksyjtagsbs cds fijvgrsbij. (@ldss, =55;)

F

[ag fijvgrsbij in sucdrs bjti trdjspirtdtbij mbinugls stbll rgqubrgs hufargsgdrfa djk kgvgliphgjt. Ngrhgjtdtbij in gtadjil bs wgll `jiwj, mutdltgrjdtbvg mbinugls djk jgw prgpdrdtbij hgtaiks drg rgqubrgk. Uaysbfdldjk faghbfdl pripgrtbgs in mutdjil djk sihg nurdjs fihpdrgk ti gtadjildrg sbcjbfdjt, mut prgpdrdtbij hgtaiks drg jit furrgjtly gfijihbfdl.


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>3


]

Kbrgftbvg =556/65/GW. Ifbdl oiurjdl in tag Guripgdj Wjbij, L4=6/;=,

43.7.=556, KB]GF[B^G =556/65/GF IN [AG GW]IUGDJ UD]LBDHGJ[DJK IN [AG FIWJFBL, ij tag prihitbij in tag usg in mbinugls iritagr rgjgwdmlg nugls nir trdjspirt, Dvdbldmlg dt? ap?//gf.guripd.gu/gjgrcy/rgs/lgcbsldtbij/kif/mbinugls/gjYjdl.pkn =>.;.=544

Kbrgftbvg in tag Guripgdj nugls (=553). Fihhbssbij in tag Guripgdj Fih-hujbtbgs. FIH (=553) 41 jdl. Dvdbldmlg dlsi? ap?//gur-lgx.guripd.gu/LgxWrbVgrv/sbtg/gj/fih/=553/fih=553Y5541gj54.pkn, =>.;.=544.

Kbrgftbvg nir rgjgwdmlg gjgrcy usg (FIH(=551)42), =;.1.=552, ap?//gur-lgx.guripd.gu/LgxWrbVgrv/LgxWrbVgrv.ki9urb8FIH?=551?5542?NBJ?NB?UKN

Guripgdj stdjkdrk, Gj ==1?=551,Dutihimblg nugls Wjlgdkgk pgtril ]gqub-rghgjts djk tgst hgtaiksCdutdh, H., Hdrtbj BB, K.S., Urif. Bjst. Hgfa. Gjcrs, =555, =4; D, ;23Cldzgr, D.J. od Jb`dbki, A.0Hbfrimbdl Mbitgfajilicy? Nujkdhgjtdls in Dpplbgk

Hbfrimbilicy, S.A. Nrgghdj djk Fihpdjy. WVD, 4227, 6=3671Adklbjctij V. Faghbstry Sirlk, jgws, =553Agllg, V.V., Hurrdy, D., Ldh, O., Fdhgrij, K.]., Ku, V.O.M, Mbirgsiur.

[gfajil. =55;, 2=, 4>6@ldss, K.L, bj Gjfyflipgkbd in Gjgrcy, gk. F.O. Flgvgldjk, Glsgvbgr, Lijkij,

=55;, 426-=4=Ldwnirk, A.C., ]issgdu, O.K., Dppl. Mbifagh. Mbitgfajil., =55=, 21-455,;=2

Lbj, R-F, Aumgr, C.S., Gjgrcy djk Gjvbrijhgjtdl Vfbgjfg, =552, =, >1Hbjtggr, V.,Dlfiailbf nugls, 4st gkbtbij, F]F [dylir & Nrdjfbs Criup, Mifd

]dtij, =55>,4-6Hitbvd, =55>. ^dbatigatibsgt pilidbjggt od doijguvit ipds, Ij bjtgrjgt

=2.6.=545? ap?//www.hitbvd./lgs/=464/ dbatigatibsgtYpilidbjggtYodYdoijguvit.pkn

]dhgy, K., Rdjc, V-[, Urikuftbij in Muturbf Dfbk nrih Mbihdss, Nbjdl ]gpirt,nir W.V. Kgpdrthgjt in Gjgrcy, Hircdjtiwj, S^, =555

]ihj-Lgsa`iv, R., Mdrrg, F.O., Lbu, _.R., Kuhgsbf, O.D. Jdturg, =553, ;;3,21=

Vrbfadrigjfadb`ul, ^., Dcrdwdl, U., Nrgkgrbf`, S.O., Or., Bjk. Gjc. Fagh.]gs. =55=, ;4, 7>;5

_adi, A., Ailldkdy, O.G., Mriwj, A., _adjc, _.F. Vfbgjfghdc., =553, 64>,4723


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