1. Biomedicine according to Kinsley everything is understandable in the context of natural law. Cultures, beliefs, myths are not relevant. Biomedicine is viewed as highly scientific and objective.

2. Biomedicine is not entirely objective. It has some cultural aspects but not as much as ethnomedicine. An example of this is the issue of homosexuality

3. Conversion therapy is when a homosexual person is forced to change his sexuality by going to gay conversion therapies.

4. Allopathic vs homeopathic

Biomedicine

ethnomedicine

ontological

spiritual

attacks the sickness by meds.. etc

lets the body go through it

eliminate symptoms

encourages symptoms

good filter

bad filter

based on scientific method

based on alternative epistemology

5. Biomedicine is allopathic because it matches the allopathic characteristics above

ontological it is considered a separate, real thing

epistemology an ideology

6. medicine is mechanistic the body is considered a machine that consists of parts and systems. Sickness is considered an engineering problem. This helped simplify the study of human body

7. biomedicine is individualistic it tends to concentrate on the disease and the individual. It does not care about social and community factors. For example, medicine looks for a cure for an individual but does not put as much effort on preventive medicine that affects the whole population

8. Symbolic factors in biomedicine white jackets in medical personnel, handwriting in prescriptions they do not have a clinical value but is still being done

9. Knowledge beyond culture is important because it helps temper run-away ethnocentrism. Everyone can appreciate it because it is testable and universal.

10. Western model vs. tribal model

biomedicine

Ethnomedicine

Strictly allopathic

Not strictly allopathic and homeopathic (both)

Has no religion involved

Religion and spiritualism is involved

Highly based on data

Somewhat based on data

Sickness is not a moral phenomenon

Sickness is a moral phenomenon

11. Health is related to morality

12. Animism the belief that all things are animated by a spirit, force or soul.

13. Corporeal worldly plane

14. Ethereal spiritual plane

They are the same in animism

15. In ethnomedicine, they believe that health is due to their relationship with the spirits. it is framed in a moral context. To be healthy, one must have a good relationship not just w the spirits but also with the people around them. Disharmony is perceived as the reason for sickness and is the individuals fault.

16. Taboo- any social thing that offends peoples sensitivity

17. Sexual escapade, rude remarks anything that is out of the moral boundaries of the community

18. The 3 entities that will bring about sickness: gods and spirits, ancestors and ghosts, other human being.

Gods and spirits they laid out rules and violating those rules caused them to render punishments such as sickness and misfortunes

Ghosts and ancestors are particularly interested in their descendants and if a person does something that offends the family, they can cause sickness and bad luck.

Other human beings inconsiderate actions towards fellow men can cause sickness.

19. Mal ojo evil eye. If people flaunt their good fortunes, they invite envy among other people. This hatred alone can bring sickness. They can also use sorcerers to do the job.

20. Sorcerers evil, can cause sickness to other people ; witches usually neutral

21. Soul loss a lot of cultures believe that the soul animates the body. Sickness is a sign that the soul is leaving the body. Healing, therefore, is done by revitalizing the soul and restoring it to the body.

22. Object intrusion - the cause of sickness is the intrusion of an invisible object, shot by a sorcerer or a bad spirit. If it doesnt get removed, it causes death.

23. Spirit intrusion a spirit intrudes the body and the person is not himself anymore. example is possession (emic) or mental disease (etic)

24. Disease sorcery a disease is inflicted either directly through will power (hate) or through a sorcerer.

25. Breach of taboo violating a rule or engaging in taboo acts, whether done intentionally or unintentionally, causes the illness. Example karma

26. The causation of diseases is not exclusive. Example, a soul loss is believed to be caused by sorcery because of a breach of taboo

27. Shaman the oldest form of healer. He is different from all other healers because of his claim to be able to physically visit a different realm.

28. A spirit medium has the ability to communicate with the spirits and act as a conduit or vessel for the spirits so the spirits can do their work

29. Priests they conduct rituals and try and appease the spirits

30. Holy person they are effective because of their piety and acquired goodness. Their touch or sight is believed to have healing effects Example: faith healers

31. Prescriptionist they prepare the medicines

32. The shaman claims that he is able to physically visit the other realms and talk to the spirits

33. Trance techniques used:

Old world (usually found in Asia and Africa) clapping, humming, percussion

New world: hallucinogenic substances

34. Peyote a hallucinogenic substance used by native north Americans to aid their trance

35. Yanomamo tribal group in Venezuela and Brazil

36. Snorts ebene with a bamboo. Everyone snorts it but only a few, experienced people becomes a shaman. This is a patriarchal tribe and the women are not allowed to become shamans.

