blogging as communicating intra- and inter- personal identity, story, growth, and passion

7/27/2019 Blogging as Communicating Intra- and Inter- Personal Identity, Story, Growth, and Passion

1/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC :

Kebccgfc js Dbaaufgdjtgfc Gftrj- jfi Gft`r- ^`rsbfje Gi`ftgty, Ttbry, Crbwtm, jfi ^jssgbf

I`fj A. [bsob

Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty

DbaE 0:0, T`dtgbf K:

Ir. M`jtm`r Drjfijee

;7 Jprge ;>:>


2/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC ;

Yjke` bh Dbft`fts

Gftrbiudtgbf..................................................................................................................................9Ym`br`tgdje Hrja`wbros..............................................................................................................0

Tyakbegd-Gft`rpr`tgv` (TG).......................................................................................................0

Dbbrigfjtì Ajfjcà`ft bh A`jfgfc (DAA).......................................................................0^m`fbabfbebcy.......................................................................................................................8

Tbdgb-Y`dmfgdje Tystàs.........................................................................................................8[`s`jrdm Jpprbjdm< @tmfbcrjpmy jfi ^`rhbrajfd` Fjrrjtgv`..................................................8

^r`h`rrgfc j Zujegtjtgv` Jpprbjdm...........................................................................................8^`rhbrajfd` `tmfbcrjpmy....................................................................................................8

A`tmbibebcy................................................................................................................................3

Auetg-Fjrrjtgv` Tburd`s...........................................................................................................3Tjapegfc êjf..........................................................................................................................3

^jrtgdgpjft Bks`rvjtgbf............................................................................................................3

Hbdus Crbup.............................................................................................................................=Gft`rpr`tjtgbf A`tmbi..............................................................................................................7

[`s`jrdm Jss`ts jfi Dmjee`fc`s..................................................................................................7

Jss`ts.......................................................................................................................................7Drìgkgegty, trjfspjr`fdy, jfi jutm`ftgdgty..........................................................................7@tmgdje prbd`ss...................................................................................................................:>

Dmjee`fc`s..............................................................................................................................:>

[`s`jrdm kgjs.....................................................................................................................:>@tmgdje dbfd`rfs.................................................................................................................::

Hgfigfcs......................................................................................................................................:;

^jrtgdgpjft Bks`rvjtgbf Hgfigfcs< Gf-I`ptm Gft`rvg`w..........................................................:;Gft`rp`rsbfje iyfjagds......................................................................................................:;

^jrtgdgpjft Bks`rvjtgbf Hgfigfcs< Hbdus Crbup....................................................................:;

Tajee crbup iyfjagds........................................................................................................:;

[`spbfs`s< Hbdus Crbup........................................................................................................:4Ymà`s...............................................................................................................................:4

Crbup p`rhbrajfd`............................................................................................................:9

[`spbfs`s< Gft`rvg`w.............................................................................................................:8Ymà`s...............................................................................................................................:8

Abtgvjtgbfs jfi butdba`s.................................................................................................:8

O`ywbris jfi pmrjs`s.......................................................................................................:3^`rhbrajfd`< Jffj...........................................................................................................:3

^`rhbrajfd`< Dm`vjs........................................................................................................;:

Gft`crjtgfc jfi Igsdussgfc Hgfigfcs..........................................................................................;;[è`vjft Egt`rjtur` bf Kebccgfc................................................................................................;9

Gftrjp`rsbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf................................................................................................;9Gi`ftgty...............................................................................................................................;9

Iyfjagd.............................................................................................................................;0T`fsbry...............................................................................................................................;0

^mysgdje..............................................................................................................................;8

Jttjdma`ft.........................................................................................................................;8Gft`rp`rsbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf................................................................................................;8

Dbfv`rsjtgbf......................................................................................................................;8

M`jegfc...............................................................................................................................;3


3/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 4

Drìgkgegty..........................................................................................................................;3

[m`tbrgd..............................................................................................................................;3Crbup Dbaaufgdjtgbf...........................................................................................................;=

Yrjfshbrajtgbf...................................................................................................................;=

@apbw`ra`ft....................................................................................................................;=

Dbaaufgdjtgfc Dbaaufgty..................................................................................................;7

Tyakbe...............................................................................................................................4>Gapegdjtgbfs hbr Dbaaufgdjtgbf, E`ji`rsmgp, jfi @tmgds.........................................................4:

Dbaaufgdjtgbf hbr Dbaaufgty............................................................................................4:E`ji wgtm Ttbry......................................................................................................................4:

@tmgds......................................................................................................................................4;

[`he`xgvgty..........................................................................................................................4;Xuef`rjkgegty......................................................................................................................4;

Igjebcu`.............................................................................................................................4;

Tucc`stgbfs hbr Hutur` [`s`jrdm...............................................................................................44

H`ìkjdo................................................................................................................................44Igr`dtgbfs...............................................................................................................................44

Dbfdeusgbf...........................................................................................................................................................49

[`h`r`fd`s............................................................................................................................................................40

Jpp`figx J< @xpebrjtbry Gft`rvg`w Zu`stgbfs............................................................................................9:

Jpp`figx K< Gfvgtjtgbf tb ^jrtgdgpjt`.............................................................................................................9;

Jpp`figx D< Ttuiy Igsdebsur` Ttjtà`ft......................................................................................................94

Jpp`figx I< Gft`rvg`w ^jrtgdgpjfts Dbfs`ft Hbra...................................................................................99

Jpp`figx @< Hbdus Crbup Zu`stgbfs............................................................................................................90

Jpp`figx H< Hbdus Crbup ^jrtgdgpjfts Dbfs`ft Hbra.............................................................................98

Jpp`figx C< Gfgtgje Hbdus Crbup Tjapegfc êjf.......................................................................................93

Jpp`figx M< Hbdus Crbup @ajge A`ssjc`s................................................................................................97

Jttàpt #:.............................................................................................................................97Hbeebw-Pp #:.........................................................................................................................0>

Hbeebw-Pp #;.........................................................................................................................0>

Hbeebw-Pp #4.........................................................................................................................0:Jpp`figx G< Kebc Ygte`s jfi Egfos...................................................................................................................0;

Jpp`figx L< Tdr``f Gajc`s..............................................................................................................................04

Jutmbr's Fbt`.....................................................................................................................................................00


4/55


Kebccgfc js Dbaaufgdjtgfc Gftrj- jfi Gft`r- ^`rsbfje Gi`ftgty, Ttbry, Crbwtm, jfi ^jssgbf

Gftrbiudtgbf

Ymgs pjp`r wgee `xpebr` kebccgfc js `tmfbcrjpmgd p`rhbrajfd` fjrrjtgv` tmrbucm gftrj- jfi

gft`r-p`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf js gi`ftgty hbrajtgbf, stbry-tèegfc, àpbw`ra`ft, trjfshbrajtgbf,

jfi m`jegfc. Gfgtgjeey, G `xpebrì tm`s` r`s`jrdm qu`stgbfs< "Gf wmjt wjys ib p`bpe` kebc tm`gr ebss

`xp`rg`fd`s2" ([:), jfi "Smjt k`f`hgts tb p`bpe` `xp`rg`fd` wm`f tm`y kebc tm`gr ebss `xp`rg`fd`s2"

([;). G wjftì tb k`tt`r ufi`rstjfi tm` wjys tmjt kebccgfc syakbegz`s igjebcu` js p`rhbrajfd`,

m`jegfc, jfi hbrajtgv` fjrrjtgv` gf dbaput`r aìgjtì dbaaufgdjtgbf (DAD). Tbbf G igsdbv`rì

kebccgfc, js DAD (Ymurebw, E`fcè, & Ybagd, ;>>9), gs auetg-hjd`tì, sb krbji`fì ay tbpgd tb

`xpebr` tm` wjys tmjt kebccgfc gapjdts gftrj-, gft`r-, sajee crbup, jfi dbaaufje dbaaufgdjtgbf.

G f`st hgfigfcs gf Tyakbegd-Gft`rpr`tgv` (TG, Hr`y & Tufwbeh, ;>>0), Dbbrigfjtì

Ajfjcà`ft bh A`jfgfc (DAA, Drbf`f, ;>>:? ^`jrd` ;>>>j? ;>>>k? ;>>9? ;>>=),

pm`fba`fbebcgdje ([bc`rs, :7=7), jfi sbdgb-t`dmfgdje systàs (Yrgst & Kjahbrtm, :70:, dgtì gf

Oga, ;>>=, p. :490) p`rsp`dtgv`s. G pr`s`ft hgfigfcs hrba twb (;) gf-i`ptm gft`rvg`ws jfi bf` (:)

hbdus crbup. G igsduss jfi gft`crjt` hgfigfcs, r`h`r`fd` rè`vjft i`sdrgptgv` jfi àpgrgd wbros bf

kebccgfc, jfi jdofbweìc` r`s`jrdm jss`ts jfi dmjee`fc`s. G tm`f igsduss gapegdjtgbfs hbr

dbaaufgdjtgbf, e`ji`rsmgp, jfi `tmgds jfi succ`st hutur` igr`dtgbfs hbr r`s`jrdm.

