PertanikaJ. Trap. Agric. Sci. 22(2): 95-104 (1999) ISSN: 1511-3701© Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Bird Species Composition in Ayer Hitam Forest, Puchong, Selangor

MOHAMED ZAKARIA and ABDUL RAHIMFaculty of Forestry

University Putra Malaysia43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Keywords: Bird species composition, Mist-netting, Distance Sampling-Point Count, trophic structures,primary forest, logged forest

ABSTRAKKajian ini tertumpu pada komposisi spesies burung di Hutan Ayer Hitam, Puchong, Selangor. Hutan ini ialahhutan sekunder tanah pamah yang terasing dan telah dibalak antara tahun 1936 hingga 1954. Dua kaedahtelah digunakan untuk menyiasat komposisi burung di kawasan ini iaitu Penjaringan Kabut dan PensampelanJarakJauh-Pengiraan Titik. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa sejumlah 38 famili yang merangkumi 160 spesiesburung telah direkodkan. Tiga famili yang paling besar yang mewakili 23.5 peratus daripada keseluruhanspesies ialah Timaliidae, Cuculidae dan Pycnonotidae. Bilangan individu yang paling kerap direkodkantergolong dalam famili Pycnonotidae. Hutan ini dikuasai oleh kumpulan insektivor/frugivor di manakebanyakannya diwakili oleh spesies sekunder jajah. Sesetengah spesies enggang (contoh Buceros rhinoceros) danburung rimba (contoh Pomatorhinus montanus) yang kebiasaannya dijumpai di hutan primer tidak hadir.Keputusan ini juga mencadangkan bahawa komposisi famili dan struktur trophik burung di Hutan Ayer Hitamadalah sebanding dengan mereka yang berada di kawasan hutan simpan yang lain. Walau bagaimanapun,ketidakhadiran banyak spesies hutan primer mencadangkan bahawa hutan ini masih di dalam Prosespemulihan. Adalah direkomenkan supaya sebahagian besar hutan ini dibiarkan tanpa sebarang gangguanuntuk menghalang habitat hidupan liar yang semakin sedikit ini daripada terns dimusnahkan dan untukmembenarkan komposisi spesies hidupan liar kembali kepada keadaan asal.

ABSTRACTThis study focused on the avian species composition in Ayer Hitam Forest, Puchong, Selangor. The forest is anisolated secondary lowland forest and was logged between 1936 to 1954. Two methods were used to examine thecomposition of birds in the area namely l7y Mist-netting and Distance Sampling-Point Count. Results indicatedthat a total of 38 families which comprised of 160 species of birds have been recorded. The three biggest familiesthat represent about 23.5 percent of the total species are Timaliidae, Cuculidae and Pycnonotidae. The mostcommon individuals recorded belong to the family Pycnonotidae. The forest is dominated l7y insectivore/frugivoregroup which is represented l7y mainly colonising secondary species. Certain species of hornbills (e.g. Bucerosrhinoceros) and babblers (e.g. Pomatorhinus montanus) that are normally found in primary forest are absent.These results suggested that the composition offamilies and trophic structures of birds in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserveare comparable with those at other forest reserve areas. However, the absence of many primary forest speciessuggested that the forest is still under recovering process. It is recommended that the major part of the forest is leftundisturbed to prevent the few remaining wildlife habitats from further destruction and to allow the wildlife speciescomposition to return to the original condition.

INTRODUCTION

Most wildlife in the tropic depends on the forestfor their existence. In Malaysia, almost 90 percentof the birds inhabit tropical forest (Wells 1988).The tropical forest is the most diverse ecosystem

and it provides the basic necessltles such ascover, refugia, feeding and breeding habitats forthe birds to survive and reproduce.

Unfortunately, the size of undisturbedprimary tropical rain forest is shrinking at a

MOHAMED ZAKARlA and ABDUL RAHIM

rapid rate. A large proportion of the forestedareas remaining are either logged-over ordegraded forests (secondary forests). As aconsequence, the size of the secondary forests isexpanding. Furthermore, previous studies haveshown that most species particularly birds areadversely affected in disturbed habitats Oohns1986, 1987, 1988, 1989; Zakaria and Nordin1998, Zakaria and Franci, in press). It istherefore crucial for us to examine not only theeffects of habitat disturbance on the populationof wildlife but also to understand their recoveryprocesses.