37. Spiritualism began with the Fox sisters who claimed they can communicate with the spirits through a series of knocks.

38. Spiritualism is a religion that believes they can contact the spirits and dead relatives. It started in 1848 with the Fox sisters and is the fastest growing religion in the early 1900s

39. At that time, science was inventing all kinds of new things that most people considered a miracle, therefore, everything was possible. Also, a lot of people liked the answer that spiritualism gave them.

40. People like the answers that spiritualism gave them.

41. Central themes of sickness in all cultures:

Confession

Transference

Sacred space and pilgrimage

Effective healer

Assigning meaning to an illness

Culture-specific nature of illness

Group solidarity

42. Sance an attempt to communicate with the spirits by a seat session

43. Ouija board a board with symbols and graphics used in communicating with the spirits

44. The Aurohuaca Indians of Columbia believe that sickness is related to sin and will only be cured if the sin is confessed to the healer. The healer then transfers them to a shell or a stone and then exposed to the sun to destroy it.

45. Emic explanation: Illness is believed to be due to the violation of a moral code. In order to be healed, the person must publicly confess his sins. Only then does healing occur.

Etic explanation: public confession keeps the people in line and is their way of maintaining law and order in a community with no judicial laws.

46. Emic: The Ndembu of Zimbabwe believes that sickness is due to the anger of their male ancestors. The male ancestor bites the person using the ihamba. The healer summons the persons kin to an improvised shrine where he publicly confesses all his transgressions. The kin and friends are also required to confess their sins. When everything is confessed, only then will the healers power work in taking out the ihamba.

Etic: the Ndembu of Zimbabwe believes that illness is a symptom of social strife. The hostilities of the kin and patient are what are being treated through confession. This is another example of social control.

47. Ihamba is the incisor of a dead hunter that is used to kill animals, or in the sick persons case, to cause his disease.

48. Transference the shaman attempts to take the spirit out of the persons body, transfer it in a physical object and then set to destroy the object.

49. Transference in the Yuroba of Nigeria the ritual is done in a deserted river. The patient is made to change her clothes, shave her head and make tiny incisions in her scalp. (a symbolic way of changing the persons social standing and move her into a different state as a preparation of her healing).

1st dove: draws out the illness and transfers it to the dove, then drowned and thrown down the river, along with the sickness

2nd dove: the second dove is killed and the calmness is transferred from the dove to the patient

3rd dove: last dove is killed and the incantation starts, the dove is thrown downwards as a symbol that the sickness will never return

50. Curanderismo in the American Southwest is a practice of using an egg and sweeping it in the patients body. Sickness is extracted and transferred into egg. The egg is then destroyed.

51. The Kalahari Kung of South Africa believes that transference can be in the form of the healer taking the patients illness himself.

52. Osmosis takes place by transferring the positive energy of the healer into the patient while absorbing the patients illness.

53. The Balahis of Central India believe that transference occurs in their exorcism. The healer forces a sandal into the patients mouth, where the spirit is transferred. It is then taken into a tree and nailed along with the patients hair, thus fixing it permanently to the tree

54. The Azande of North Central Africa they use poison oracle to come up w a list of culprits. They poison chicken and the owner of the chicken that survives is the culprit. The secret is randomness. Another example is the Bizango of Haiti.

55. In Sri Lanka (bordering India and Maldives) the house is purified and altars are erected and used as sacred space

56. Yak Vidiya the palace of the demons where the fight between the healer and the spirit takes place

57. The Tzotzil of Zinacanteco of Hteklum the patients bed is transformed into a sacred space and is decorated with flowers with special water.

