Biotic Relationships

Done By:Jing JieZong WeiKai Xuan

Dionne

Commensalism

ParasitismMutualism

Predator and Prey+

Predator - Prey

• What?

• interaction between two organisms of different species: the predator captures and feeds on the prey

• Importance?

• to maintain balance among different species

• absence of prey would result in no predators

• without predators, a species of prey would drive other species to extinction

• Adaptations…

• prey: increases their chances of survival (weaker and smaller than predator)

• predator: make finding and capturing prey easier (carnivorous / omnivorous)

• Examples…

Predator - Prey

Lynx (predator) and Hare (prey)

Hawk (predator) and Vole (prey)

Tiger (predator) and Blesbuck (prey)

Heron (predator) and Fish (prey)

Mutualism

• What?

• a relationship where two organisms benefit

• Types...

• resource-resource: trade resource for resource

• resource-service: trade resource for service

• service-service: trade service for service

Mutualism

• Examples…

• ants and aphids

• ants feed on the sugary fluid released by the aphids, and the aphids are protected by the ants

• fungi and plant roots

• plant gives the fungi carbohydrates in exchange for phosphate

Ants feeding on the

Sugary Fluid among the

Aphids

Fungi Growing on the Roots of a Tree

Commensalism

• What?

• interaction between two organisms of different species: where one side benefits while the other does not suffer or have any benefits

Commensalism

• Examples…

• remora, a sucker-fish, and sharks or other larger fish

• the remora attaches itself to the shark and benefits from the shark's protection

• obtains food from the scraps formed as the shark eats

Remora Attached to a Nurse Shark

Remora Attached to the

Bottom of a Manta Ray

Parasitism

• What?

• relationship between two species of organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other

• Types…

• animal-animal

• plant-plant

• animal-plant

Parasitism

• Example…

• head louse (Pediculus humanus) and humans

• feeds on human blood and multiplies quickly by laying eggs on the head

• brood parasitism

• manipulation of host individuals to raise their young

Head Louse Living in a Person’s Hair

An Egg from a DIfferent

Species of Birds, placed in the

Nest of a Different

Species of Birds

Plants

• Mutualism in plants…

• occurs between plants and fungi that colonise their roots

• fungi germinate from spores in the soil which grow out from the root, gathering essential mineral nutrients and transporting them into the plant

• the plant provides carbohydrates as food for the fungus

Fungi Growing on the Roots of a Tree

Plants

• Commensalism in plants…

• occurs between plants and moss or ferns that grow on them

• moss and ferns grows on other plants to reach towards the sunlight and take shelter if needed

• this does not harm the plant

Spanish Moss

grows on other

Plants

Stag Horn Fern

grows on trees

• Credits:

• www.biologyreference.com

• www.ehow.com

• http://insects.about.com

• http://animals.about.com

Thank you for Listening!