G gfdeui` gft`rvg`w qu`stgbfs jfi hbdus crbup qu`stgbfs (Jpp`figd`s J & @), gfvgtjtgbf tb

pjrtgdgpjt`, stuiy igsdebsur`, jfi dbfs`ft hbras (Jpp`figd`s K-I, H), jf gfgtgje hbdus crbup

sjapegfc pejf hbr hutur` r`s`jrdm r`hgfà`ft (Jpp`figx C-M), jfi jdtuje kebc egfos (Jpp`figx G). G

smbw sdr``f djptur`s bh gft`rvg`w`` kebcs gf Hgcur`s :.: jfi :.; (Jpp`figx L). G i`sgr` tmjt tm`s`

hgfigfcs ygèi dr`jtgv` bppbrtufgtg`s hbr dbaaufgdjtgfc hbrajtgv` e`ji`rsmgp wgtm DAD.


5/55


Ym`br`tgdje Hrja`wbros

Tyakbegd-Gft`rpr`tgv` (TG)

Ym` syakbegd-gft`rpr`tgv` p`rsp`dtgv` geeuagf`s crbups js syakbes, wm`r` crbups syakbegz`

tm`gr gi`ftgty tmrbucm crbup prjdtgd`s, prbd`ss`s, jfi prbiudts (Hr`y & Tufwbeh, ;>>0).

^`rhbrajfd` fjrrjtgv`s, sudm js gf kebccgfc, syakbegz` tm` prjdtgd` ky wmgdm gfigvgiujes jfi crbups

`xpr`ss tm`gr tjso, agssgbf, jfi kbfi wgtm p`bpe` (Hr`y & Tufwbeh). Ym`s` syakbes geeuagf` crbup

`xp`rg`fd`s, r`sburd`s, jfi vjeu`s, jfi prìgspbs` p`bpe` tb gft`rjdt gf d`rtjgf wjys (Hr`y &

Tufwbeh). Yga`, duetur`, spjd` br dbft`xt, jfi rèjtgbfsmgps aìgjt` crbup k`mjvgbrs, jee bh wmgdm

jhh`dt `jdm btm`r (Hr`y & Tufwbeh). Ymgs dbft`xt irgv`s crbup gft`rjdtgbfs (Hr`y & Tufwbeh).

J egt`rjry duetur` dr`jt`s j prbd`ss tb syakbegz` a`jfgfc tmrbucm wbris (Bfc, :7=;).

Gft`rpr`tgfc crbup k`mjvgbrs tmrbucm syakbes a`jfs p`bpe` dbaaufgdjt` tm`gr r`jegty jfi ejfcujc`

js wjys tb gi`ftghy tm`gr sèv`s gf rèjtgbf tb wgtm btm`rs. Ymus, tm` syakbegd prbd`ss gtsèh k`dba`s

js iyfjagd js gts butdba` (Hr`y & Tufwbeh, ;>>0). Kebccgfc, js j syakbe jfi prbd`ss, dbbrigfjt`s

a`jfgfc gf gi`ftgty, rèjtgbfsmgp, jfi `xp`rg`fd` hbr aàk`rs tmrbucm ejfcujc` js t`xt jfi pgxès.

Ejfcujc` js j t`xtuje syakbe, prbd`ss, jfi prbiudt k`jrs `tmgdje gapegdjtgbfs hbr sbdgjeey-

dbfstrudtì gi`ftgtg`s (Eud`-Ojpe`r, ;>>9? Tmèibf, ;>>=).

Dbbrigfjtì Ajfjcà`ft bh A`jfgfc (DAA)

^`bpe` db-dr`jt` stbrg`s bh tbei jfi egvì gf tm` `pgsbigd sp``dm jdts, br s`qu`fd`s bh v`rkje

jfi fbfv`rkje a`ssjc`s tmjt kugei tm` stbry (Drbf`f, ;>>:? ^`jrd`, ;>>9? ;>>=). Ymgs àpmjsgs bf

db-dr`jtì fjrrjtgv`s règ`s bf sbdgje dbfstrudtgbfgsa, br tm` vg`w tmjt p`bpe` dbfstrudt tm`gr sbdgje

r`jegtg`s tmrbucm ejfcujc` gf bri`r tb ajo` j k`tt r sbdgje wbrei (Crghhgf, ;>>7). ^`bpe` tèe stbrg`s

js tbei tb s`fs`-ajo` tm`gr `xp`rg`fd`s jfi tèe stbrg`s egvì tb fjrrjt` tm`gr `xp`rg`fd`s wgtm btm`rs,

wmgdm djf gaprbv` tm`gr smjrì egh` `xp`rg`fd` (Drbf`f, ;>>:? ^`jrd`, ;>>9? ;>>=).


6/55


^m`fbabfbebcy

[bc`rs (:7=7) dbfd`ptujegzì gftrj- jfi gft`r- p`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf js jf gft`rfje jfi

`xt`rfje prbd`ss bh k`dbagfc. K`dbagfc a`jfs p`rsbfs dr`jtgvèy xpr`ss`s tm`gr Tèv`s gf rèjtgbf

tb tm` Tèh jfi tb Btm`rs uftge sm` br m` k`dba`s dbft`ft wgtm tmgs gi`ftghgdjtgbf ([bc`rs). Ymgs

dbft`fta`ft r`suets gf jutm`ftgd sèv`s jfi rèjtgbfsmgps ([bc`rs). ^`bpe` aust p`rd`gv` j

psydmbebcgdjeey sjh` `fvgrbfa`ft tmjt jeebws tmà hr`ìba tb `xpr`ss gi`ftgty jfi rèjtgbfsmgp hbr

tmgs prbd`ss tb bddur ([bc`rs).

Tbdgb-Y`dmfgdje Tystàs

Tbdgb-t`dmfgdje systàs tm`bry jss`ss`s t`dmfbebcy hrba j mbegstgd pjrjigca< sbdgje,

psydmbebcgdje, `fvgrbfa`ftje, jfi t`dmfgdje butdba`s (Yrgst & Kjahbrtm, :70:, dgtì gf Oga, ;>>=,

p. :497). Ymgs mbegstgd jpprbjdm hgts fgdèy wgtm TG, DAA, jfi Y gft`rp`rsbfje jfi sajee crbup

dbaaufgdjtgbf p`rsp`dtgv`s k`djus` tm`s` p`rsp`dtgv`s jssua` tmjt p`bpe` f`ì tb dr`jtgvèy

`xpr`ss tmàsèv`s tb egv` js wmbe` jfi dbff`dtì k`gfcs.

[`s`jrdm Jpprbjdm< @tmfbcrjpmy jfi `rhbrajfd` Fjrrjtgv`

^r`h`rrgfc j Zujegtjtgv` Jpprbjdm

[`s`jrdm hbrajeey, systàjtgdjeey, jfi duauejtgvèy prbd`ss`s gfqugry ([ukgf, [ukgf,

Mjrgijogs, & ^gè`, ;>:>). G dmbs` j qujegtjtgv` r`s`jrdm a`tmbi cgv`f gt jeebws hbr cr`jt`r

iyfjagsa jfi jdd`ss tb p`bpe` jfi pm`fba`fbf gfst`ji bh r`strgdtgfc vjrgjke`s tb tga`, trjgt-kjsì

djt`cbrg`s, jfi djusjegty js qujftgtjtgv` jpprbjdm`s djf ib (@eegbtt, ;>>0).

^`rhbrajfd` `tmfbcrjpmy.

G smjr` hgfigfcs js p`rhbrajfd` `tmfbcrjpmy, wmgdm jeebws a` tb `xpebr` p`rsbfs' gftrj- jfi

gft`r- p`rsbfje `xp`rg`fd`s gf kebccgfc dbft`xts gf rèjtgbf tb sbdgje dmjfc`. @tmfbcrjpmgd fjrrjtgv`

wgtmgf ^jea`r's (:77>? :774? :77=? ;>>>? ;>>9) hbrajtgv` e`ji`rsmgp jfi [bc`rs' (:7=7)


7/55


pm`fba`fbebcy jeebws a` tb `xpebr` p`rsbfs' jhh`dtgv`, hbrajtgv`, jfi rèjtgbfje `xp`rg`fd`s js

tm`y p`rhbra tm`gr gi`ftgtg`s jfi dbaaufgdjtgbf `xp`rg`fd`s bfegf`.

