International Workshop International Workshop ––Advances in Advances in Cleaner ProductionCleaner Production

2222--24 de 24 de MaioMaio de 2013de 2013

An introduction to the Nature of Wicked An introduction to the Nature of Wicked ProblemsProblems-- Ecological Challenges as Super Ecological Challenges as Super ProblemsProblems Ecological Challenges as Super Ecological Challenges as Super

Wicked ProblemsWicked Problems

EDISON BITTENCOURTEDISON BITTENCOURTDEMBIODEMBIO

FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA, FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINASUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINASUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINASUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS

COMPLEXITYCOMPLEXITYWORLD WIDE WEBWORLD WIDE WEB

E E F E E F COMMON PROPERTIES OF COMMON PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMSCOMPLEX SYSTEMS

COMPLEXITYCOMPLEXITY--FromFrom LatinLatin wordwordCOMPLEXITYCOMPLEXITY FromFrom LatinLatin wordwordplectereplectere: : toto weaveweave, , entwineentwine

COMPLEX COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR COMPLEX COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR ––COMPONENTS ( ANTS, B CELLS, NEURONS, COMPONENTS ( ANTS, B CELLS, NEURONS, STOCK BUYERS WEB STOCK BUYERS WEB SITE CREATORS ( SITE CREATORS ( STOCK BUYERS, WEB STOCK BUYERS, WEB ––SITE CREATORS, ( SITE CREATORS, ( IDEAS CONCEPTS , ? ) , EACH FOLLOWING IDEAS CONCEPTS , ? ) , EACH FOLLOWING SIMPLES RULES NO CENTRAL CONTROL OR SIMPLES RULES NO CENTRAL CONTROL OR SIMPLES RULES, NO CENTRAL CONTROL OR SIMPLES RULES, NO CENTRAL CONTROL OR LEADER, GIVE RISE TO HARDLEADER, GIVE RISE TO HARD--TOTO--PREDICT PREDICT PATTERNSPATTERNSSIGNALING AND INFORMATION SIGNALING AND INFORMATION PROCESSINGPROCESSING-- SIGNALING AND EXCHANGE SIGNALING AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION INTERNAL AND EXTERNALOF INFORMATION INTERNAL AND EXTERNALADAPTATIONADAPTATION-- ALL THOSE SYSTEMS ALL THOSE SYSTEMS

P P E E E F P P E E E F ADAPT TO IMPROVE THEIR CHANCE OF ADAPT TO IMPROVE THEIR CHANCE OF SUCCESS,THROUGH LEARNING OR SUCCESS,THROUGH LEARNING OR REVOLUTIONARY PROCESSREVOLUTIONARY PROCESSREVOLUTIONARY PROCESSREVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

WICKED PROBLEMASWICKED PROBLEMAS

DECIDE, v. i. To DECIDE, v. i. To succumbsuccumb to to thethedd ff t t ff i fli flpreponderancepreponderance ofof oneone set set ofof influencesinfluences

over over anotheranother setset

AmbroseAmbrose BierceBierce, , The The Devil’sDevil’s DictionaryDictionary

““OnOn purposefulpurposeful Systems Systems –– AnAn InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinaryOnOn purposefulpurposeful Systems Systems AnAn InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinaryAnalysisAnalysis ofof Individual Individual andand Social Social BehaviorBehavior as a as a System System ofof PurposefulPurposeful EventsEvents” Russel L. ” Russel L. AckoffAckoffyy ppandand Fred E, Fred E, EmeryEmery

Some problems are so complex that Some pro lems are so complex thatyou have to be highly intelligent and well informed just to beand well informed just to be undecided about them.”

--Laurence J. PeterLaurence J. Peter

The term “wicked problem” was coined by The term “wicked problem” was coined by H Ri l h i h ll i d H Ri l h i h ll i d Horst Rittel, who with colleagues perceived Horst Rittel, who with colleagues perceived the failure of linear approaches to treat the failure of linear approaches to treat d i d l i d i d l i design and planning. design and planning. Failing to recognize a problem as “wicked”, Failing to recognize a problem as “wicked”,

lt i th tili ti f i i t lt i th tili ti f i i t results in the utilization of inappropriate results in the utilization of inappropriate tools to solve problems in climate change, tools to solve problems in climate change, l di t th f i d t th d l l di t th f i d t th d l leading to the use of inadequate methodology leading to the use of inadequate methodology and management procedures, restricted to and management procedures, restricted to t t “t bl ” t t “t bl ” treat “tame problems”. treat “tame problems”.

