BIRDS

DO YOU KNOW??????

ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS A flying animal

drowned and settled to the bottom of a shallow marine lagoon in Bavaria, 147 million years ago and eventually fossilized.

Discovered in 1861 by a workman splitting slate in limestone quarry.

Figure below show Archeoptryx, a 147-million-year-old reliative of modern bird

The fossil features: Size of a crow With a skull not unlike a modern birds bony teeth set in a sockets like those

of dinasours long bony tail Clawed fingers Abdominal ribs

Morphology of ancestor of bird1. Skull 15. illium

2. cervical vertebrae (innominate bone)

3. Furcula 16. caudal vertebrae

4. coracoid 17. pygostyle

5. uncinate process 18. synsacrum

6. keel 19. scapula

7. patella 20. lumbar vertebrae

8. tarsometatarsus 21. humerus

9. digits 22. ulna

10. tibiotarsus (long leg 23. radius

bone) (10 and 11) 24. carpus

11. tibiotarsus(10 and 11)

12.Femur 25. metacarpus

13. ischium(innominate 26. digits

bone) 27. alula

14.Pubi ( innominate bone)

Living birds

Paleognathae Neognathae- Flightless - Some can fly- Have flat sternum - Have keeled sternum- Poorly develop - Powerful flight

muscles pectoral muscles

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS AVES

Body usually spindle shaped, with 4 divisions : head, neck, trunk and tail.

Limbs paired; Forelimbs Posterior pair

Epidermal covering of feathers and leg scales Thin integument of epidermis and

dermis No sweat glands Oil or preen gland at the base of tail

Fully ossified skeleton with air cavities No teeth Nervous system well developed Circulatory system consist of four-

chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles

Endothermic Respiration by slightly expansible lungs,

with an air sacs among the visceral organs and skeleton

Excretory system includes: Metanephric kidneys Ureters open into cloaca No bladder Semisolid urine

Sexes separate Testes paired with the vas deferens

opening into the clocoa Females have left ovary and oviduct

only

Fertilization internal Amniotic eggs with much yolk and

hard Calcareous shells Incubation external Sex determined by females

heterogametic

MORPHOLOGY OF BIRDS

1. Beak 11. Primaries (longest wing feather)

2. Head 12. Vent

3. Iris 13. Thigh

4. Pupil 14. Tibio-tarsal

5. Mantle (back) articulation

6. Lesser coverts 15. Tarsus

7. Scapulars 16. Feet

8. Coverts 17. Tibia

9. Tertials (=the 18. Belly

flight feathers 19. Flanks

that closest to 20. Breast

the bird's body 22. Wattle

along the wing)

10. Rump

RELAX FOR A WHILE………

1. Ada 9 ekor burung di atas pokok. 2 ekor telah mati ditembak. Berapakah bilangan burung yang tinggal di atas pokok tersebut ???

Answer : 0 kerana burung tentulah akan lari setelah terdengar bunyi tembakan tersebut…

2.Kenapa siput babi jalan dengan perlahan????

Answer : sebab dia confuse dia siput ke dia babi.. Dia berjalan lambat kerana berfikir semasa berjalan

Structural and functional adaptations for flight.

Feathers

One of the most prominent features . Function;

Provide insulation. Allow for flight. Feathers control what a bird looks like by

supplying the bird with colors.

Feathers

Basic form; Hollow, central shaft called a rachis. A number of smaller side branches. The side branches are called barbs and are

linked together by a set of barbules and their "hooklets" sometimes called 'Hamuli‘

The base of the feather - where their are no side branches - is called the calamus or quill.

Skeleton

Birds have a lightweight skeleton. Most of the bones of flying birds are thin and

hollow. The keel-shaped sternum (breastbone) - the

powerful flight muscles attach to the body.

Skeleton Part of bone;

Skull Neck Thorax and Sternum Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle Wing Leg and Foot

Muscular system

The muscle ventral (underneath) to the pectorals is the supracoracoideus. It raises the wing between wingbeats.

The skin muscles help a bird in its flight by adjusting the feathers, which are attached to the skin muscle and help the bird in its flight maneuvers.

There are only a few muscles in the trunk and the tail, but they are very strong and are essential for the bird.

The pygostyle controls all the movement in the tail and controls the feathers in the tail.