A`tmbibebcy

Auetg-Fjrrjtgv` Tburd`s

Wuoe (;>>8) succ`stì j auetg-a`tmbi djf pr`v`ft jf bv`r-règjfd` bf bf` a`tmbi br

sburd` bh gfhbrajtgbf, jfi sb gaprbv` r`s`jrdm drìgkgegty. G règì bf gf-i`ptm gft`rvg`ws, tm` hbdus

crbup, jfi pjrtgdgpjft bks`rvjtgbfs tb `fmjfd` drìgkgegty.

Tjapegfc êjf

G usì purpbsgv` jfi dbfv`fg`fd`, kbtm fbf-prbkjkgegty, sjape`s. Gf j purpbsgv` sjape`, G

dmbbs` tm` dbft`xt jfi p`bpe` hbr ay gfqugry. G dbfiudtì twb (;) gf-i`ptm gft`rvg`ws wgtm Jffj

Ttui`ffy jfi Dm`vjs Kjeebuf (p`ragssgbf crjftì), kbtm kebc wrgt`rs, jfi bf` (:) hbdus crbup bh

tmr`` (4) dejssajt`s, ^jttg, Xgdtbrgj, jfi Cjrr`tt (p`ragssgbf crjftì), `jdm agfgaje tb abi`rjt`

kebc r`ji`rs. Ay dejssajt`s dbaprgsì ay dbfv`fg`fd` sjape`. G dbfiudtì Jffjs gft`rvg`w gf-

p`rsbf, Dm`vjs gft`rvg`w bv`r tm` pmbf`, jfi tm` hbdus crbup js j dbfh`r`fd` djee.

^jrtgdgpjft Bks`rvjtgbf

G bks`rvì gft`rp`rsbfje jfi sajee crbup gft`rjdtgbfs jabfc jee pjrtgdgpjfts, gfdeuigfc

aysèh. Smge` bks`rvgfc G egst`fì hbr r`p`jtì o`ywbris jfi tm` e`vè bh igsdebsur` smjrì gf bri`r

tb jss`ss pjrtgdgpjft-pjrtgdgpjft jfi pjrtgdgpjft-r`s`jrdm`r gft`rjdtgbf gf tm` hbdus crbup jfi

gft`rvg`w dbft`xts.

Bf`-bf-Bf` Gf-I`ptm Gft`rvg`ws

Ym` gft`rvg`w a`tmbi ègdgts f`w gfhbrajtgbf jfi sjtgshg`s j muajf f`ì (Ageejr &

Cjeejcm`r, ;>>>). Js sudm, tm` gft`rvg`w a`tmbi igstgfcugsm`s gtsèh hrba btm`r a`tmbis (Ageejr &

Cjeejcm`r). Ym` gft`rvg`w a`tmbi akrjd`s gft`rp`rsbfje stbrytèegfc jfi gfdbrpbrjt`s tm`

gft`rjdtgbf tb geeuagf` r`s`jrdm tmà`s (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r).


8/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC =

G dbfiudtì ay gf-p`rsbf gf-i`ptm gft`rvg`w jt Jffjs prgvjt` r`sgi`fd` bf Jprge ;, ;>:>

jfi dbfiudtì tm` tè`-gft`rvg`w wgtm Dm`vjs gf ay mba` bhhgd` bf Jprge :;, ;>:>. G jsoì hbr

p`ragssgbf tb igsdebs` tm` gft`rvg`w``'s gi`ftgty jfi prbvgiì jf bpt-but smbuei tm` gft`rvg`w``

wjft dbfhgi`ftgjegty (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r). Ymgs trjfspjr`fdy vjeuì `tmgds (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r). G

pr`pjrì s`v`f (3) qu`stgbfs gf jivjfd` hbr Jffj, wmgdm ygèiì hbur (9) tmà`-kjsì qu`stgbfs tb

us` hbr Dm`vjs jfi tm` hbdus crbup. G dbaaufgdjtì tm` `xpebrjtbry fjtur` bh tm` gft`rvg`w ky

àpmjsgzgfc tm` gapbrtjfd` bh jsogfc bp`f-`fiì jfi hbeebw-up qu`stgbfs (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r).

Ymgs `xpebrjtbry jpprbjdm hr`ì pjrtgdgpjfts hrba dbfhbragfc tb ay vg`ws (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r).

G tbbo fbt`s ky mjfi hbr kbtm gft`rvg`ws jfi r`dbriì Jffjs gft`rvg`w. G aji` r`cuejr `y`

dbftjdt tb jvbgi cgvgfc tm` gapr`ssgbf tmjt G wjs sèh-jksbrkì gf ay fbt`s (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r). G

sbucmt sbdgje jfi dbcfgtgv` debsur` ky tmjfogfc Jffj jfi Dm`vjs jt tm` debs` bh tm` gft`rvg`w,

wjftgfc tb k` sur` tmjt tm`y e`ht h`ègfc abr` `fdburjcì jfi jppr`dgjtì tmjf G hbufi tmà (Ageejr

& Cjeejcm`r). T`` Jpp`figx J hbr gft`rvg`w qu`stgbfs.

Hbdus Crbup

Gfgtgjeey G i`sgcfì twb (;) hbdus crbup sjapegfc pejfs hbr kebc wrgt`rs jfi mji pejffì tb

us` tm` dbfv`fg`fd` sjape` js j dbftrbe crbup, br bf` hrba j r`ji`rs p`rsp`dtgv`. G wjftì tb

cjuc` gh tm`r` wjs jfy ighh`r`fd` gf ay hgfigfcs wgtm p`rsbfs wmb kebccì jfi tmbs` wmb igif't.

Smge` tmgs stuiy àpmjsgz`s kebccgfc js p`rhbrajfd` fjrrjtgv` tb `xpebr` gftrj- jfi gft`rp`rsbfje

dbaaufgdjtgbf gf ebss, m`jegfc, jfi gi`ftgty, G wjftì tb s`` tb wmjt i`cr`` ib btm`rs wmb ib fbt

wrgt` kebcs rèjt` tb tmbs` wmb ib. Mbw`v`r, wmge` tmr`` (4) p`bpe` `xpr`ssì gft`r`st, bfey bf` (:)

lbgfì tm` djee. G gfdeui` tm`s` sjapegfc pejfs gf Jpp`figx C tb jgi wgtm gaprbvgfc r`s`jrdm i`sgcf.

G dbfiudtì tm` jdtuje hbdus crbup vgj tè`-dbfh`r`fd` cgv`f tm` igv`rs` ebdjtgbfs bh

pjrtgdgpjfts. G gftrbiudì ay tbpgd js gft`rp`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf jfi kebccgfc, jfi tbei

pjrtgdgpjfts tb jfsw`r qu`stgbfs kjsì bf tm`gr `xp`rg`fd` wgtm kebcs, wm`tm`r gt k` wrgtgfc br


9/55


r`jigfc tmà. Ym` hbdus crbup tbbo pejd` bf 9/:7/;>:> jfi jee tmr`` (4) pjrtgdgpjfts cjv`

p`ragssgbf tb us` tm`gr fja`s< Xgdtbrgj, ^jttg, jfi Cjrr`tt. G aji` j sp`dgje `hhbrt tb gft`crjt`

buteg`r r`spbfs`s ky dbaaufgdjtgfc tb bf` pjrtgdgpjft wgtm j igv`rc`ft vg`w tmjt G wèdbaì mgs

gfput js buteg`r r`spbfs`s djf geeuagf` iyfjagds G mji fbt dbfsgi`rì (Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty, ;>:>j).

G kèg`v` tmgs `hhbrt aji` j sjh` pejd` hbr p`bpe` tb igsdebs` tm`gr mbf`st bpgfgbfs, jfi dmjee`fcì

ay jssuaptgbfs jfi r`v`jeì iyfjagd hgfigfcs. T`` Jpp`figx @ hbr hbdus crbup qu`stgbfs.

Gft`rpr`tjtgbf A`tmbi

G gft`rpr`tì hgfigfcs ky hgrst hjagegjrgzgfc aysèh wgtm tm` fjrrjtgv` jfi tm`f dbff`dtì

tmà`s hrba tm` gft rvg`w, hbdus crbup, jfi pjrtgdgpjft-bks`rvjtgbf (Ageejr & Cjeejcm`r, ;>>>). G

jfjeyz` jfi pr`s`ft hgfigfcs tmrbucm i`sdrgkgfc gft`rp`rsbfje jfi sajee crbup iyfjagds, egstgfc

tmà`s, abtgvjtgbfs, jfi butdba`s, jfi pjrjpmrjsgfc br p`rhbragfc r`spbfs`s.