Ecological an Economical issues are Ecological an Economical issues are considered as “superconsidered as “super--wicked” problems wicked” problems considered as superconsidered as super--wicked problems, wicked problems, due to its innumerous uncertainties, due to its innumerous uncertainties, i t d d i l it d i t d d i l it d interdependencies, complexity, and interdependencies, complexity, and social fragmentation introduced by the social fragmentation introduced by the stakeholders involved. stakeholders involved. “Super complex” too?“Super complex” too?p mpp mp

Remember WWWRemember WWWRemember WWWRemember WWW

How we perceive and manage this p gcomplex economic and ecologic network will affect the future of our planet, and hopefully, correctly orient the decisions on ecological issues, as gwell as contribute to the effort to implement cleaner production practices. p p pWe strongly emphasize that this group of problems –wicked- should be made pmore familiar to students, early in their careers.

A Systemic View The New ParadigmA Systemic View The New ParadigmA Systemic View The New ParadigmA Systemic View The New Paradigm

According to theories dominating the According to theories dominating the According to theories dominating the According to theories dominating the scientific world in the last century, the whole scientific world in the last century, the whole could be analyzed by dissecting the system to could be analyzed by dissecting the system to could be analyzed by dissecting the system to could be analyzed by dissecting the system to its ultimate elements. “Every science sought its ultimate elements. “Every science sought

its ultimate elements“(Ackoff 2013) its ultimate elements“(Ackoff 2013) its ultimate elements (Ackoff, 2013). its ultimate elements (Ackoff, 2013). Complex problems were cut down to smaller, Complex problems were cut down to smaller,

simpler problems As an example it was simpler problems As an example it was simpler problems. As an example, it was simpler problems. As an example, it was believed that the problem of running a city believed that the problem of running a city

could be broken down into “running could be broken down into “running could be broken down into running could be broken down into running transportation, housing, health, education and transportation, housing, health, education and

so on” so on” so on . so on .

The fascinating evolution in the last 50 years The fascinating evolution in the last 50 years in science led to the study of ecolo ical in science led to the study of ecolo ical in science led to the study of ecological in science led to the study of ecological systems as complex systems as complex --supersuper--wicked, superwicked, super--complex (?)complex (?) integrated whole This view is integrated whole This view is complex (?)complex (?)--, integrated whole. This view is , integrated whole. This view is clearly expressed in the title of the work of clearly expressed in the title of the work of James Kay (2000) “Ecosystems as SelfJames Kay (2000) “Ecosystems as SelfJames Kay (2000), Ecosystems as SelfJames Kay (2000), Ecosystems as Self--Organizing Holarchic Opens Systems: Organizing Holarchic Opens Systems: Narratives and the Second Law of Narratives and the Second Law of Narratives and the Second Law of Narratives and the Second Law of Thermodynamics“. James Kay coined the term Thermodynamics“. James Kay coined the term “SOHO” (Self Organizing Holarchic Open “SOHO” (Self Organizing Holarchic Open SOHO (Self Organizing, Holarchic, Open SOHO (Self Organizing, Holarchic, Open Systems), to describe ecological systems. Systems), to describe ecological systems. Bittencourt (1999) also ended up with four Bittencourt (1999) also ended up with four Bittencourt (1999) also ended up with four Bittencourt (1999) also ended up with four letters to describe those systems: “OCPI” letters to describe those systems: “OCPI” --meaning systems which are Open Coherent meaning systems which are Open Coherent meaning systems which are Open, Coherent, meaning systems which are Open, Coherent, Purposive, and IrreversiblePurposive, and Irreversible

Some attributes of wicked problems detailed by Some attributes of wicked problems detailed by Conklin (2005), are:Conklin (2005), are:

--You don’t understand the problem until you have You don’t understand the problem until you have developed a solution.developed a solution.p u .p u .--Since there is no definitive ‘The Problem’, there is Since there is no definitive ‘The Problem’, there is also no definitive ‘The Solution.’ also no definitive ‘The Solution.’ (no (no stoppingstopping rulerule).).

l k d bl h l k d bl h --Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong.Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong.--Every wicked problem is essentially unique and Every wicked problem is essentially unique and novelnovelnovel.novel.--Every solution to a wicked problem is a ‘oneEvery solution to a wicked problem is a ‘one--shot shot operation.’operation.’pp--Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions.Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions.

