What is Biotechnology?

The term brings to mind many different

things.

Others think of developing new types of animals

Others dream of almost unlimited source of human therapeutic drugs.

Others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant.

What is Biotechnology?Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify

human health and the human environment.

What is Biotechnology?The term Biotechnology was coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky a Hungarian engineer.

Where did Biotechnology

begin?

With the Basics• Nearly 10 000 years ago, our

ancestors were producing wine beer, and bread by using fermentation, a natural process in which the biological activity of one-celled organisms plays a critical role.

With the Basics• In fermentation,

microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds are mixed with ingredients that provide them with food. As they digest food the organisms produce two critical by-products, carbon dioxide gas and alcohol

In simple terms• The living cells rearrange chemical

elements to form new products that they need to live and reproduce. By happy coincidence, in the process of doing so they help make a popular beverage and food.

Biotechnology in Crop Improvement• The possibilities for

improving plants expanded as a result of Gregor Mendel’s investigations in the mid-1860 of hereditary traits in peas.

How do farmers improve their crops before?

• Farmers long ago noted that they could improve each succeeding year’s harvest using seed from only the best plants of the current crop.

Poodle Labrador Labradoodle

+

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Look at the following dogs - crossing a Poodle and a Labrador results in a ‘Labradoodle’

What features has the Labradoodle inherited from the Labrador?

What features has the Labradoodle inherited from the Poodle?

Harnessing Microbes for Health• Discovery of

Penicilin• Large scale sewage

purification system• Yeast enzymes that

is effective in converting sugar into alcohol.

Overview and Brief History of Biotechnology

•Biotechnology brought us to the brink of a world of “engineered” products that are based in the natural world rather than on chemical and industrial process.

• Biotechnology has been described as “Janus-faced”

Two Sides of Biotechnology

1. Techniques allow DNA to be manipulated to move genes from one organisms to another.

2. It involves relatively new technologies whose consequences are untested and should be met with caution.

Areas where Biotechnology is Used

• Agriculture• Bioremediation• Food Processing• Energy production• Forensic

History of Biotechnology

Biotech timeline GB: http://youtu.be/qpLlNuJPcJY

The Technologies and Their Application

Bioprocessing Technology• The oldest of the

biotechnologies, bioprocessing technology, uses living cells or the molecular components of their manufacturing machinery to produce desired products.

Microbial Fermentation as form of Bioprocessing Technology

• Microbial fermentation, has been used for thousands of years – unwittingly – to brew beer, make wine, leaven bread and pickle foods.

Now we rely on manufacturing capability of microorganisms to provide us with products such as: antibiotics, birth control pills, amino acids, vitamins, industrial solvents, pigments, pesticides and food processing aids.

Microbial Fermentation as form of Bioprocessig Technology

• Products of BT in conjunction with Recombinant DNA–Human insulin–Calf enzyme used in

cheese making–Biodegradable plastics– Laundry detergent

enzymes and –Hepatitis B vaccine.

Monoclonal Antibodies Technology

• It uses immune-system cells that make proteins called antibodies.

What is Monoclonal Antibody?• A monoclonal antibody is a

laboratory-produced molecule that 's careful ly engineered to attach to specific defects in your cel ls (cancer cel ls)

• Monoclonal antibodies mimic the antibodies your body natural ly produces as part of your immune system's response to germs, vaccines and other invaders.

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies1. Locate environmental pollutants2. Detect harmful microorganisms in food3. Distinguish cancer cells from normal cells.4. Diagnose infectious diseases in humans,

animals and plants more quickly.5. Treatment of organ-transplant rejection

and autoimmune diseases

Cell Culture Technology

• Cell culture technology is the growing of cells outside of living organisms.

Cell Culture Technology• Cell culture technology is

the growing of cells outside of living organisms.– Plant cell culture– Insect cell culture– Mammalian Cell culture

Plant Cell Culture• Plant cell culture is an essential

in creating transgenic crops.• Plant cell culture is also an

important source of compounds used as flavors, colors, and aromas by the food-processing industry

BT Corn

Insect Cell Culture• Insect cell culture can broaden our use

of biological control agents that kill insect pests without harming beneficial insects or having pesticides accumulate in the environment.

• Insect cell culture is being investigate as a production method of therapeutic proteins.

Mammalian Cell Culture• Live stock

breeding• In vitro

fertilization• Stem cell

therapy • Production of

antibodies

Recombinant DNA Technology

• Recombinant DNA technology is one of the many genetic modification techniques. It is made by combining genetic material from different sources.

• Using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells.

Uses of Recombinant DNA• Produce new medicines and

safer vaccines.• Treat some genetic diseases• Enhance agricultural yields and

decrease production costs• Decreases allergy-producing

characteristics of some foods

• Improve food’s nutritional value

• Develop biodegradable plastics• Decrease water and air

pollution• Slow food spoilage• Control viral diseases• Inhibit inflammation.

Cloning Technology• Cloning technology allows us to

generate a population of genetically identical molecules, cells, plants or animals.

Cloning Technology• Cloning technology allows us to

generate a population of genetically identical molecules, cells, plants or animals.

Cloning1. Molecular cloning2. Cellular Cloning3. Animal Cloning

Molecular Cloning• In molecular cloning, the word

clone refers to a gene or DNA fragment and also to the collection of cells or organisms, such as bacteria, containing the cloned piece of DNA.

Cellular Cloning• Cellular cloning produces cell lines

of identical cells and is also a fundamental tool of biotechnology research development and product manufacturing. (Monoclonal Antibodies, Transgenic plants, Pharmaceutical manufacturing)

Animal Cloning• Animal cloning

has helped us rapidly incorporate improvements into livestock herds.

Thank You!!!!