[`s`jrdm Jss`ts jfi Dmjee`fc`s

G `xpejgf r`s`jrdm gapegdjtgbfs js jss`ts jfi dmjee`fc`s tb ay r`s`jrdm i`sgcf.

Jss`ts

G r`dbcfgz` ay jpprbjdm ejdos qujftgtjtgv` a`jsur`s hbr j sbufi i`sgcf k`djus` ay

jpprbjdm gs fbt j qujftgtjtgv` stuiy. G ajgftjgf j ighh`r`ft gap`rjtgv`< tb ufi`rstjfi, rjtm`r tmjf

prìgdt, tb rèjt`, rjtm`r tmjf r`pegdjt`, jfi tb ufi`rstjfi, rjtm`r tmjf r`trb-lustghy. G hgfi tm`s`

butdba`s k`tt`r sugtì tb r`s`jrdmgfc p`bpe` jfi pm`fba`fj gf ijgey egh` dbft`xts. G succ`st

`vjeujtgfc tm` sbufif`ss bh ay i`sgcf kjsì bf qujegtjtgv` a`jsur`s btm`r tmjf vjegigty, règjkgegty,

jfi c`f`rjegzjkgegty, js hbeebws>=).


10/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC :>

@tmgdje prbd`ss.

@eegbtt (;>>0) wbrrgì tmjt qujftgtjtgv` r`s`jrdm bksdur`s tm` p`rsbf jfi ejdos "jtt`ftgbf tb

tm` abtgv`s jfi vjeu`s tmjt cugi` tm` jdtgbfs bh gfigvgiujes jfi sp`dghgd dueturje dbft`xts" (p. :;;).

@tmfbcrjpmgd `tmgds dmjee`fc` a` tb muajfgz` pjrtgdgpjfts jfi ib wmjt G djf tb rìud` pbw`r jfi

igstjfd` jfi tb syakbegz` mbp` (I`fzgf, ;>>4j).

Dmjee`fc`s

[`s`jrdm kgjs.

Ym` sjapegfc pejf ygèis r`s`jrdm kgjs gf tmjt purpbsgv` sjape`s r`he`dt ay pr`-`xgstgfc

rèjtgbfsmgps wgtm p`bpe` wmb smjr` sgagejr vg`ws. Jiigtgbfjeey, hbdus crbup pjrtgdgpjfts w`r`

crjiujt` stui`fts. G bhhs`t pbt`ftgje kgjs ky jsogfc bp`f-`fiì jfi hbeebw-up qu`stgbfs, jfi ky

wbrogfc tb gft`crjt` buteg`rs gf tm` hbdus crbup. G jijptì ay jssuaptgbfs wm`f hbdus crbup

pjrtgdgpjfts w`r` agei tb abi`rjt` kebc r`ji`rs gfst`ji bh wrgt`rs, wmba G gfgtgjeey pejffì tb stuiy.

Ym`s` jilusta`fts ygèiì abr` rgdm hgfigfcs jfi k`tt`r r`he`dtì tm` iyfjagd gft`rp`rsbfje jfi

sajee crbup fjtur` bh r`s`jrdm jfi kebccgfc.

Jee a`jsur`s jr` gap`rh`dt? jee bp`rjtgbfje vjrgjke`s jr` sukl`dt tb `rrbr, jfi jee sjape`s

sukl`dt tb kgjs (Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty, ;>:>k). Ay r`s`jrdm gs fbt j qujftgtjtgv` jpprbjdm, jfi sb mjs

gap`rh`dt qujftgtjtgv` a`jsur`s. Hbr gfstjfd`, ay r`s`jrdm mjs ebw règjkgegty jfi ebw `xt`rfje jfi

gft`rfje vjegigty k`djus` ay sjape` gs fbfrjfiba jfi egagtì tb twb (;) p`bpe` jfi j hbdus crbup

bh tmr`` (4) p`bpe`. G jdd`pt kgjs js j r`jegty r`cjrie`ss tm` r`s`jrdm a`tmbi, jfi jiigfc abr`

p`rsbfs tb j sjape` ib`s fbt f`d`ssjrgey a`jf hgfigfcs jddurjtèy r`pr`s`ft br a`jsur` j

pm`fba`fbf. G djffbt ègagfjt` tm`s` kgjs`s, kut jeebw tmà tb gfhbra ay i`sgcf `tmgds.

Ay sjape` ajy mjv` spurgbus vjrgjke`s, br vjrgjke`s tmjt a`jsur` dbfstrudts btm`r tmjf tm`

bf`(s) G wjft tb a`jsur`. Hbr gfstjfd`, wmge` G tmgfo G'a r`dbrigfc r`spbfs`s `xpejgfgfc kebccgfc js


11/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC ::

j syakbegd prbd`ss tb dbaaufgdjt` tm` sèh gf rèjtgbf wgtm btm`rs jfi wgtm dbaaufgty, pjrtgdgpjfts

ajy k` dbaaufgdjtgfc hrba j ighh`r`ft vjftjc` pbgft. M`r`, buteg`r r`spbfs`s mèpì.

Jiigtgbfjeey, hbdus crbups rgso r`spbfi`ft kgjs sudm js crbuptmgfo jfi jdqug`sd`fd`

(Kryajf, ;>>=? Cbfzjcj, ;>:>k? Mbye`, Mjrrgs, & Luii, ;>>;). Yb bhhs`t tmgs kgjs, G jsoì bp`f-

`fiì jfi prbkgfc qu`stgbfs wm`f pjrtgdgpjfts jcr`ì br i`h`rrì tb `jdm btm`r. Yb bhhs`t spurgbus

vjrgjke`s, G wrbt` de`jr jfi sgfce`-kjrrèì bp`f-`fiì qu`stgbfs tb jvbgi dbfhusgfc pjrtgdgpjfts.

@tmgdje dbfd`rfs.

Ay r`s`jrdm i`sgcf gapjrts `tmgdje dbfd`rfs sudm js gfhbraì dbfs`ft, prbt`dtgfc tm`

prgvjdy bh btm`rs, ajgftjgfgfc rèjtgbfsmgps wgtm dbee`jcu`s, wmbs` pjrtgdgpjtgbf ajy br ajy fbt

gapjdt tm`gr jdjiàgd stjfigfc, jfi ay bwf sjh`ty gf tm` gfgtgje rjfiba sjape` tmjt G mji i`sgcfì

hbr j hbdus crbup bh strjfc`rs. G jiir`ssì tm`s` `tmgdje dbfd`rfs ky dr`jtgfc dbaaufgdjtgbf

prbd`ss hbr trjfspjr`fdy wm`r` G i`sgcfì gfhbraì dbfs`ft, stuiy igsdebsur`, jfi gfvgtjtgbf tb

pjrtgdgpjt` hbras jfi jsoì pjrtgdgpjfts gh tm`y mji jfy qu`stgbfs. G wbroì tb `stjkegsm j rjppbrt

wgtm `jdm pjrtgdgpjft, jfi jsogfc hbeebw-up qu`stgbfs sp`dghgdjeey k`f`hgtì `tmgds ky jeebwgfc

pjrtgdgpjfts tb sp`jo tm`gr bwf vg`ws, wmgdm G mjv` fbrajegzì ky gft`crjtgfc gftb tm` stuiy.

Jfbtm`r `tmgdje dbfd`rf hbr a` gfvbevì igspejygfc jfi jfjeyzgfc hgfigfcs vgj `tmfbcrjpmgd

p`rhbrajfd` fjrrjtgv`. Gf tmgs stye`, G bhhs`t ay `tmgdje dbfd`rf hbr r`pr`s`ftjtgbf ky ibgfc ay k`st

tb pjrjpmrjs` jfi tb qubt` pjrtgdgpjfts' r`spbfs`s jfi tb r`pr`s`ft tm` spgrgt k`mgfi tm`gr wbris.