58. The Bodhi tree is the tree of enlightenment for Buddhist.

59. Ziancanteco of Hteklum, Lourdes in Southern France, Fatima in Portugal

60. Healers are available in these shrines but just being present in the shrine is considered healing already

61. Liminal space/ period = a transitional stage where you are in between 2 well-defined social state. A person was not used to be but is not yet what he is going to be. example, communion, initiation

62. Accdg to Victor Turner during the liminal period, peoples behavior changes and become anti-structural. They use a cultural cleansing to remove all semblance of the persons old self. Everyone is equal at this time

63. An effective healer is one who does not have any education but was trained and got his status through a consensus. His skills are measured according to the number of patients he has.

64. Healers are usually physically impaired or psychologically unusual

Physical impairment suggests a wounded healer. A wounded healer can effectively deal with illness because he himself has experienced it.

Psychologically unusual made the healers anti-structural. They are neither one nor the other

65. A patients illness has something to do with an aspect of his life. The healer guides the patient into restructuring his life in order to create harmony. The patient-healer trust is very important. They have to have the same worldview, and the same concept of reality. The healer must be able to diagnose and treat the illness in a way that is meaningful to the patient.

66. The most effective healers in Trinidad are the ones who has the most extensive knowledge about the medicine and the one who has the most clients

67. Transgendered people are always considered in a liminal period in American culture

68. Hajj trip to Mecca

69. Accdg to Kinsley, all illnesses have a cultural aspect to it. Culture bound syndrome does exist

70. Koro shrinking penis. There is an overactivity of Yin and must be treated by introducing more Yang energy

71. Susto the fright disease. The patients soul is leaving the body causing the loss of appetite, sadness and withdrawals

72. In most cultures, illness is related to social relationships. The healing process involves confession and forgiveness that results in the balance of social harmony

73. The healers are the ones who play the role as the mediator between people through confession. They also serve as the agents in appeasing the spirits.

74. A shaman is a religious functionary who claim they can physically visit other realms and consult with the spirits

75. A shaman must undergo a violent and traumatic rite in order to get his status

76. The violent rites destroy their old self. Surviving the trauma transforms them as a person that is not one nor the either. Which is the reason why they can travel in between worlds

77. Shaman comes the term SAMAN from the Tungus people

78. While the priests and medium awaits and receives the spirits (divine into mundane), the shaman can travel towards the spirit world (mundane into divine)

79. Fasting, social isolation, no sexual intercourse. This is done to prepare his body for his travels to different worlds. It is done as a symbol that the shaman is not human nor the other

80. Other than drugs or percussions, experiences and knowledge are also needed

81. Hallucinogenic drugs or other trance inducing actions are necessary to get to their state but not sufficient. It includes all kinds of different factors like the shamans ability and knowledge among other things to have the whole experience.

82. Shamans are anti-structural and are beyond the control of the society. This status enables them to be agents of change

83. The cosmology of the Yanomamo of Venezuela and Brazil consists of 4 realms: The old woman, heaven, earth and hell.

84. The shaman acts as a conduit for all these worlds.

85. Bodhi tree tree of enlightenment among Buddhists

86. The Kalahari Kung of South Africa believes that everyone can have access of their num but only a few people can be shamans

87. A num is a special healing power available to everyone

88. A kia is an alternate reality for the Kungs

89. When the healer enters kia, he starts to see the sickness and its cause. The healer converses with the spirits and might have to fight them. They also see who is in danger among the living. It is preventive as well as curative

90. Ebene used by the Yanomamo of Venezuela and Brazil

91. A Hekura is a humanoid, spiritual being that must be vanquished in order for the sickness to go away

92. Enculturation dictates the persons reaction to the hallucinogenic drugs they take.

93. The Jivaro Indians of Ecuador believe that the state they are in while on hallucinogenic drugs is the real world and the world they are in their normal waking world is a lie.

94. Natema the hallucinogenic tea that the Jivaro Indians use

95. The 2 types of shamans in the Jivaro culture: bewitching shamans and the curing shamans

96. 4:1

97. At that time, the effects of drugs were not yet fully explored. Being under the influence of drugs and experiencing new things, the author stated how important the drug is in understanding the native ideology

98. A tsentsak is a dart spirit helper that is the cause of disease and illness

99. A novice must abstain from sex to become qualified

100. 3 months of abstinence: novice

5 months: he can kill somebody

1 year: necessary to become an effective healer

101. Bewitching is done as a punishment for offending a family member or friend (a social control)

102. A shaman drinks a green tobacco concoction to regurgitate a tsensak. He then throws it towards the victim. If thrown with enough force and it goes through, the victim will be dead in a couple days