Examples of a “tame” problem are also given. Examples of a “tame” problem are also given. According to Conklin a tame problemAccording to Conklin a tame problemAccording to Conklin, a tame problem,According to Conklin, a tame problem,

Has a wellHas a well defined and stable problem defined and stable problem ----Has a wellHas a well--defined and stable problem defined and stable problem statement.statement.

Has a definite stopping point i e when Has a definite stopping point i e when ----Has a definite stopping point, i.e. when Has a definite stopping point, i.e. when the solution is reached.the solution is reached.

Has a solution which can be objectively Has a solution which can be objectively ----Has a solution which can be objectively Has a solution which can be objectively evaluated as right or wrong.evaluated as right or wrong.

Belongs to a class of similar problems Belongs to a class of similar problems ----Belongs to a class of similar problems Belongs to a class of similar problems which are all solved in the same similar way.which are all solved in the same similar way.

Have solutions which can be easily tried Have solutions which can be easily tried ----Have solutions which can be easily tried Have solutions which can be easily tried and abandoned.and abandoned.

Comes with a limited set of alternative Comes with a limited set of alternative ----Comes with a limited set of alternative Comes with a limited set of alternative solutions.solutions.

We propose that the We propose that the wickednesswickedness of a problem results of a problem results We propose that the We propose that the wickednesswickedness of a problem results of a problem results from the basic characteristics of complex systemfrom the basic characteristics of complex system--as as implicit in “complexity theory”, with superimplicit in “complexity theory”, with super--wicked wicked p p y y pp p y y pproblems corresponding to the highest degrees of problems corresponding to the highest degrees of complexity, where the variables of the system complexity, where the variables of the system

t l ith i t ibl d i d f h t t l ith i t ibl d i d f h t entangle with intangibles derived from human nature, entangle with intangibles derived from human nature, incorporating the influences of free will, incorporating the influences of free will, purposiveness and adaptativeness The frontier purposiveness and adaptativeness The frontier purposiveness, and adaptativeness. The frontier purposiveness, and adaptativeness. The frontier between wickedness and super wickedness of a between wickedness and super wickedness of a problem cannot be precisely established, as well as problem cannot be precisely established, as well as p p yp p ycomplexity cannot be measured or even defined with complexity cannot be measured or even defined with precision. Hierarchically, thermodynamics can be precision. Hierarchically, thermodynamics can be rd r d in dir cti n f incr sin nt n l m nt rd r d in dir cti n f incr sin nt n l m nt ordered in a direction of increasing entanglement, ordered in a direction of increasing entanglement,

increasing complexity, resulting from the nature of increasing complexity, resulting from the nature of environmentenvironment--bound (open) systemsbound (open) systemsenvironmentenvironment bound (open) systemsbound (open) systems

The New scientific paradigmThe New scientific paradigm

Paradigm Paradigm gg

“ ..a constellation of achievements “ ..a constellation of achievements ..a constellation of achievements ..a constellation of achievements ––concepts, values, techniques, etc, concepts, values, techniques, etc, shared by a scientific community to shared by a scientific community to shared by a scientific community to shared by a scientific community to

define legitimate problems and define legitimate problems and l ti O i di ti l ti O i di ti solutions. Occurs in discontinuous solutions. Occurs in discontinuous ,revolutionary breaks , called ,revolutionary breaks , called yy

paradigms shifts” Thomas Kuhnparadigms shifts” Thomas Kuhn

IN THE NEW PARADIGM HOLISM REPLACES IN THE NEW PARADIGM HOLISM REPLACES REDUCTIONISM, TO THE ULTIMATE AND REDUCTIONISM, TO THE ULTIMATE AND

HIGHEST LIMITHIGHEST LIMIT

“I want to know how God created this world I“I want to know how God created this world II want to know how God created this world. I I want to know how God created this world. I am not interested in this and that phenomenon, am not interested in this and that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want in the spectrum of this or that element. I want pp

to know His thoughts: the rest are details” to know His thoughts: the rest are details”

Alb t Ei t iAlb t Ei t iAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

( so do I )( so do I )( so do I…)( so do I…)

Th d “ l d The new paradigm “...includes a shift in social organization from shift in social organization from hierarchies to networks” (Capra, 1997)1997)

I ask: What is left to traditional politicians?traditional politicians?