Petgajtèy, wrgtgfc jkbut btm`rs gs j huffy kusgf`ss (K`mjr, :778). Cgv`f tm` egagtjtgbfs bh ay

p`rd`ptgbfs, gt s`às tm` bfey `tmgdje r`s`jrdm jpprbjdm gs tb wrgt` jkbut tm` sèh (I`fzgf, Ajy 9,

;>>8, p`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf, dgtì gf [usojg Aègfj, ;>>=, p. :8:) k`djus` `v`f gfhbraì dbfs`ft

(I`fzgf, ;>>4j) jfi bf`'s k`st gft`ftgbfs jfi `hhbrts (@eegs, ;>>=) hjee smbrt bh r`pr`s`ftgfc btm`rs js

wmbeey ofbwf. Gf jfy djs`, `tmgdje dbfd`rfs k`f`hgtì tmgs r`s`jrdm ky furturgfc j rgdm jfi muajf`


12/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC :;

spjd` wm`r` p`bpe` stjyì gf dbfv`rsjtgbf wgtm `jdm btm`r jkbut j tgaèy jfi rè`vjft

dbaaufgdjtgbf tbpgd.

Hgfigfcs

^jrtgdgpjft Bks`rvjtgbf Hgfigfcs< Gf-I`ptm Gft`rvg`w

Gft`rp`rsbfje iyfjagds.

G igsdbv`rì j rèjtgbfje, i`sdrgptgv`, jfi gfqugsgtgv` iyfjagd gf tm` gft`rp`rsbfje gft`rvg`w.

Geeuagfì ky twb sbht mjebc`f ejaps jfi j pgdtur` wgfibw, Jffj jfi G sjt jdrbss hrba `jdm btm`r

wgtm j tjke` gf k`tw``f jfi j dup bh Ljsagf` Cr``f t`j. Ym` gft`rvg`w`` sjt rbdogfc bf m`r f`w-tb-

m`r cr``f jfi yèebw pejgi dbudm, jfi G sjt jdrbss hrba m`r bf m`r dustba-aji` dbudm tmjt hrg`fis

mji cgv`f m`r. G jsoì m`r ay pr`pjrì qu`stgbfs jfi tm`f e`t m`r smjr` m`r stbry ufgft`rruptì hbr

:.0 mburs, bfey bddjsgbfjeey jsogfc j hbeebw-up br dejrghygfc qu`stgbf.

G dbfiudtì j tè`-gft`rvg`w wgtm Dm`vjs usgfc tm` hbur (9) hbdus crbup qu`stgbfs (Jpp`figx

@) js tm` bppbrtufgty jrbs` wm`f m` lbgfì bf` bh tm` dbfh`r`fd` djees G mji s`t up hbr jfbtm`r fbf-

rjfiba sjape` G mji i`sgcfì hbr tm` hbdus crbup.

Kbtm gft`rvg`ws prbvgiì rgdm i`tjge jfi rjppbrt, gfdeuigfc jf bppbrtufgty hbr a` tb `xpebr`

ay qu`stgbfs dbfcru`fd` jfi rè`vjfd` tb pjrtgdgpjfts `xp`rg`fd`s. Ymgs wjy G jeebwì tm`

r`s`jrdm prbd`ss tb abrpm jfi jilust ay `xp`dtjtgbfs. Jht`r Jffjs gft`rvg`w, G hgfi-tufì jfi

dejrghgì ay hbdus crbup qu`stgbfs jfi sb hèt k`tt`r pr`pjrì.

^jrtgdgpjft Bks`rvjtgbf Hgfigfcs< Hbdus Crbup

Tajee crbup iyfjagds.

Gft`rvg`wgfc tm` hbdus crbup prbvgiì j abr` strudturì jpprbjdm tmjf tm` p`rsbfje bf`-

bf-bf` gft`rvg`w cgv`f tga` dbfstrjgfts jfi tm` auetgpe` p`bpe` gfvbevì. Ywb abi`rjtbrs jsoì

tm`gr hbur (9) pr`pjrì qu`stgbfs, tjogfc jkbut 0-:> agfut`s p`r qu`stgbf. G hbufi tmgs tga` egagt

mèpì pjrtgdgpjfts tb hbdus tm`gr r`spbfs`s jfi abi`rjtbrs tb hbdus tm`gr qu`stgbfs. Gfgtgjeey,


13/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC :4

pjrtgdgpjfts `xpr`ssì dbfhusgbf js tb wmb smbuei sp`jo jfi wm`f, trgppgfc bv`r `jdm btm`r's

wbris, kut sbbf w` `jsgey luapì gftb j rbutgf` bh tjogfc turfs jfi r`peygfc gf tm` sja` bri`r. G

wbroì tb o``p `v`rybf` bf trjdo wgtm tm` qu`stgbfs, bddjsgbfjeey jeebwgfc pjrtgdgpjfts tb r`spbfi

tb `jdm btm`r's dbaa`fts.

Js j abi`rjtbr, G bks`rvì mbw `jsy gt djf k` usì tb smbw hjvbrgtgsa tb pjrtgdgpjft's

jfsw`rs, jfi mbw `jsy gt djf k` tb cb wgtm tmà tb sjy hbr d`rtjgf r`spbfs` rè`vjft tb ay

jssuaptgbfs jfi r`s`jrdm tbpgd. Yb jvbgi kgjsgfc jfsw`rs jfi tb smbw dburt`sy, G gfvgtì `jdm

p`rsbf tb pjrtgdgpjt` wgtm `jdm qu`stgbf wgtmbut cgvgfc ouibs br drgtgdgsas sudm js G mjv`

`xp`rg`fdì wm`f pjrtgdgpjtgfc gf j hbdus crbup. Sm`f Cjrr`tt cjv` mgs buteg`r r`spbfs`, G

succ`stì tb mga tmjt mgs r`spbfs` djf k` k`f`hgdgje tb ay stuiy jfi `fdburjcì mga tb dbftgfu`

pjrtgdgpjtgfc gf tm` hbeebwgfc qu`stgbfs. Fjaèy, G wjftì tb fsur` tmjt pjrtgdgpjfts hèt hr`` tb

sp`jo tm`gr vg`ws gfst`ji bh dbapeygfc wgtm agf` js j wjy tb jhhgra a` js j p`rsbf br ay tbpgd

dmbgd`. G hbufi gt k`f`hgdgje tb jso hbeebw-up qu`stgbfs jfi tb gftrbiud` ay tbpgd jfi qu`stgbfs js

bp`f-`fiì js pbssgke` tb jeebw pjrtgdgpjfts tb r`pey kjsì bf tm`gr vg`ws jfi `xp`rg`fd`s. G

e`jrfì tm` vjeu` bh abvgfc pjst h`ègfc r`l`dtì smbuei j r`spbfs` ighh`r hrba ay `xp`dtjtgbfs.

[`spbfs`s< Hbdus Crbup

Ymà`s.

Ym` hbdus crbup r`v`jeì tm` hbeebwgfc kebccgfc tmà`s y`jrs jfi pbsts gfhbrajtgbf jkbut mgs `xp`rg`fd`s tb j kebc.

Cjrr`tt wgee r`ji sudm j kebc js jf "bhhgdgje rè`js`," kut m` jvbgis r`jigfc p`rsbfje kebcs, wmgdm m`

surags`s jr` wrgtt`f ky j p`rsbf "sgttgfc jt mgs dbaput`r gf mgs pjljajs" wmb ajy br ajy fbt mjv`

sba`tmgfc drìgke` br gfhbrajtgv` tb sjy.

Hbr ay tmgri qu`stgbf, ^jttg sjgi sm` r`cjris kebcs js j sajee pjrt bh m`r egh` jfi dbapjrì

tmà tb j ajcjzgf`, br j pukegdjtgbf sm` wbf't suksdrgk` tb, kut wgee pgdo up jfi r`ji gh tm`

ajcjzgf` gs gf hrbft bh m`r. Tm` ebbos jt kebcs wm`f sm` "f`ìs j agfie`ss igv`rc`fd`" tb m`r egh`.


15/55


Xgdog i`sdrgkì kebcs js j bf`-wjy dbaaufgdjtgbf, tmbucm sm` jdofbweìcì sm` r`peg`s vgj `-ajge

tb m`r ijucmt`r gh sm` egoì j kebc pbst. Xgdog `xpr`ssì hrustrjtgbf wgtm tm` f`ì tb ebcgf tb j

kebccgfc pbrtje gf bri`r tb pbst j dbaa`ft. Tm` i`sdrgkì tmgs prbd`ss js "ejkbrgbus" jfi j turf bhh

tb usgfc kebcs. Cjrr`tt ib`s fbt us` kebcs js j sgt` bh "p`rsbfje gft`rjdtgbf" jfi `xpr`ssì

hrustrjtgbf wgtm wmjt m` djeeì "agfg-kebccgfc," br wm`f p`bpe` pbst dbaa`fts bf prbh`ssgbfje

dbft`ft. M` dbapjrì tm`gr "ufhbrauejtì bpgfgbfs" tb jf jrt ausùa jeebwgfc pjtrbfs tb wrgt`

dbaa`fts f`xt tb j pg`d` bh jrt tmjt mufc bf tm` wjee, dbfdeuigfc tmjt tm`r` smbuei k` "fb pejd`"

hbr dbaa`fts bf prbh`ssgbfje dbft`ft kebcs.

