biotechnology and the human genome review
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Biotechnology and the Human Genome REVIEW. CHAPTER 13 + 14a. Which enzyme?. Is used in PCR to join nucleotides (not separate like it states on the study sheet) to make a strand of DNA? PCR animation ANSWER: Taq polymerase. Where was Taq polymerase discovered?. A. Jamaica B. Hot Springs - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Biotechnology and the Human Genome
REVIEW
CHAPTER 13 + 14a
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Which enzyme?
• Is used in PCR to join nucleotides (not separate like it states on the study sheet) to make a strand of DNA?
• PCR animation
• ANSWER: Taq polymerase
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Where was Taq polymerase discovered?
• A. Jamaica
• B. Hot Springs
• C. Antarctica
• D. Atlantic Ocean
• ANSWER: B Hot Springs
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Which enzyme is used to cut DNA?
• Ligase
• Restriction
• TAQ
• Ti
• ANSWER: restriction
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Which enzyme is used to paste sticky ends (bind plasmid to DNA
fragment)?• Ligase
• Restriction
• TAQ
• Ti
• ANSWER: ligase
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Where is the plasmid?
A
B D
A B
C D
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What carries genes that destroys antibiotics;
• Also used as a vector for genetic engineering?
• ANSWER: R plasmid
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What is an organism that has genes inserted in it from another organism?
• ANSWER: transgenic
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What is an organism (or plasmid) that carries an organism (or genes)
into another organism?
• ANSWER: vector
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What is a plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to give
genetic material to plants?
• ANSWER: Ti plasmid
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What matches this “sticky end?”• A G T A C G T A A• G C A T T• AGTA• TCAT• Answer: TCAT
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PCR is useful to do what?
•ANSWER: make large copies from a small amount of DNA
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How does the number of DNA change with each cycle in the PCR?
• ANSWER: Doubles
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What does a gel electrophoresis do?
• ANSWER: separates the DNA fragments according to size
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Which DNA fragments are the longest?
• ANSWER: the ones at the top (near wells)
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What two things determine where the strands will be on the gel?
• ANSWER: size of the fragments + charge
• (DNA is negative and will move toward the positive electrode)
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Gel Electrophoresis Animation
• Click on the pictureClick Here
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In a gel electrophoresis, what direction do the DNA
fragments move?
ANSWER:negative to positive
• Acidic to basic• Positive to negative• Basic to acidic• Negative to positive
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Fill in the blanks for the DNA fragments in a gel electrophoresis:
A ________ DNA segment will travel less far
A _______DNA segment will travel farther
• A. shorter longer
• B. shorter longer
(see next slide for answer)
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What are jumping genes?
• ANSWER: also called transposons• are sequences of DNA that can move
around to different positions within the genome of a single cell Animation Quiz 5 - Transposons: Shifting Segments of the Genome
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Who discovered jumping genes?
• ANSWER: Barbara McClintock
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Where would telomeres be found?
• ANSWER: a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration.
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What are RFLP’s?
• ANSWER: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
• Cut by restriction enzymes
• Rflp animation
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What is biotechnology?
• ANSWER: use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment.
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What is the number?
• Year Human Genome Project began?
• ANSWER: 1990
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What is the number?
• Year Human Genome Project was completed?
• ANSWER: 2003
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What number?
• Number of genes (working genes) that actually code for proteins in the human genome?
• ANSWER: 20,000 – 25,000
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What is the number?
• Estimated number of genes in E. coli bacterial cell?
• ANSWER: 2000
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What is the number?
• Percentage of nucleotide bases alike in all humans?
• ANSWER: 99.9%
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What is the number?
• Percentage of DNA in a human cell thought to be non-coding (junk DNA)?
• ANSWER: 98% (was thought to be 97%)
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What is the number?
• Of nucleotide pairs (or base pairs) in a haploid set of chromosomes?
• ANSWER: 3 billion
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Match the GM PRODUCTS:
• A. Flavr Savr
• B. Golden Rice
• C. Roundup Ready
• D. Bt Cotton
• 1. given a gene increases skin toughness
• 2. gene isolated from soil bacterium to kill certain insects (corn and cotton borers)
• 3. vitamin-A producing gene added
• 4. gene put into soybeans to control weeds due to its glyphosate
• ANSWER: 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C
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VNTR’s1. Who’s child of Mom and Dad
2. Who is not?
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How do you read a DNA fingerprint?
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How are the DNA fingerprints made? (Put in order)
• ____Paper blot to transfer DNA bars to paper or photograph
• ____Pipette DNA in Gel wells• ____Connect to voltage supply • ____Cut DNA segment with restriction enzymes• _____Rinse blot with probes to make
autoradiograph
• Answer: 4, 2, 3, 1, 5
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Steps of PCR
• A. Extension
• B. Annealing
• C. Denaturing
• 1. heated 94oC to break apart DNA strands
• 2. DNA primers added when cooled 54oC
• 3. heated to 72oC to make the DNA strand copy
• ANSWER: 1-C, 2-B, 3-A
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Match the scientists:
• A. McClintock
• B. Venter
• C. Mullis
• 1. discovered transposons (jumping genes)
• 2. Heads Ceelera, an automated genome coder at fast pace
• 3. devised the PCR
• ANSWER: 1-A, 2-B, 3-C
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CSI had a small amount of blood from a crime scene. What could be
done to make a bigger sample?
• ANSWER: PCR
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What must be done to cause an egg and the udder cell of a sheep to fuse
to form an embryo?
• ANSWER: jolt with electricity
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What is this structure called?
•
• ANSWER: recombinant DNA
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Alba has genes from a jellyfish.
• What do you call organisms that have genes from other organisms?
• ANSWER: transgenic
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What is cloning?
• Clones are organisms that have exact genetic material.
• Identical twins.
• Copies of recombinant DNA
• ALL of the above.• ANSWER: all of the above
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What is the name of the first cloned sheep?
• ANSWER: Dolly
• IS SHE STILL ALIVE?No, she died early with adult diseases, like arthritis and lung cancer.
• (typical is 10-12 years)
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What process separates DNA fragments?
• PCR• Gel electrophoresis• Recombining DNA• ANSWER: Gel
electrophoresis
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What is a Radioactive Probe?
• A: Labeled short strand of DNA
to find a specific gene (like CF gene)
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What are four goals of the HGP?
• 1.To determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.
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What are four goals of the HGP?
• 2. identify all the approximately working
25,000 genes in human DNA
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What are four goals of the HGP?
•3. To store this information in databases (sex offenders, soldiers).
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What are four goals of the HGP?
• 4. To transfer related technologies to the private sector (gene therapy, drugs, vaccines).