Many questions related to changes in wildlifespecies in secondary forest need to be answered.Does the diversity of wildlife in secondary forestremain the same as that in primary forest? Ifnot, what are the changes occuring to the speciescomposition? Does the abundance of each speciesin secondary forest remain the same as that inprimary forest? If not, which species increase ordecrease in secondary forest? Which species arethe most adversely affected and can be used asindicator species? How long does it take forthem to recover? These are a few questions thatneed to be answered in order to understand thedynamic of wildlife population in tropical forest.

Before answers of the above questions arefound, much preliminary works need to be done.In this study, the composition of bird species inthe isolated secondary forest ofAyer Hitam ForestReserve is examined. The study is an on goinglong-term study and the results presented hereare preliminary. The ultimate aim is to assesswhether the forest-dependent bird speciesparticularly those that are adversely affected canrecover or survive in secondary forest. Theinformation obtained is useful in understandingand protecting wildlife species in the forest.

STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in the 1248ha of AyerHitam Forest, Puchong, Selangor. The area islocated at about 3°00.00'N to 3°02.20'N and101°37.90'E to 101°40.00'E, approximately 20kilometers southwest of Kuala Lumpur. This isan isolated lowland dipterocarp forest and wasselectively logged. The forest is divided into sixcompartments (Compartments 1, 2, 12, 13, 14and 15), and each compartment was logged indifferent years. The earliest logging history wasin 1936 and the latest was in 1954. The effects oflogging are most severe in Compartment 15.

The forest in Compartments 1, 13 and 14 areonly slightly damaged and many big timberspecies are still present.

The results presented here were based on astudy conducted in all the compartments withinthe forest reserve. At this stage, only thecomposition of species was presented anddiscussed. No attempts were made to obtain thedensi ty of species since the number ofobservations recorded was still very small.

Two survey methods were implemented inthis study. To assess mainly the canopy species,the Distance Sampling-Point Count method wasused (Buckland et al. 1993). For this method,ten transect lines, each of at least 500 meters inlength has been built at random. Each line waswalked at least 3 times. The transects were builtin such a way to represent the whole area of theforest. All species seen and heard were recorded.

To assess the understorey species, mist­netting method was used. The mist-nets usedwere of size 14m in length and 3m in width withthe mesh size of lcm. Since the main objectiveis to record all species present in the area, thenets were placed in as many habitats (lowland,ridge, riverine areas, hill top and swampy areas)as possible. They were placed at random in eachof the habitat and were checked every threehours. The netting activities were started early inthe morning (between 6:00 -7:00am) and endedlate in the evening (6:30 - 7:00pm). A total of11,000 net-hours have been conducted duringthe study period between January to July 1998.All birds caught were identified, tagged andreleased at the place where they were caught.

RESULTS

The results show that a total of 160 species ofbirds have been recorded which represented 38families (see Appendix). The three largestfamilies were Timaliidae (13 Babbler species),Cuculidae (12 Cuckoo species) and Pycnonotidae(12 Bulbul species) (Table 1). The smallestfamilies that were represented by only one speciesincluded Raillidae, Podargidae and Coraciidae.

To examine the different assemblages ofbirds present in the area, the species recordedwas categorised into trophic levels (Karr 1980,

ordin and Zakaria 1997, Wong 1986; Table 2).Results clearly indicated that insect-eating birds(insectivores) representing the highest numberof species (73 species), followed by birds that eatinsects and fruits (insectivores/frugivores; 40

96 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. ACRIC. SCI. VOL. 22 NO.2, 1999

BIRD SPECIES COMPOSITIO AYER HITAM FOREST, PUCHO G, SELANGOR

species) and birds that eat small vertebrates(carnivores; 19 species). The insectivores weremainly flycatcher and babbler species. Thesmallest trophic group was insectivore/carnivore/frugivore and was represented by mainlyhornbills.