HOW I GOT HERE: AN HIERARCHYCAL VIEW HOW I GOT HERE: AN HIERARCHYCAL VIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS LEADING TO OF THERMODYNAMICS LEADING TO OF THERMODYNAMICS LEADING TO OF THERMODYNAMICS LEADING TO

EMERGENCE OF STRUCTURESEMERGENCE OF STRUCTURESTEACHING AN INTEGRATED VIEW FROM THE TEACHING AN INTEGRATED VIEW FROM THE TEACHING AN INTEGRATED VIEW FROM THE TEACHING AN INTEGRATED VIEW FROM THE

BEGINNINGBEGINNING

CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS ––equilibriumequilibrium CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS equilibrium, equilibrium, closed, isolated systems,, and infinitely slow closed, isolated systems,, and infinitely slow processesprocesses

LINEAR NON EQUILIBRIUMTHERMODYNAMICS LINEAR NON EQUILIBRIUMTHERMODYNAMICS flo s as linea f nctions of fo ces alid in theflo s as linea f nctions of fo ces alid in the–– flows as linear functions of forces, valid in the flows as linear functions of forces, valid in the

neighborhood of equilibrium, coupling of fluxesneighborhood of equilibrium, coupling of fluxes

FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM –– associated with associated with dissipative structures, nonlinear, bifurcations, dissipative structures, nonlinear, bifurcations, multiplicity of solutions, spacial and temporal ordermultiplicity of solutions, spacial and temporal order

LIVING SYSTEMSMORE OF MORE OF STRANGESTRANGE OBJECTSOBJECTSLIVING SYSTEMS

LIFE AND ECOSYSTEMSLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMSLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMSLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMS

A few commentsA few comments

FROM CLASSICAL TO IRREVERSIBLE FROM CLASSICAL TO IRREVERSIBLE FROM CLASSICAL TO IRREVERSIBLE FROM CLASSICAL TO IRREVERSIBLE

Curricula traditionally emphasizes reversible Curricula traditionally emphasizes reversible Curricula traditionally emphasizes reversible Curricula traditionally emphasizes reversible processes in thermodynamics, linearity and processes in thermodynamics, linearity and continuity in mathematics, and economy is still continuity in mathematics, and economy is still d i t d b h i ti d l R d ti i d i t d b h i ti d l R d ti i dominated by mechanistic models. Reductionism dominated by mechanistic models. Reductionism prevailsprevails

“ The majority of the phenomena studied in “ The majority of the phenomena studied in The majority of the phenomena studied in The majority of the phenomena studied in biology, meteorology, astrophysics, and other biology, meteorology, astrophysics, and other subjects are irreversible processes which take subjects are irreversible processes which take l t id th ilib i t t ” P i il t id th ilib i t t ” P i iplace outside the equilibrium state” , Prigogineplace outside the equilibrium state” , Prigogine

Classical thermodynamics :“.. once the second law Classical thermodynamics :“.. once the second law is formulated concentrates on the properties of is formulated concentrates on the properties of is formulated, concentrates on the properties of is formulated, concentrates on the properties of system which have reached thermodynamic system which have reached thermodynamic equilibrium “, Glansdorf and Prigogine ,equilibrium “, Glansdorf and Prigogine ,““““P i l l li bl l d “ P i l l li bl l d “ ““““Particularly applicable to closed systems “ Particularly applicable to closed systems “ KatchalskyKatchalsky

VOCABULARY OF THE NEW PARADIGHMVOCABULARY OF THE NEW PARADIGHM-- ATTRIBUTES OF ATTRIBUTES OF LIVING SYSTEMS (THAT NEED TO BELIVING SYSTEMS (THAT NEED TO BE INTRODUCEDINTRODUCED TOTOLIVING SYSTEMS (THAT NEED TO BE LIVING SYSTEMS (THAT NEED TO BE INTRODUCED INTRODUCED TO TO