Hbr ay hburtm jfi hgfje qu`stgbf, G wjftì tb ofbw gf wmjt wjys kebccgfc gapjdtì

p`bpe`'s gi`ftgtg`s js gftrj- jfi gft`r- p`rsbfje, jfi gh sb (br gh fbt), tm`f wmy. ^jttg sjgi kebcs

gapjdt m`r gft`rc`f`rjtgbfje jfi t`dmfgdje stjtus gi`ftgty. "Ay aba tmgfos G'a j dbaput`r c`fgus,"

sm` sjgi, lust ky vgrtu` tmjt sm` vgsgts kebcs pbt`ftgjeey abr` tmjf ib bei`r c`f`rjtgbfs. Xgdog

i`h`rrì tb Cjrr`tt hbr tm` qu`stgbf, jfi Cjrr`tt sjgi tmjt kebcs mèp tb gi`ftghy mgasèh gf t`ras bh

wmb m` gs fbt< "j hjgtmhue kebccgfc cuy." M` ib`s gi`ftghy mgasèh wgtm prbh`ssgbfje kebc dbft`ft,

wmgdm m` i`sdrgkì js rèjtì tb prbh`ssgbfje jssbdgjtgbfs tmjt prbvgi` jf "`xp`rt e`vè bh jutmbrgty

bf tm` dbft`ft." Gf tmgs wjy m` vg`ws mgs gi`ftgty gf rèjtgbfsmgp wgtm `xp`rts jfi gfhb-utgegty, wm`r`

sudm kebcs prbvgi` mga wgtm drìgke` gfhbrajtgbf jfi sb j drìgke` vg`w bh btm`rs. M` vg`ws

p`rsbfje kebcc`rs js "wgei w st" kebc-segfc`rs, gf dbftrjst tb tm` `xp`rt prbh`ssgbfje kebcc`r. M`

i`sdrgkì p`rsbfje kebcc`rs js "j agrrbr" bh p`bpe` kjsì bf mgs r`je-egh` `xp`rg`fd`s, bks`rvgfc tmjt

tm`s` p`bpe`, wmba m` ofbws o``p kebcs, dbaaufgdjt` wgtm mga tm` sja` wjy tmjt m` vg`ws

kebcc`rs< dbaaufgdjtgfc bpgfgbfs wgtmbut drìgke` suppbrt, wmgdm r`gfhbrd`s mgs gajc` tmjt

p`rsbfje kebcc`rs jr` "stupgi." Cjrr`tts dbfd`rfs succ`st tmjt m` r`cjris kebccgfc js drìgke` bfey

wm`f egfoì wgtm j prbh`ssgbfje f`ws-c`f`rjtgfc br `xp`rg`fdì sburd`.


16/55


Hbr ay hgfje qu`stgbf, G hbufi gt mèphue bf twb bddjsgbfs tb dbjdm pjrtgdgpjfts wm`f tm`y

hèt tm`y mji fb gfsgcmt tb dbftrgkut`. Bf tm` hgrst bddjsgbf, G succ`stì Xgdog's gft`rp`rsbfje

rèjtgbfsmgp wgtm m`r ijucmt`r dbuei pbssgkey gapjdt m`r gft`rp`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf wgtm m`r

ijucmt`r bfegf` vgj m`r ijucmt`r's kebc. Hbr Cjrr`tt, wmge` m` tmbucmt kebccgfc igi fbt gapjdt tm`

wjy m` vg`ws mgasèh br btm`rs, G ir`w bf mgs hbra`r r`spbfs`s tb succ`st tmjt kebccgfc ajy gapjdt

mgs vg`w bh mgasèh jfi btm`rs gf tm` wjys tmjt m` mji jer`jiy i`sdrgkì, tb wmgdm m` r`spbfiì ky

bhh`rgfc gfhbrajtgbf tmjt mji fbt k``f r`v`jeì k`hbr`< mgs hjd`-tb-hjd` jfi pr`-`xgstgfc

rèjtgbfsmgps wgtm kebcc`rs r`gfhbrdì mgs gajc` bh kebcc`rs js ufprbh`ssgbfje jfi ufgfhbraì.

[`spbfs`s< Gft`rvg`w

Ymà`s.

Ym` stbry dmjfc`s jfi crbws.

Gft`rp`rsbfje ebss js he``gfc, ràjgfgfc sge`ft, br k`gfc jks`ft hrba btm`rs

Gftrjp`rsbfje ebss js pmysgdje geef`ss jfi pjgf, jfi ebss bh dbftrbe

H`jr bh jeg`fjtgbf js pufgsma`ft hbr vbgdgfc vg`ws

Sgtmirjwje js dbpgfc v`rs`s kebccgfc js `fcjcà`ft

Abtgvjtgbfs jfi butdba`s.

G hbufi tmjt tm`s` kebc wrgt`rs dbaaufgdjtì tm`gr kebc `xp`rg`fd`s js

crbwgfc gf gftrj-dbfhgi`fd` tb dbaaufgdjt` tm`gr gi`js br `xp`rg`fd`s,

igsdbv`rgfc gft`r-dbfhgi`fd` hrba tm`gr r`f`wì gftrj-dbfhgi`fd`,

j hbrua tb smjr` pjssgbfs jfi/br `xpr`ss jfi i`vèbp jutm`ftgd gi`ftgty, jfi

r`spbfigfc tb r`ji`rs gft`rp`rsbfjeey tmrbucm dbaa`fts br hjd`-tb-hjd` hbeebw-up

hrba r`ji`rs, sudm js hjagey jfi hrg`fis.


17/55


O`ywbris jfi pmrjs`s.

Ymgs gft`rvg`w r`v`jeì tm` hbeebwgfc o`ywbris jfi pmrjs`s< jiv`ftur`, dbfsgst`fdy, mbf`st,

dmbbs` m`jetm, àpbw`r, dbft`ft, dbaaufgty, dmjfc`, mgstbry, geef`ss, ebfègf`ss, wgtmirjwje,

p`bpe`, smjrgfc pjssgbf, jfi stbry.

^`rhbrajfd`< Jffj.

Jffj k`cjf wrgtgfc m`r kebc,J gs hbr Jiv`ftur`s< j pejd` tb r`ji Cbi's stbry egvgfc gf jfi tmrbucm a`

(Ttui`ffy, ;>:>), gf hbrd` jrbufi tm` tga` sm` r`d`gvì igjcfbsgs hbr Eya`s igs`js`. Jt tmgs tga`

sm` dmbs` tb hbdus bf r`dbv`r gfst`ji bh wbro, jfi jppegì tb Cbfzjcjs AJ prbcrja gf

Brcjfgzjtgbfje E`ji`rsmgp. Tm` ego`s kebccgfc k djus` sm` dbaaufgdjt`s k`st wgtm wrgtgfc,

jppr`dgjt`s r`dbrigfc m`r mgstbry, jfi `flbys wjtdmgfc m`r stbry ufhbei js j hbrajtgv` prbd`ss.

Jffj wrgt`s wgtm r`cjri tbwjris m`r juig`fd`. [`ji`rs r`pbrt `flbygfc r`jigfc m`r kebc

k`djus` sba`tga`s m`r sèh-igsdebsgfc stbrg`s djf k` huffy. Jiigtgbfjeey, m`r kebc prbvgi`s j djr`-

cgvgfc hufdtgbf hbr m`rsèh jfi hbr r`ji`rs k`djus` p`bpe` wjft tb "ofbw mbw G'a ibgfc."

"^`bpe` ufi`rstjfi jfi djf rèjt` tb pjgf, geef`ss, jfi suhh`rgfc Ym` juig`fd` djf rèjt` tb

`v`f tmbucm tm`y'r` fbt tm` sja` tb m`r stbrg`s jr` ighh`r`ft. Ym` `xp`rg`fd`s, gssu`s, jfi h`ègfcs

jr` sgagejr."

Hjd`-tb-hjd` gft`rjdtgbfs cgv` h`ìkjdo tmjt sm` wbuei fbt mjv` btm`rwgs` ofbwf bfegf`.

Ttgee, sm` hgfis kjejfd` k`tw``f dbaaufgdjtgfc bfegf` jfi hjd`-tb-hjd`.