DISCUSSION

The Ayer Hitam Forest (AHFR) has beenlogged several times and the logging activitieswere terminated in the 70's. Although this is asecondary forest, it is still very rich of birdspecies. Even many other large primary forestscontain only slightly higher number of species

TABLE 1umber of bird species recorded for each family

No.

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738

Family

ArdeidaeAccipitridaePhasianidaeRaillidaeColumbidaePsittacidaeCuculidaeStrigidaePodargidaeCaprimulgidaeApopidaeHemiprocnidaeTrogonidaeAlcedinidaeMeropidaeCoraciidaeBucerotidaeCapitonidaePicidaeEurylaimidaeHirundinidaeCamphephagidaeChloropseidaePycnonotidaeDicruridaeOriolidaeCorvidaeSittidaeTimaliidaeTurdidaeSylviidaeMuscicapidaeMotacillidaeLaniidaeSturnidaeNectariniidaeDicaedaePloceidae

Species

253152

124123227312594155

124231

13547124745

TABLE 2Classification of birds in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve

according to trophic structures

No. Trophic Structure No. ofSpecies

l. Carnivore 192. Carnivore/Insectivore 63. Insectivore 734. Insectivore/Frugivore 405. Frugivore 126. Nectarivore/Insectivore/Frugivore 77. Insectivore/ Carnivore/Frugivore 3

Total 7 trophic levels 160

The classification of birds was partly extracted fromKarr (1980) and Wong (1986) and reevaluated ac­cording to personal observations (Zakaria 1994).

than in the secondary forest of AHFR. Forexample in the primary forest of Sungai TekamForest Reserve, Pahang, the number of speciesrecorded was 225 species while in the loggedforest was 181 species Oohns 1989). Moreover,in the primary and logged forests of DIuSegama Forest Reserve, Sabah, the number ofspecies obtained was 222 and 188 species,respectively (Nordin and Zakaria 1997).However, we should keep in mind that thespecies number might be the same but thespecies composition in logged and unloggedforests might be different (Zakaria and Francis,in press).

In this study the number of species recordedwas 160. Many of the species recorded arenormally found in not only primary but alsosecondary forests. In fact, many of them areconsidered common species and can be foundelsewhere. The forest has not been thoroughlysurveyed particularly in the north part. It isexpected that at least another 20 species to berecorded. Many of the species that were notrecorded are the primary forest species. This wasreflected by the absence of many primary forestspecies such as Rhinocerous Hornbills (Bucerosrhinoceros) and a few species of babblers (e.g.Pomatorhinus montanus, Stachyris poliocephala andStachyris leucotis). This suggested that the forestis still in the process of recovery. Twenty yearsafter logging may not be sufficient for the forestto return to the original condition (Wong 1985).Although there are primary forest species in theforest, their numbers are lesser than thosenormally present in primary forest.

PERTANIKAJ. TRap. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 22 NO.2, 1999 97

MOHAMED ZAKARIA and ABDUL RAHIM

The diversity of families recorded is alsocomparable to other primary forest areas. Almostall of the families recorded in other primaryforest areas are also found here. Bird assemblagesaccording to the trophic structures also suggestedthat most of the compositions of the trophicgroups are similar to other primary forestreserves. The only major difference is for thetrophic insectivore/frugivore. In most primaryforests, the insectivore/frugivore group isnormally represented by fewer species and isreplaced by the insectivore group (Zakaria and

ordin 1998). The higher number ofinsectivore/frugivore species is mainlycontributed by the bulbul species. They areknown as colonising secondary species and preferto inhabit logged forest.

Other than bulbul species, groups ofsunbirds and spiderhunters are also abundant inthe forest. These species are especially abundantat the southern region of the forest. The damageto this region seems to be quite extensive. Thearea is dominated with secondary plant speciessuch as Macaranga. There are very few primarytree species remained and most of them are stillsmall. This could be the reason why there areabundant ofbulbuls, sunbirds and spiderhunterswhich prefer the easily available small fruits andflower nectars of secondary plants (Zakaria and