STUDENTS ) INVOLVING THERMODYNAMICS, MATH, STUDENTS ) INVOLVING THERMODYNAMICS, MATH, SYSTEMIC VIEWSYSTEMIC VIEW

OPEN AND INTERACTIVE WITH THE OPEN AND INTERACTIVE WITH THE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

IRREVERSIBLEIRREVERSIBLEDYNAMICDYNAMICDYNAMICDYNAMIC

NONNON--LINEARLINEARCOMPLEXCOMPLEXCOCO

COHERENTCOHERENTPURPOSIVEPURPOSIVE

ENDOWED WITH REPRODUCTION WITH ENDOWED WITH REPRODUCTION WITH INVARIANCEINVARIANCE

ADAPTATIVEADAPTATIVEADAPTATIVEADAPTATIVE

MORE VOCABULARYMORE VOCABULARYM E V UL YM E V UL YCHAOSCHAOS

AUTOMATAAUTOMATAAUTOMATAAUTOMATAFRACTALSFRACTALSFRACTALSFRACTALS

BIFURCATIONSBIFURCATIONSATTRACTORSATTRACTORS

ORDERORDERORDERORDEREMERGENCEEMERGENCE

CATASTROPHECATASTROPHE............

FROM CARNOT TO AMOEBA FROM CARNOT TO AMOEBA --LINKING TO LINKING TO LIFELIFELIFELIFE

SEQUENCE : CLASSICAL , REVERSIBLE SEQUENCE : CLASSICAL , REVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE LINEAR IRREVERSIBLE LINEAR IRREVERSIBLE NONIRREVERSIBLE NON--LINEAR LINEAR PURPOSIVE, ADAPTATIVE, COMPLEX, PURPOSIVE, ADAPTATIVE, COMPLEX, COHERENT SYSTEMS COHERENT SYSTEMS JAMES KAYJAMES KAY E l i l d H S tE l i l d H S t JAMES KAY: JAMES KAY: Ecological and Human Systems as Ecological and Human Systems as SelfSelf-- Organizing ,Holarchic, Open (SOHO), systems* Organizing ,Holarchic, Open (SOHO), systems* MYSELF : Open Coherent Purposive IrreversibleMYSELF : Open Coherent Purposive Irreversible MYSELF : Open, Coherent, Purposive, Irreversible MYSELF : Open, Coherent, Purposive, Irreversible (PICO), systems (PICO), systems --Referring human productive Referring human productive systems, and naturesystems, and naturesystems, and naturesystems, and nature

** James J KayJames J Kay SelfSelf--Organization in Living Systems PhDOrganization in Living Systems PhD ThesisThesis James J Kay, James J Kay, SelfSelf Organization in Living Systems, PhD Organization in Living Systems, PhD ThesisThesis, , University of Waterloo, 1984University of Waterloo, 1984

PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS WHEN THINKING ABOUT ECOSYSTEMS (BASED ON MAY 2000)

NONNON--LINEARLINEAR -- BEHAVE AS A WHOLE, IT IS BEHAVE AS A WHOLE, IT IS A SYSTEMA SYSTEM --NOT NOT UNDERSTOOD BY DECOMPOSABLE INTO PIECESUNDERSTOOD BY DECOMPOSABLE INTO PIECES

ECOSYSTEMS (BASED ON MAY,2000)

HIERARCHICAL HIERARCHICAL –– HOLARCHICALLYHOLARCHICALLY NESTEDNESTED --SYSTEMS WITHIN A SYSTEMS WITHIN A SYSTEM SYSTEM ––RECIPROCATING CONTROLSRECIPROCATING CONTROLS

INTERNAL CAUSALITY INTERNAL CAUSALITY –– NONNON--NEWTONIAN, NOT A MECHANISM NEWTONIAN, NOT A MECHANISM , CHARACTERIZED BY GOALS ( PURPOSIVE?) AUTOCATALYSIS, , , CHARACTERIZED BY GOALS ( PURPOSIVE?) AUTOCATALYSIS, , SELF ORGANIZING, SURPRISESSELF ORGANIZING, SURPRISES

WINDOW OF VITALITY WINDOW OF VITALITY -- A RANGE WITHIN WHICH SELFA RANGE WITHIN WHICH SELF--ORGANIZATION CAN OCCUR. SYSTEM STRIVES FOR OPTIMUM, ORGANIZATION CAN OCCUR. SYSTEM STRIVES FOR OPTIMUM, NOT MINIMUM OR MAXIMUMNOT MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM

MULTIPLE STEADY STATES MULTIPLE STEADY STATES –– MULTIPLE ATTRACTORS POSSIBLE, MULTIPLE ATTRACTORS POSSIBLE, M L LE E D EM L LE E D E M L LE LE,M L LE LE,SYSTEM STATE A FUNCTION ( ALSO) OF HISTORICAL EVENTSSYSTEM STATE A FUNCTION ( ALSO) OF HISTORICAL EVENTS

