biomolecules : is any molecule that is present in living organisms. mrs. mckinney academic and pap...

Biomolecules : is any molecule that is present in living organisms.

Mrs. McKinneyAcademic and PAP Biology

Warm-Up• Title: Biomolecule: any

molecule that is present in living organisms

• List the percentages of each:– Total Fats ____– Saturated Fats ____– Carbohydrates _______– Protein ____

Hypothesis How do they help your body?

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall1

Macromolecules

Proteins Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Monomers (M) (Building Blocks)

(Building Blocks

4 Classes of Organic Compounds

All Contain Carbon

starches

cellulose

glycogen

CHO

steroids

oils

fats

waxes

CHO

CHONS

CHONP

muscle fibers

cytoskeleton

enzymes

M= Amino Acids

M= Nucleotides

M= Fatty Acids and

Glycerol

M=Sugars

RNA

DNA

Carbohydrates

Amoeba Sister: Biomolecules

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw

So lets think about this….

• Bio-molecules make:– Organelles (tiny cell organs)– Cells– Tissue– Organ– Organ systes– Organsism

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

found in food help make me along

with nucleic acids!!!!

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Monomers – single unit

Polymers – many single units joined together

This is how polymers are formed and how polymers are bronken down into monomers

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates:– Aka: sugars – glucose, sucrose,

fructose, etc– Function: Provide energy

• Lipids:– Aka: fats – triglycerides,

saturated/unsaturated– Function: Long-term energy,

insulation

Biomolecules

• Proteins:– Aka: Amino acids –– Function: build muscle, bones, pretty

much the body

• Nucleic Acids:– Aka: DNA/RNA – your genetic code– Function: Instructions for your cell –

the BIG BOSS

C H O 1: 2: 1

Monomer: Sugar Main source of

energy, especially short term energy

Used for genetic material, which codes for traits

Monomer: Nucleotide C H O N P

DNA: A C G T

Monosaccharide: simple sugar

Disaccharide: double (two) sugars

Polysaccharide: many (large) sugars

RNA: A G C U

Carbohydrates

Glucose,

Starch,

Cellulose, Glycogen

Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

Macromolecules

Lipids

Fats, Oils,

Waxes

Proteins Enzymes, Cell structure

Saturated: only C-C single bonds

Unsaturated: at least 1 C = C double bond

Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids + glycerol Bonded by: Peptide Bonds Used for antibodies, muscle

C H O

Monomer: Triglyceride

Used for long term energy storage

movement, enzymes, hormones, structure, transport, and to store amino acids

Monomer: Amino Acid

C H O N (S)


Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms,

Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.


Carbohydrates

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Source of Energy for cell function


Carbohydrates

Different sizes of carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides – single (1) sugar (glucose- C6H12O6, fructose)

Disaccharides – double (2) sugar (sucrose-C12H22O11)

Polysaccharides – many sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose)


Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Starches and sugars - examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.

Examples:Cellulose - plants make it for cell walls

Starch - (long chain of glucose)

Glycogen – stored in humans


Proteins

macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

- Monomer: amino acids.

- Polymer: protein (polypeptide chain)


Proteins

Amino Acids: connected by peptide bonds


ProteinsFunction of Proteins

Instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.

AminoAcids

Protein Molecule


Proteins

Some functions of proteins:

–Control rate of reactions – Enzymes

–Used to form bones and muscles

–Transport substances into or out of cells

–Help to fight disease - antibodies


Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)


Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

nucleotides – monomers of Nucleic Acids.

Monomer: nucleotides

Polymer: DNA or RNA


Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides consist of three parts:

• a 5-carbon sugar

• a phosphate group

• a nitrogenous base


Lipids

Lipids

not soluble in water.

Common categories of lipids are:

fats

oils

waxes

steroids


Lipids

Function of Lipids:

Used to store energy.

Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.


Lipids

glycerol Fatty acid

• Triglyceride


Amoeba Sister: Enzymes

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY5bug


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY5bug

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY5bug

Enzymes: Are Proteins

“Helper” Protein molecules

Nothing works without enzymes!

• How important are enzymes?– all chemical reactions in living organisms require

enzymes to work• building molecules

– synthesis enzymes

• breaking down molecules– digestive enzymes

– enzymes speed up reactions• “catalysts”

+

+

enzyme

enzymeWe can’t live without enzymes!

End Show

2–3 Carbon Compounds

Slide 29 of 37

Enzymes

• A protein catalyst

• Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.

Lowers Activation EnergyLowers Activation Energy

• Enzyme

–helper protein molecule

• Substrate

–molecule that enzymes work on

• Products

–what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction

• Active site

–part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into

–LOCK AND KEY

enzyme

substrate product

active site

What affects enzyme action

• Correct protein structure

–correct order of amino acids

–why? enzyme has to be right shape

• Temperature


• pH (acids & bases)


Enzymes are proteins

• Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction

–each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job

–enzymes are named for the reaction they help

• sucrase breaks down sucrose

• proteases breakdown proteins

• lipases breakdown lipids

• DNA polymerase builds DNA

Oh, I get it!They end in -ase

For enzymes…What matters?

SHAPE!

biomolecules : is any molecule that is present in living organisms. mrs. mckinney academic and pap...

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