ordin 1998).At present, the total size of the forest

(including the surrounding areas) is still largebut it is shrinking at a very rapid rate andeventually only the 1248ha of AHFR will be leftdue to development of the surrounding areas.Thus, all of the birds from the affected areaswill have to move into the permanent forestreserve. It is not known whether the remainingsmall forest reserve will be able to maintain theincreasing number of birds. However, it isexpected that the limited food and coverresources will affect the birds negatively (Zakariaand Nordin 1998). Thus, it is highlyrecommended that the forest reserve beprotected from further disturbance. By doingthis it is hoped that the forest and the birds canrecover faster to their original state and preventfurther species disappearance from occurring(Chapman and Chapman 1995, 1996).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to thank all the people particularlythe undergraduate students of wildlife

who had assisted us in the data collection in thefield. The research is funded by the IRPA fund08-02-04-0051.

REFERENCESBUCKlAND, ST., D.R. ANDERSO , K.P. BURNHAM and

J.L. lAAKE. 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimatingabundance of biological populations. London:Chapman & Hall

CHAPMAN, C.A and LJ. CHAPMAN. 1996. Frugivoryand the fate of dispersed and non-dispersedseeds of six African tree species. J Trop. Eco!.12: 491-504.

CHAPMAN, C.A and LJ. CHAPMAN. 1995. Survivalwithout dispersal? Seedling recruitment underparents. Consero. Bio!. 9: 675-678.

JOH s, AD. 1986. Effects of selective logging in theecological organization of a Peninsular Malaysiarain forest avifauna. Forktaill: 65-79.

J OH s, AD. 1987. The use of primary and selectivelylogged rainforest by Malaysian hornbills(Bucerotidae) and implications for theirconservation. Bio!. Consero. 40: 191-202.

JOH s, AD. 1988. Effects of '''selective'' timberextraction on rain forest structure andcomposition and some consequences forfrugivores and folivores. Biotropica 20(1): 31­37.

JOHNS, AD. 1989. Recovery of a peninsular Malaysianrainforest avifauna following selective timberlogging: the first twelve years. Forktail 4: 89­105.

KARR, J.R. 1980. Geographical variation in theavifaunas of tropical forest undergrowth. Auk97: 283-298.

NORDIN, M. and M. ZAKARIA. 1997. Some effects oflogging in mixed lowland dipterocarp forestson birds. In State of the Malaysian Environment,(Ed). Ong Beng Gaik, p.161-166. Malaysia:Consumers' Association of Penang Press.

WELLS, D.R. 1988. Birds. In Key Environments:Malaysia (Ed). Earl of Cranbrook. Oxford:Pergamon Press. p. 167-195.

WONG, M. 1985. Understorey birds as indicators ofregeneration in a patch of selectively loggedWest Malaysian rainforest. In Conservation ofTropical Forest Birds, (Ed.). AW. Diamond andT.E. Lovejoy, p. 249-263. ICBP TechnicalPublication No.4. Cambridge: InternationalCouncil for Bird Preservation.

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BIRD SPECIES COMPOSITION IN AYER HITAM FOREST, PUCHONG, SELANGOR

WONG, M. 1986. Trophic organization of understoreybirds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp forest. Auk103: 100-116.

ZAKARIA, M. 1994. Ecological effects of selectivelogging in a lowland dipterocarp forest onavifauna, with special reference to frugivorousbirds. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti. KebangsaanMalaysia.

ZAKARIA, M. and M. NORDIN. 1998. Frugivory bybirds in lowland dipterocarp forests in Sabah,Malaysia. Tropical Biodiversity 5(1): 1-9.

ZAKARIA, M. and C. FRANCIS. 1999. Birds in Asianlogged forests. In Effects ofLogging on Wildlife inthe Tropics, ed. Alejandro Grajal, Robert Fimbeland John Robinson. New York: WildlifeConservation Society.