"Mbf`stey, G djtdm aysèh," sm` sjgi, jiagttgfc tmjt sba`tga`s wm`f hjd`-tb-hjd` wgtm

p`bpe`, sm` dbfsgi`rs mbw sm` wgee wrgt` jkbut m`r `xp`rg`fd` bf m`r kebc ejt`r bf. Kebccgfc js j

prbd`ss ràgfis m`r tb k` jwjr` jfi jutm`ftgd gfst`ji bh jf jdtbr wm`f sm` gft`rjdts wgtm p`bpe`

hjd`-tb-hjd`. Tm` tjo`s djr` tb "ràjgf gf tm` aba`ft" jfi tb k` m`r jutm`ftgd sèh. Ym` wrgtgfc

prbd`ss t`jdm`s m`r tb hbdus m`r dbft`ft jfi sb k` sè`dtgv` wgtm i`tjge. Ymgs prbd`ss mèps m`r tb

"mbfbr tm` aba`ft, mbfbr tm` `xp`rg`fd` wgtm p`bpe`." Kebccgfc's r`qugrà`ft hbr kr`vgty mèps


18/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC :=

m`r tb ràjgf jutm`ftgd ky e`ttgfc cb bh tm` i`tjges gfst`ji bh wrgtgfc m`r stbry gf m`r m`ji wmge` sm`

gft`rjdts wgtm p`bpe` hjd -tb-hjd`. Tm` kjejfd`s tmgs i`sgr` hbr jutm`ftgdgty wgtm m`r i`sgr` tb

`fvgsgbf jf jet`rfjtgv` hutur` (Kebdo, ;>>7) ky wrgtgfc jf jet`rfjt` stbry hbr m`rsèh< `xpr`ssgfc m`r

cghts jfi smjrgfc m`r stbry wgtm p`bpe` gfst`ji bh ràjgfgfc wgtmirjwf gf m`r geef`ss js tmbucm m`r

stbry w`r` stjtgd.

Tm` i`sdrgkì m`r abtgv` tb kebc js sèh-jwjr`f`ss, jutm`ftgdgty, jfi pursugfc m`r pjssgbf>7, Ajy ;0). Ymgs f`w

abiè hbr kebcs dmjfc`s pjst ^[ abiès, wmgdm wbroì tb c`f`rjt` pukegdgty (Ega & Wjfc). Kebcs

jssbdgjtì wgtm sbjp kbxgfc, br mjpmjzjriey prbfbufdgfc bpgfgbfs js Cjrr`tt i`sdrgkì, ajy k`

wrgtt`f wgtm tm` `hhbrt tb c`f`rjt` pukegdgty, wmge` kebcs tmjt tèe stbrg`s jfi gfvgt` r`spbfs`s tmrbucm

gft`rjdtgv` i`sgcfs, sudm js Jffjs jfi Dm`vjs, ajy a`jsur` drìgkgegty kjsì bf tm` a`jfgfc

`xdmjfcì k`tw``f dbftrgkutbrs. Ymus, kebccgfc drìgkgegty i`p`fis bf tm` purpbs`s wgtm wmgdm

p`bpe` pjrtgdgpjt`< tb rèjt` jfi ajo` a`jfgfc, br tb cjgf jtt`ftgbf.

A`tmbi dbftrjsts ajy k` `xpejgfì ky

wrgt`rs wmb hbdus bf tm`gr wbro's igr`dt k`f`hgt r`cjrie`ss gh tm`y mjv` r`ji`rs

wrgt`r's i`sgr` tb `fcjc` wgtm p`bpe` jfi tb dr`jt` j sjh` pejd` tb igjebcu` jfi smjr`

pjssgbfs

wrgt`rs js dr`jtbrs bh pbstì dbft`ft jfi r`ji`rs js egagtì tb r`spbfigfc tb sjgi

dbft`ft


24/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC ;9

tm` hbdus crbup sjape` wjs dbfv`fg`ft jfi fbt purpbsgv`. J purpbsgv` sjape` bh

jvgi kebc r`ji`rs ajy hbst`r ighh`r`ft hgfigfcs js tm`s` r`ji`rs ajy jssgcf cr`jt`r

vjeu` jfi a`jfgfc tb kebcs.

G succ`st t`stgfc tm` dbftrjsts k`tw``f hbdus crbup jfi gft`rvg`w hgfigfcs, br kebc r`ji`rs

jfi wrgt`rs, ky i`sgcfgfc j purpbsgv` jfi strjt`cgd sjape`, jfi tb wgi`f tm` sdbp` ky i`sgcfgfc j

strjt`cgd jfi rjfiba sjape` vgj kebc igr`dtbrg`s. G i`sgcfì sudm j sjape` hbr tmgs prbl`dt, kut

hbufi tmjt bfey bf` r`spbfi`ft hbr tm` hbdus crbup tè`-dbfh`r`fd` (Jpp`figd`s C-M), succ`stgfc j

ejrc`r sjape` ajy tjo` abr` tga` tb cjrf`r `fbucm pjrtgdgpjfts tb dbfiudt j hbdus crbup. Gf jfy

djs`, G succ`st hutur` r`s`jrdm i`sgcf j trgjfcuejtì sjape` hbr hbdus crbups ky dbfiudtgfc jt e`jst

tb hbdus crbup wgtm bf` dbftrbe crbup bh fbf-kebc r`ji`rs br wrgt`rs gf bri`r tb t`st gh ay hgfigfcs

dbfhgra br geeuagf` ay hgfigfcs. Hbr ay pjrt, G'a gft`r`stì gf `xpebrgfc kebc's tm`rjpùtgd

pbt`ftgje, wmgdm ajy i`rgv` gts pbw`r bf tm` pukegdgty, gaaìgjt`, gft`rjdtgv`, jfi wrgtgfc prbd`ss`s

f`ìì tb smjr` bf`'s `xp`rg`fdì gf j w`kebc.

[è`vjft Egt`rjtur` bf Kebccgfc

Gftrjp`rsbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf

Gi`ftgty.

Kebcs jfi kebccgfc gfheu`fd` gi`ftgty. Kebc wrgt`rs jdtgvèy ajfjc` tm` gfhbrajtgbf tm`y

pr`s`ft jkbut tmàsèv`s (Yrjaaèe, ;>>0, Ajy), succ`stgfc tmjt kebcs prbvgi` j p`rhbrajfd` jfi

s`fs`-ajogfc hbrua tb xpr`ss gi`ftgty. Tmèibf (;>>=) jivgsì p`bpe` tb i`hgf` jfi i`dbfstrudt

tm` dbape`xgty bh gi`ftgty wbris sudm js c`fi`r js j wjy tb i`vèbp j kebc dbfv`rsjtgbf. Ymgs

jivgd` geeuagf`s tm` gi`ftgty fjtur` bh kebccgfc k`djus` kebcs rèy bf ejfcujc` gf t`xtuje hbra.

Fgdmbesbf (;>>=) muabrbusey djt cbrgzì tm` p`rsbfjegty typ`s tmjt `fcjc` bf kebcs. Smge` G r`sgst

djt`cbrg`s k`djus` G hgfi tmà rgcgi jfi tm`y djf e`ji tb st`r`btyp`s, G hbufi gt jausgfc tmjt tm`

p`rsbfs jssbdgjt` tm` kebcbspm`r` tb p`rsbfjegty kjsì bf p`bpe`'s gft`rjdtgv` stye` (Fgdmbesbf).


25/55


^`rsbfje w`kebcs prbvgi` j sjh` spjd` k`djus` p`rsbfs djf sp`jo wgtmbut h`jr bh r`prgsje br

gsbejtgbf, ajogfc kebc bwf`rsmgp o`y (Oga, ;>>=). Agurj jfi Wjajsmgtj (;>>3) hbufi tmjt kebc

wrgt`rs ajgftjgfì tm`gr kebc tb sèh-i`sdrgk`, sbdgjeey gft`rjdt, tb k`f`hgt tm` sèh jfi rèjtgbfsmgp,

jfi tb gaprbv` gfhbrajtgbf mjfiegfc sogees. Gfigvgiujes wgtm mgcm sèh- jfi `xpr`ssgbf- jwjr`f`ss

s`àì tb k`tt`r ufi`rstjfi tm`gr gi`ftgty (Agurj & Wjajsmgtj). H`ìkjdo prbvgiì j sbdgje

iyfjagd, jfi kebc wrgt`rs ajgftjgfì tm`gr kebcs wm`f tm`y hèt sjtgshgì wgtm tm`gr sèh-jwjr`f`ss

jfi wgtm btm`rs' jdd`ptjfd` (Agurj & Wjajsmgtj). Kebc wrgt`rs a`jsurì tm`s` gi`ftghgdjtgbf jfi

rèjtgbfje k`f`hgts kjsì bf wm`tm`r br fbt tm`y r`d`gvì pbsgtgv` h`ìkjdo hrba tm`gr r`ji`rs.