CATASTROPHIC BEHAVIOR CATASTROPHIC BEHAVIOR –– BIFURCATIONS ( MOMENTS OF BIFURCATIONS ( MOMENTS OF UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVIOR);FLIPS ( SUDDEN DISCONTINUITIES , UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVIOR);FLIPS ( SUDDEN DISCONTINUITIES , UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVIOR);FLIPS ( SUDDEN DISCONTINUITIES , UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVIOR);FLIPS ( SUDDEN DISCONTINUITIES , RAPID CHANGE) , SHIFTING STEADY STATES MOSAICRAPID CHANGE) , SHIFTING STEADY STATES MOSAIC

CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR -- WE HAVE LIMITED ABILITY FOR WE HAVE LIMITED ABILITY FOR PREDICTION (I E WEATHER FORECASTS ) REGARDLESS OF PREDICTION (I E WEATHER FORECASTS ) REGARDLESS OF PREDICTION (I. E., WEATHER FORECASTS ) REGARDLESS OF PREDICTION (I. E., WEATHER FORECASTS ) REGARDLESS OF HOW MUCH INFORMATION WE HAVE AND HOW SOPHISTICATED HOW MUCH INFORMATION WE HAVE AND HOW SOPHISTICATED ARE OUR COMPUTERSARE OUR COMPUTERS

HIERARCHY OF SYSTEMS ( HIERARCHY OF SYSTEMS ( BOULDINGBOULDING) ) GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY (GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY (BERTALANFYBERTALANFY))GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY (GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY (BERTALANFYBERTALANFY))

FrameworksFrameworks: systems comprising static structures:. atoms in : systems comprising static structures:. atoms in a crystal a crystal

ClockworksClockworks: simple dynamic systems with predetermined motions, : simple dynamic systems with predetermined motions, such as the clock and the solar systemsuch as the clock and the solar systemsuch as the clock and the solar system.such as the clock and the solar system.

Cybernetic systemsCybernetic systems: systems capable of self: systems capable of self--regulation in terms of regulation in terms of some externally prescribed target or criterion: thermostat.some externally prescribed target or criterion: thermostat.

Open purposive systemsOpen purposive systems: capable of self: capable of self--maintenance based on a maintenance based on a throughput of resources from its environment, such as a living cell.throughput of resources from its environment, such as a living cell.

BlueprintedBlueprinted--growth systemsgrowth systems: containing preprogrammed: containing preprogrammed BlueprintedBlueprinted growth systemsgrowth systems: containing preprogrammed : containing preprogrammed instructions for development, the egginstructions for development, the egg--chicken system.chicken system.

InternalInternal--image systemsimage systems: systems capable of a detailed awareness : systems capable of a detailed awareness f th i t i k l d h l i lf th i t i k l d h l i lof the environment , image or knowledge as a whole: animalsof the environment , image or knowledge as a whole: animals

SymbolSymbol--processing systemsprocessing systems: self: self--conscious , use language: conscious , use language: humanshumans

PURPOSEFULNESS

"Individual systems are purposive“ ( Ackoff and y p p (Emery), …"knowledge and understanding of their aims can only be gained by taking into account y g y gthe mechanisms of social, cultural, and psychological systems".[2]p y g yAny human-created systems can be characterized as "purposeful system" when its "members are p p yalso purposeful individuals who intentionally and collectively formulate objectives and are parts of y j plarger purposeful systems".[5]

"A purposeful system or individual is ideal-seeking p p y gif... it chooses another objective that more closely approximates its ideal".[6]"A id l ki t i di id l i il "An ideal-seeking system or individual is necessarily one that is purposeful, but not all purposeful entities seek ideals" [6] andentities seek ideals , and,"The capability of seeking ideals may well be a characteristic that distinguishes man from anything yhe can make, including computers".[7]According to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "the fact that these systems were experiencin pr f und that these systems were experiencing profound change could be attributed to the end of the "Machine Age" and the onset of the "Systems Age"Machine Age and the onset of the Systems Age

PURPOSEFULPURPOSEFUL SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

MOUSETRAP: MOUSETRAP: STRANGESTRANGE OBJECTOBJECT(M d)(M d)(Monod)(Monod)