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MOHAMED ZAKARIA and ABDUL RAHIM

APPE DIX

LIST OF BIRD SPECIES IN AYER HITAM FOREST RESERVE

No. English Name Scientific Narne

ARDEIDAE1 Little Heron Butorides striatus

2 Cinnamon Bittern Ixolnychus cinnamomeus

ACCIPITRIDAE3 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus

4 Crested Serpent-Eagle Spilornis cheela

5 Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis

6 Crested Honey-Buzzard Pernis ptilorynchus

7 White-bellied Fish-eagle H aliaeetus leucogaster

PHASIANIDAE8 Crested Fireback Lophura ignita

9 Great Argus Argusianus argus

10 Crested Wood Partridge Rollulus rouloul

RAILLIDAE11 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus

COLUMBIDAE12 Little Green Pigeon Treron olax

13 Pink-necked Pigeon Treron vernans

14 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis

15 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata

16 Green-winged Pigeon Chalcophaps indica

PSITTACIDAE17 Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula longicauda

18 Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Loriculus galgulus

CUCULIDAE19 Moustached Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus vagans

20 Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus fugax

21 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus

22 Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus

23 Drongo Cucukoo Surniculus lugubris

24 Common Koel Eudynamys scolopacea

25 Black-bellied Malkoha Phaenicophaeus diardii

26 Raffles' Malkoha Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus

27 Red-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus javanicus

28 Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Phaenicophaeus curvirostris

29 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis

30 Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis

STRIGIDAE31 Collared Scops-Owl Dtus bakkamonea

32 Reddish Scops-Owl Dtus rufescens

33 Common Scops-Owl Dtus scops

34 Brown Wood-Owl Strix leptogrammica

PODARGIDAE35 Large Frogmouth Batrachostomus auritus

Malay Name

Pucong KeladiPucong Bendang

Lang Bahu HitamLang BerjambulLang SewahLang LebahLang Siput

Ayam PegarKuang RayaBurung Siul

Ruak-ruak

Punai DaunPunai GadingMerbok BalamMerbok ArnanPunai Tanah

Bayan NuriBayan Kecil

Sewah Tekukur KecilSewah HantuSewah IndiaSewah Mati AnakSewah SawaiSewah TahuCenok Perut HitamCenok KerakCenok ApiCenok BirahBut-but Carik AnakBut-but Kecil

Hantu RebanHantu MerahHantu Kuang KuikHantu Punggor

Segan Besar

100 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRlC. SCI. VOL. 22 NO.2, 1999

BIRD SPECIES COMPOSITIO AYER HITAM FOREST, PUCHO G, SELANGOR

3637

383940

4142

4344

45464748495051

525354

55

5657

5859606162

636465666768697071

7273

CAPRIMULGIDAEMalaysia Eared NightjarLarge-tailed ightjar

APOPIDAESilver-rumped SwiftFork-tailed SwiftBrown eedletail

HEMIPROCNIDAEWhiskered TreeswiftGrey-rumped Treeswift

TROGONIDAEScarlet-rumped TrogonRed-naped Trogon

ALCEDINIDAECommon KingfisherBlue-eared KingfisherBlack-backed KingfisherRufous-backed KingfisherStock-billed KingfisherBlack-capped KingfisherWhite-throated Kingfisher

MEROPIDAEBlue-tailed Bee-EaterBlue-throated Bee-EaterRed-bearded Bee-Eater

CORACIIDAEDollarbird

BUCEROTIDAEWhite-crowned HornbillBlack Hornbill

CAPITONIDAEGold-whiskered BarbetYellow-crowned BarbetRed-throated BarbetBlue-eared BarbetBrown Barbet

PICIDAERufous PiculetRufous WoodpeckerChecker-throated WoodpeckerBanded WoodpeckerCommon GoldenbackBuff-rumped WoodpeckerBuff-necked WoodpeckerGrey-and-Buff WoodpeckerMaroon Woodpecker

EURYIAIMIDAEBanded BroadbillBlack-and-Yellow Broadbill

Eurostopodus temminckiiCaprimulgus macrurus

Rhaphidura leucopygialisApus pacifusHirundapus gigantea

H emiprocne comataHemiprocne longipennis

Harpactes duvauceliiHarpactes kasumba

Alcedo atthisAlcedo menintingCeyx erithacusCeyx rufidorsusPelargopsis capensisHalcyon pileataHalcyon smymensis

Merops philippinusMerops viridisNyctyomis amictus

Eurystomus orientalis

Berenicomis comatusAnthracoceros malayanus

Megalaima chrysopogonMegalaima henriciiMegalaima mystacophanosMegalaima australisCalorhamphus fuliginosus