This gives the tail a larger surface area which helps keep the bird in the air.

Digestive system

The tongue of birds adapted to the type of food the bird consumes.

Birds have a two part stomach, a glandular portion known as the proventriculus and a muscular portion known as the gizzard.

Avian large intestine is reduced to a short, featureless connection between the small intestine and the cloaca.

The cloaca is the final holding area for the waste products of digestion until they are voided through the vent.

Circulatory system

The avian heart has evolved into a large and powerful organ with rapid muscular contractions.

Generally the smaller the species the larger the relative heart size.

Birds have hearts larger and ones that beat faster than mammals.

Respiratory system

birds having relatively small lungs plus air sacs that play an important role in respiration

The air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs.

Unidirectional flow means that air moving through bird lungs is largely 'fresh' air and has a higher oxygen content.

Therefore, in bird lungs, more oxygen is available to diffuse into the blood. 

Air flow through the avian lungs and air sacs during respiration. On first inhalation, air flows through the

trachea & primarily into the posterior (rear) air sacs

On first exhalation, air moves from the posterior air sacs & into the lungs

With the second inhalation, air moves from the lungs & into the anterior (front) air sacs

With the second exhalation, air moves from the anterior air sacs back into the trachea & out

It takes two respiratory cycles to move one "packet" of air completely through the avian respiratory system.

Excretory system

Birds excrete uric acid with their feces. The white material seen in bird droppings is

uric acid. It is not very toxic and is not very soluble in water.

Excretion of wastes in the form of uric acid conserves water because it can be produced in a concentrated form due to its low toxicity.

Because it is relatively insoluble and nontoxic, it can accumulate in eggs without damaging the embryos.

The synthesis of uric acid requires more energy than urea synthesis.

There is no urinary bladder in birds.

Nervous and sensory system The birds’ nervous system is very similar to

human. Both are made up of the brain, the spinal cord,

and countless nerves throughout the body that transmit messages to and from the brain.

Birds have well-developed brains, but the enlarged portion seems to be the area responsible for instinctive behavior. Therefore, birds, follow very definite patterns of migration and nesting.

FLIGHT

Bird wing as a lift device

In birds, two kinds of wing slots have developed :

1) The alula , or a group of small feathers on the thumb, which provides a mid -wing slot

2) Slotting between the primary feathers, which provides a wing-tip slot.

Flapping flight Two forces are required for flapping

flight vertical lifting force to support the

bird’s weight horizontal thrusting force to move

the bird forward against resistive forces of friction

Basic forms of a bird wings Four types of bird wings are easily

recognized Elliptical Wings High-aspect Ratio Wings Dynamic soaring Wings High-lift Wings

Reproductive system

Males repductive organ

Most of the year- Testes tiny, bean-shaped bodes

During breeding season- Testes will enlarge greatly as much as 300

times their non-breeding size

Females reproductive organ

- Only left ovary and oviduct develop (figure 1.2) ; those on the right dwindle to vestigial structures (loss of one ovary is another adaptation of birds for reducing weight)

Nesting and care of young

Newly hatched bird divided

Altricial

- Naked and unable to walk or see at birth, remain in the nest for a weeks or more.

Precocial - Include quail, fowl, ducks,

and most water birds.- Covered with down when

hatched and can run or swim as soon as their plumage is dry.

Cerita tentang katak kecil

Pada suatu hari ada sekumpulan katak-katak kecil...

…yang berlumba-lumba.

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Penonton berkumpul bersama mengelilingi menara untuk menyaksikan perlumbaan dan memberikan semangat kepada para peserta...

Perlumbaan pun dimulakan...

Secara jujur:

Tak satupun penonton benar-benar percaya bahawa katak-

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Katak-Katak kecil mulai berjatuhan. Satu persatu...

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Penonton terus bersorak

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Lebih banyak lagi katak kecil penat dan menyerah...

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bagaimana katak itu boleh melakukannya?

??

??

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yang berjaya itu mempunyai kekuatan

untuk mencapai tujuan? ?

Ternyata...

Katak yang menjadi pemenang itu

adalah PEKAK!!!!

…… ……

Nasihat dari cerita ini adalah:

Jangan sesekali mendengar kata orang lain yang mempunyai

kecenderungan negatif ataupun pesimis...

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