RESULTS FROM ARTIFACT PRODUCING ACTIVITY ON RESULTS FROM ARTIFACT PRODUCING ACTIVITY ON EARTH EARTH

THETHE PURPOSIVEPURPOSIVE ,,STRANGESTRANGE OBJECTOBJECTTHE THE PURPOSIVEPURPOSIVE ,,STRANGESTRANGE OBJECTOBJECTEYEEYE

PURPOSEFULPURPOSEFUL OBJECTOBJECT -- CAMERACAMERA

Social Social FragmentationFragmentation

In In Stakeholder’sStakeholder’s GroupGrouppp

DIALOG MAPPING... JEFF CONKLIN

WICKED PROBLEMS FRAGMENT PROJECT WICKED PROBLEMS FRAGMENT PROJECT ----WICKED PROBLEMS FRAGMENT PROJECT WICKED PROBLEMS FRAGMENT PROJECT WORK, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE PROBLEM IS WORK, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE PROBLEM IS SEEN AS TAMESEEN AS TAMESEEN AS TAMESEEN AS TAME----IF THERES IS NO AGREEMENT ON WHAT IF THERES IS NO AGREEMENT ON WHAT THE PROBLEM IS HOW CAN YOU EXPECT A THE PROBLEM IS HOW CAN YOU EXPECT A SOLUTION?SOLUTION?----SOCIAL COMPLEXITY : FRAGMENTS TEAM SOCIAL COMPLEXITY : FRAGMENTS TEAM UNITY BY THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETING UNITY BY THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETING UNITY BY THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETING UNITY BY THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETING INTERESTS AND HIDDEN AGENDASINTERESTS AND HIDDEN AGENDAS----ALL THIS ADDS TO TECHNICAL ALL THIS ADDS TO TECHNICAL ALL HIS ADDS O ECHNICAL ALL HIS ADDS O ECHNICAL COMPLEXITYCOMPLEXITY

E EE ERESULT: BLAMING, FINGERPOINTINGRESULT: BLAMING, FINGERPOINTING

(DIALOGUE MAPPING JEFF CONKLIN )(DIALOGUE MAPPING JEFF CONKLIN )(DIALOGUE MAPPING....JEFF CONKLIN )(DIALOGUE MAPPING....JEFF CONKLIN )

CONCLUSIONS ...CONCLUSIONS ...OR, TO BE HONEST..OR, TO BE HONEST..TO ABRUPT ENDINGTO ABRUPT ENDING

As pointed out by Nancy Cartwright p y y g(1983) in “How the Laws of Physics Lie”, no system of laws can describe ythe real world, due to its complexity. This affirmation consists in a strong gand impacting limitation that has received even more importance later pin time, due to the emergence of the theory of complexity. y p y

Cartwright establishes a firm limitation to our dialogue withlimitation to our dialogue with nature: there are problems that are rigorously proved to be are rigorously proved to be unsolvable, and there are problems, involving complex systems, that nvolv ng complex systems, thatinclude intangibles, also accepted as unsolvable, even if not rigorously as unso a e, e en f not r gorous yproved unsolvable in a mathematical sense- such as ma ma a n u awicked and super-wicked problems

Wi k d bl i l i l t f Wicked problems, involving a large amount of variables, including non quantifiable variables, are problems that admit a set of alternativesare problems that admit a set of alternatives(called “solutions”), that is, decisions will be implemented on how to act upon the problem to p p p“solve” it, but “solving” has to be understood not in a rigorous, mathematical sense. Wicked p bl ms p bl ms n t d b mpl x problems are problems generated by complex systems, dealing with attributes inherent to the theory of complexity - associated with the theory of complexity associated with emergent phenomena; non linear dynamic; environment bound (open systems); subject to chaotic behavior, and adaptive.

E l i l t k fEcology involves a network of open, nonlinear dynamic systems, y yhierarchically structured, adaptive, highly integrated whole.highly integrated whole. Ecological systems include living and non living dissipative structuresnon-living dissipative structures, entangled with social, cultural, and

i h tit tieconomic phenomena, constituting wicked and super-wicked problems

Understanding and adequately managing this complex network will positively influence the future of our planet, and contribute to the study of ecological issues as well as to the effort of implementing cleaner production practices. We strongly emphasize that this class of problems –wicked- should be made more f l d l lfamiliar to students, as early as possible in their careers.