Sasia abnormisMicroptemus brachyurusPicus mentalisPicus miniaceusDinopium javanenseMeiglyptes tristisMeiglyptes tukkiHemicircus concretusBlythipicus rubiginosus

Eurylaimus javanicusEurylaimus ochromalus

Tukang MalaysiaTukang Kubur

Layang-Iayang KecilLayang-Iayang Ekor CabangLayang-Iayang Besar

Layang-Iayang Jambu KecilLayang-layangJambu Kelabu

Kesumba PuteriKesumba

Pekaka Cit-cit KecilPekaka Bintik-bintikPekaka RimbaPekaka ApiPekaka Paroh PendekPekaka Kopiah HitamPekaka Belukar

Berek-berek Carik DadaBerek-berek Tadah HujanBerek-berek Janggut Merah

Tiong Batu

Enggang Jambul PutihEnggang Gatal Birah

Takor Jambang EmasTakor Mahkota KuningTakor RayaTakor AkarTakor Dahan

Belatok KecilBelatok Biji NangkaBelatok RantingBelatok MerahBelatok Pinang MudaBelatok AwanBelatok Tuki-tukiBelatok PunggohBelatok Punggor

Takau RimbaTakau Hitam Kuning

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 22 0.2,1999 101

7475

76

Black-and-Red BroadbillGreen Broadbill

HIRUNDINIDAEPacific Swallow

MOHAMED ZAKARIA and ABD L RAHIM

Cymbirhynehus macrorhynehusCalyptomena viridis

Himndo tahitica

Takau RakitTakau Selawit

Sualo Batu

7778798081

8283848586

878889909192939495969798

99100101102

103104

105106107

108

109110111112113114115

CAMPHEPAGIDAEBlack-winged Flycatcher-ShrikeLesser Cuckoo-ShrikePied TrillerFiery MinivetScarlet Minivet

CHLOROPSEIDAEGreen loraCommon loraLesser Green LeafbirdGreater Green LeafbirdBlue-winged Leafbird

PYCNONOTIDAEBlack-headed BulbulPuff-backed BulbulYellow-vented BulbulOlive-winged BulbulCream-vented BulbulRed-eyed BulbulSpectacled BulbulBlack-and-White BulbulYellow-bellied BulbulFinches BulbulBuff-vented BulbulHairy-backed Bulbul

DICRURIDAEBronzed DrongoCrow-billed DrongoLesser Racket-tailed DrongoGreater Racket-tailed Drongo

ORIOUDAEBlack-hooded OrioleAsian Fairy Bluebird

CORVIDAECrested JayBlack MagpieLarge-billed Crow

SITTIDAEVelvet-fronted Nuthatch

TIMALllDAEShort-tailed BabblerFerruginous BabblerAbbot's BabblerSooty-capped BabblerScaly-crowned BabblerRufous-crowned BabblerChestnut-rumped Babbler

Hemipus himndinaeeusCoracina fimbriataLalage nigraPericroeotus igneusPericrocotus flammeus

Aegithina viridissimaAegithina tiphiaChloropsis cyanopogonChloropsis sonneratiChloropsis eoehinchinensis

Pyenonotus atricepsPyenonotus eutilotusPycnonotus goaivierPycnonotus plumosusPyenonotus simplexPyenonotus brunneusPycnonotus erythropthalmosPycnonotus melanoleueosCriniger phaeoeephalusCriniger finsehiiHypsipetes eharlottaeHypsipetes criniger

DiCTUms aeneusDiCTUms anneetansDiCTUms remiferDiCTUms paradiseus

Oriolus xanthomusIrena puela

Platylophus galericulatusPlatysmums leucopterusCorvus macrorhynehos

Sitta frontalis

Triehastoma malaecenseTriehastoma bieolorTriehastoma abbottiMalaeopteron affineMalaeopteron cinereumMalaeopteron magnumStaehyris maculata

