Biotechnology ~ the alteration of natural biomolecules using science and engineering

to provide goods and services

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products

Medicines CropsFood

& Biofuels

3.2 Describe a fermenter as a vessel used to cultivate microorganisms for the production of biomolecules on a large scale

3.3 Explain suitable conditions in fermenters, and the effect they have on growth rates, including:

1. aseptic precautions2. nutrients3. optimum temperature4. pH5. oxygenation6. agitation

Yield is the amount of product formed

Growth of yeast cells

She measured the volume of gas given off at each temperature every 2 minutes for 20 minutes.

Stacey concluded that yeast breaks down sugar most quickly at 40 °C.This is not a valid conclusion because . . .

3.8 Describe how bacteria are used in the production of yogurt from milk by the conversion of lactose to lactic acid3.9 Investigate the effect of different factors on yogurt making

BBC clip fermentation& food

Yoghurt animation Du Pont cheese Chymosin

3.6 Describe how mycoprotein is manufactured, including the role of the fungus Fusarium sp.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scO2ZZKFjMk

3.10 Describe the use of enzyme technology including:

1. chymosin, produced by genetically modified micro-organisms, used in the manufacture of vegetarian cheese

2. invertase (sucrase) produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), used in the manufacture of sweets

3. enzymes used in washing powders

3.12 Investigate the use of enzymes in food production

What has this got to do with todays lesson?

Invertase

Chymosin

GMO = yeast

Pectinase and cellulase

Proteases and lipases

3.11 Investigate the use of immobilisedlactase to produce lactosefree milk

Immobilised enzymes advantages

• higher temperature because the active site is less likely to change shape (denature) – higher temperature means higher rate of reaction - so yield can be increased

• continuous flow processing - alginate beads can be packed into large columns - raw materials are added at one end, are acted on by the enzymes as they pass through the column, and the product flows out of the other end

• enzyme does not contaminate the reaction mixture (product doesn’t need to be extracted/purified at the end)

Quick check1. Invertase converts glucose to fructose2. Invertase is produced by yeast cells3. Invertase is produced by genetically

modified yeast cells

1. How to extract a gene and insert it into a plasmid– Restriction enzymes & DNA ligase

2. How to produce the product of a gene– Gene for making human insulin

GMO = genetically modified organism

GMO organisms

• 3.13 Explain recombinant DNA technology using insulin as an example, including:

• a restriction enzymes• b ligase• c sticky ends

Overview

Link to Genetic engineering

Cut & StickRestriction enzymesRestriction enzymes

Restriction enzymes

Recognition sequence

Restriction fragments

DNA ligase

‘Sticky ends’

Plasmid

vector.

Adenovirus – viral vector

Adenoviruses are human viruses that causes respiratory diseases including the common cold.

Their genetic material is double-stranded DNA, and they are ideal for delivering genes to living patients in gene therapy.

Their DNA is not incorporated into the host’s chromosomes, so it is not replicated, but their genes are expressed.

3.15 Explain how Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector in creating transgenic plants

3.16 Demonstrate an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of introducing genes for insect resistance

from Bacillus thuringiensis into crop plants

Vectors Vectors

Genetic modification of crop plants

3.17 Demonstrate an understanding of the costs and benefits of genetic modification of crop plants in the context of developed and developing countries, including the introduction of flavonoids in the purple tomato

GM crops

3.18 Explain how increased food production for humans includes:

• conventional plant breeding programmes(& importance of seed banks/biodiversity)

• pest management strategies

• genetic modification– Golden rice– Herbicide resistance– Purple tomatoes

Pesticides IPS

Golden riceGMO

Herbicide resistance

HerbicideResistant crops

GMO SoyMonsanto Greenpeace Against

Monsanto Purple

tomatoes

p.78/79 B3Extension

Bees

A new superfood?

Cathie Martin's purple tomatoes have 20% more anthocyanins than conventional ones.

Purple tomatoes

Selective breeding programmes

Key ideas:Same plant speciesVariation in genesSexual reproduction (pollen/ova)Selection of offspringGrowth & breeding from selected plants

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmkj5gq1cQU

3.14 Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of human population growth on global food security

In 2011 just over 7 billion7 thousand million7,000,000,000http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0

World population

World population density

Biofuels and maize

World cereal production

Good news for US farmers

What does this graph predict?

Biofuels1. advantages and disadvantages of replacing

fossil fuels with biofuels• biofuels are renewable• their production uses carbon dioxide• growing the crops - requires land and may

affect the availability of land for growing food

http://nation.time.com/2013/12/13/time-explains-biofuels/

Biofuels introduction