103. Pasuk special helper disguised as an insect or animal

104. Wakani servant birds that are available for all

105. Kill the pasuk by targeting the eyes since its the only part not covered with iron

106. A tarantula

107. A shaman tests his tsentsak by targeting a tree. If the tree splits, his tsentsak is still strong. Only people under the influence of natema can see it though

108. If the tsentsak is thrown with enough force and goes through the body, there is nothing they can do. But if it lodges in the body, the curing shaman can suck out the tsentsak

109. By sucking the tsentsak out of the victim

110. They show the family an object that has been hidden in their mouth as proof that they have gotten rid of the poison.

111. Send back the tsentsak to the shaman who owns it

112. The ones who can repeatedly purchase more tsentsak from other shamans

113. Exorcism

114. They drive the spirits out by laying their hands on them and praying.

115. The number one etiology (cause of sickness) is spirit possession. That is why exorcism is the number one form of healing

116. Exorcism is considered a form of psychotherapeutic therapy because the problem is psychological and the therapy is done in order to make people believe they are healed

117. Psychotherapeutic healing and the placebo effect are analogous with each other. They have the whole production all set up and people are made to believe they are being healed

118. The cultural context is different.

What used to be called demon possession is now proven to be nothing but psychological diseases such as schizophrenia. We now have the knowledge and can explain them scientifically so there is less need to explain this phenomenon in a spiritual context.

There is no evidence that all the things they show on movies actually happen in real life exorcism.

119. Catholic and protestant denominations

120. Jesus Christ

121. The Rituale Romanum is written is 1614 and is an outlined rite of exorcism that contains all the rituals and incantations needed to be followed closely in order to have a successful exorcism

122. The exorcist must be free of sin so the devil will not use it against him

123. Normal: healthy, middle-aged, not too brilliant

124. Stages of exorcism accdg to Malachi Martin:

The presence

Pretense

Breakpoint

The voice

The clash

The expulsion

125. Use occams razor

126. It is not always an evil spirit, it can also be a confused spirit

127. Africa, Latin America, orient: it means its universal

128. 1614

129. Paranormal abilities, superhuman strength, speak a different language, revulsion against holy objects

130. It flourishes in places that does not know a lot about mental illnesses

131. When dealing with something bizarre, which is more likely? Is it a hoax or a miracle?

132. Wade Davis

133. Social control

134. Bizango the secret society in Haiti that punishes people by turning them into zombies

135. No, material and spiritual are the same

136. A Houngan is a vodoun priest

137. Vodoun is considered a set of rules and ethics that must be followed in order to have harmony

138. He took his brothers lands, got women pregnant without taking care of the child

139. 1962-1964

140. Tetradotoxin

141. Datura stramonium

142. Set the individuals expectation of what the drugs will do to him

Setting the environment that the drugs is taken

2 different people can go to the same location and use the same drugs but will have different reactions based on their enculturation.

143. Bokor the one who practices sorcery in Haiti

144. Max Beauvoir is his contact and is a houngan

145. Marcelle Pierre is a bokor

146. Ti Femme and Clairvius Narcisse

147. Hounfour the temple

148. Gros bon ange big good angel animates the body, the one that becomes the flesh zombie

Ti bon ange small good angel, the one that consist of the ego or consciousness, the astral zombie that gets captured in a jar.

149. Refer to 148

150. Haitians fear is not the zombie but to become a zombie

151. 7 transgressions: ambition, lack of respect, belittling the bizango, stealing another mans wife, slander, harming family, land issues

152. The magic comes from the bokor and not the poison itself

153. The real zombie ingredients: lizard, toad Bufo Marinas, large worm, variouys plants, 2 different fish one of them is a puffer fish, bones from a recently buried child

154. Tetradotoxin is 160,000x more potent than cocaine

155. The lotion needs to be topically applied

156. Catatonic state aware but cannot physically feel

157. Herard Simon his contact in the Bizango society

158. Loa the spirit in Haiti

159. 2 ethnomedical facts: everyday illness is dealt with medicines. Psychological problems are referred to the houngan

160. The zombie complex according to the Haitians: the powders are used to kill or harm people and make them sick but it is the sorcery that turns them into zombies