Rembah BatuSewah KecilSewah KapasMas TulinMas Belukar

Kunyit BakauKunyit KacatDaun KecilDaun BesarDaun Kepak Biru

Merbah SiamMerbah Coklat BerjambulMerbah KaporMerbah BelukarMerbah Mata PutihMerbah Mata MerahMerbah KecilMerbah TandukMerbah Perut KuningMerbah RempahMerbah RiangMerbah Bulu Panjang Tengkok

Cecawi KeladiCecawi SawaiCecawi Hamba KeraCecawi Anting-anting

Dendang BelukarDendang Gajah

GagakJeritGagak KambingGagak Paroh Besar

Patok Baldu

Rimba Ekor PendekRimba SampahRimba RiangRimba Tinjau BelukarRimba Tua KecilRimba Tua BesarRimba Rembah Besar

102 PERT lKA]. TRap. AGRIe. SCI. VOL. 22 0.2,1999

BIRD SPECIES COMPOSITION IN AYER HITAM FOREST, PUCHONG, SELANGOR

116 Chestnut-winged Babbler Stachyris erythroptera Rimba Merbah Sampah117 Rufous-fronted Babbler Stachyris rufifrons Rimba Api118 Striped-tit Babbler Macronus gularis Rimba Berjalor119 Fluffy-backed Tit-Babbler Macronus ptilosus Rimba Pong-pong120 Brown Fulvetta Alcippe brunneicauda Rimba Murai Coklat121 White-bellied Yuhina Yuhina zantholeuca Yuhina Perut Putih

TURDIDAE122 Siberian Blue Robin Erithacus cyane Murai Siberia123 Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Murai Kampong124 White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus Murai Rimba125 Chestnut-naped Forktail Enicurus ruficapilus Murai Cegar126 White-crowned Forktail Enicurus leschenaulti Murai Cegar Belukar

SYLVIIDAE127 Yellow-bellied Warbler Abroscopus superciliaris Cekup Paroh Kuning128 Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis Cekup Artik129 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Perenjak Pisang130 Dark-necked Tailorbird Orthotomus artogulais Perenjak Belukar

MUSClCAPIDAE131 Grey-chested Flycatcher Rhinomyias umbratilis Sambar Batu132 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris Sambar Asia133 Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae Sambar Kelicap Ranting134 Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica Sambar Murai Gila135 Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea Sambar Uban Hitam136 Maroon-breasted Flycatcher Philentoma velatum Sambar Ungu137 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Sambar Ekor Panjang

MOTACILUDAE138 Richard's Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Pipit Tanah

LANIIDAE139 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Tirjup Tanah140 Tiger Shrike Lanius tigrinus Tirjup Rimau

STURNIDAE141 Philippine Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis Perling Mata Merah142 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Tiong Gembala Kerbau143 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Tiong Hutan144 Hill Myna Dracula religiosa Tiong Mas

NECTARINIIDAE145 Plain Sunbird Anthreptes simplex Kelicap Kelabu146 Purple-naped Sunbird Hypogramma hypogrammicum Kelicap Rimba147 Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra Kelicap Jantong148 Long-billed Spiderhunter Arachnothera robusta Kelicap Jantong Paroh

Panjang149 Yellow-eared Spiderhunter Arachnothera chrysogenys Kelicap Jantong Telinga

Kuning150 Spectacled Spiderhunter Arachnothera flavigaster Kelicap Jantong Besar151 Grey-breasted Spiderhunter Arachnothera affinis Kelicap Jantong Bukit

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 22 0.2,1999 103

MOHAMED ZAKARlA and ABDUL RAHIM

DICAEDAE152 Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker153 Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker154 Orange-bellied Flowerpecker155 Plain Flowerpecker

PLOCEIDAE156 Eurasian Tree-Sparrow157 Baya Weaver158 White-bellied Munia159 Chestnut Munia160 White-headed Munia

Prionochilus maculatusPrionochilus percussusDicaeum trigonostigmaDicaeum concolor

Passer montanusPloceus philippinusLonchura leucogastraLonchura malaccaLonchura maja

Sepah Puteri RajaSepah Puteri PelangiSepah Puteri BukitSepah Puteri Bongsu

Ciak UrasiaCiak TempuaPipit PadiPipit RawaPipit Uban

104 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 22 0.2, 1999