Iyfjagd.

Kebcs' prbvgi` j "he`xgke` dmjffè" jfi sb s`rv` p`bpe` wgtm ighh`r`ft purpbs`s (Eg, ;>>3,

Ajy ;9, p. :). Js p`bpe` p`rd`gv` tmàsèv`s jfi tm`gr sgtujtgbfs gf r`je tga`, tm`y r`ghy tm` Tèh.

Ojy` (;>>0) i`sdrgkì kebcs js iyfjagd sgfd` tm`y gfdeui` gft`rjdtgv` r`sburd`s sudm js `-ajge jfi

dmjt rbbas. Hrba j us`s jfi crjtghgdjtgbfs p`rsp`dtgv`, kebccgfc abtgvjtgbfs jfi butdba`s bddur

gf hbur wjys< sbdgje gft`rjdtgbf, pjssgfc tga`, `ft`rtjgfa`ft, jfi usgfc bfegf` aìgj kjsì bf c`fr`

(Ojy`). Ym` Gft`rf`t iàjfis jtt`ftgbf jfi jdtgvgty (Ojy`). Kebcs prbvgi` jf jdtgbf- jfi dmbgd`-

kjsì aìgj aìgua js tm`y prbvgi` jf jsyfdmrbfbus hbrajt, wmgdm jeebws us`rs tb bpt gf br bpt

but bh tm` gft`rjdtgbf, gfhbrajtgbf smjrgfc, jfi h`ìkjdo (Ojy`). Kebcc`rs igi fbt a`jsur` tm`gr

abtgv` tb gft`rjdt kjsì bf tga` gfv`stì bf kebccgfc. Kebcc`rs bht`f pbss`ssì mgcm sèh-`hhgdjdy, j

dbee`c` i`cr`` br mgcm`r, jfi w`r` bht`f aje`s (Ojy`). Gapbrtjftey, p`rsbfs usì kebcs hbr p`rsbfje

huehgeea`ft, sudm js huehgeegfc àbtgbfje a`jfs, jfi `xpr`ssgbf jfi jhhgegjtgbf, sudm js `xpr`ssgfc

p`rsbfje vg`wpbgfts wgtm ego`-agfiì gfigvgiujes (Ojy`).

T`fsbry.

T`fsbry gaa`rsgbf jeebws kebc us`rs tb mjv` jf gfdr`jsì gft`rjdtgv` `xp`rg`fd` `v`f

tmbucm kebcs jr` prgajrgey t`xt (AjdIbucjee, ;>>0). T`fsbry gaa`rsgbf gfdeui`s kebccgfc


26/55


gft`rjdtgvgty, jwjr`f`ss, jfi p`rd`gvì rè`vjfd` bh gfhbrajtgbf. Kebcs js mjvgfc j mgcm s`fsbry

gft`crjtgbf dbftrjsts `jreg`r i`sdrgptgv` wbros tmjt prìgdtì DAD wbuei k` gap`rsbfje, jfi wbuei

mjv` j f`cjtgv` gapjdt bf tjsos, àbtgbfs, jfi sbdgje gft`rjdtgbf (Sjetm`r, :77;).

^mysgdje.

^`t`rsbf (;>>=) àkbigì tm` kbiy gf dyk`rspjd` ky egfogfc tm` pmysgdje jdt bh typgfc wgtm

pmysgdje stbrytèegfc gf kebcs. Ym` kbiy `xgsts js j dbftjdt wgtm tm` o`ykbjri jfi `xpr`ssgbf, jfi

dyk`rspjd` àkbig`s p`rsbf tb tm`gr stbrytèegfc js stbrytèegfc prbvgi`s jf gajcgfjry `xp`rg`fd`

jfi a`rc`s tm` stbrytèe`rs wgtm stbry egst`f`rs, br tm` "G" jfi tm` "w`" (^`t`rsbf). Kebcs àkbiy

wrgt`rs jfi r`ji`rs. Gfst`ji bh j mjfismjo`, gts j DAD hbeebw, dbaa`ft, br pbst.

Jttjdma`ft.

[uzgdm (;>>=) egfoì àbtgbfje jttjdma`ft wgtm dbaput`rs jfi sbdgje dmjfc` ky `vjeujtgfc

p`bpe`'s r`spbfs`s crg`h r`spbfs`s tb dbaput`r drjsm`s. Ym`gr hgfigfcs succ`st j p`bpe` jttjdm

tmàsèv`s tb dbaput`rs jfi vg`w t`dmfbebcy js j sbdgje jdtbr, jeabst p`rsbfghygfc t`dmfbebcy ky

`xp`rg`fdgfc ebss gf rèjtgbf tb dbaput`rs js egvgfc `ftgtg`s.

Gft`rp`rsbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf

Dbfv`rsjtgbf.

Yrjaaèe (;>>0, Ajy) jss`ssì kebcs' sbdgje gft`rjdtgbf jfi dbaaufgty pbt`ftgje ky trjdogfc

trjdokjdo, dbaa`fts, jfi kebc pbsts. Hrba tm` us`s jfi crjtghgdjtgbf p`rsp`dtgv`, kebcs js j wmbe`

aust gfdeui` juig`fd` h`ìkjdo jfi `xpebr` tm` r`jsbfs tmjt p`bpe` pjrtgdgpjt` gf kebcs (Yrjaaèe).

Gft`rp`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf bddurrì wgtm dbfv`rsjtgbfje hebw wm`f tm` juig`fd` dbaa`ftì tb

kebc pbsts, jfi kebc wrgt`rs br r`ji`rs r`pegì tb r`ji`rs gf tm` dbaa`fts (Yrjaaèe) wm`r`

dbfv`rsjtgbf "dmjfc`s jfi k`dba`s iyfjagd tm` aba`ft j r`ji`r e`jv`s j dbaa`ft" (p. :=). Ym`

dbfv`rsjtgbfs à`rc` js p`bpe` dbfv`rs` wgtm `jdm btm`r.


27/55


M`jegfc.

Dmufc jfi Oga (;>>3, Ajy ;4) hbufi tmjt kebc us` jabfc p`rsbfs wgtm djfd`r jfi tm`gr

dbapjfgbfs jeebwì us`rs tb `xpr`ss tm`gr geef`ss, ajfjc` dbape`x gfhbrajtgbf, gft`rjdt wgtm

btm`rs, r`d`gv` àbtgbfje suppbrt jfi j s`fs` bh dbaaufgty, prbvgigfc j dbpgfc a`dmjfgsa jfi

pejdì gf pbw`r p`bpe`. Egagtjtgbfs tb kebc us` hbr m`jetm gfvbevì drìgkgegty bh m`jetm

gfhbrajtgbf, prgvjdy jfi jfbfyagty, jfi pbssgke` sbdgje gsbejtgbf jfi i`pr`ssgbf (Dmufc & Oga),

tmbucm geef`ss ajy k` tm` gsbejtgfc hjdtbr (J. Ttui`ffy, p`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf, Jprge ;, ;>:>).

Kebcc`rs dbuei ajo` rjpgi i`dgsgbfs r`cjrigfc tm`gr m`jetm djr` jfi ajfjc`r pmysgdje jfi

psydmbebcgdje str`ss hrba k`gfc igjcfbsì jfi hrba `xp`rg`fdgfc pmysgdje pjgf (Dmufc & Oga).

Bv`rjee, kebcs ajgftjgfì j tm`rjpùtgd pbt`ftgje k`djus` tm`y prbvgi` j aìgua hbr p`rsbfs tb

`fcjc` gf prbjdtgv` i`dgsgbf-ajogfc, tb ajfjc` tm`gr abtgbfs, tb r`d`gv` sbdgje suppbrt, jfi tb cjgf

jfi smjr` gfhbrajtgbf (Dmufc & Oga).

Drìgkgegty.

Ym` trjigtgbfje igstgfdtgbf k`tw``f tm` jajtùr jfi prbh`ssgbfje prbiud`rs bh aìgj dbft`ft

dbftgfu`s tb keur (Djaaj`rts, ;>>=). Gft`r`stgfcey, dbaa`fts prbvgiì pbsgtgv` prìgdtbrs bh

gfhbrajtgbf smjrgfc, succ`stgfc tm` gft`rjdtgv` fjtur` bh kebcs e`fis drìgkgegty tb tm` dbft`ft

(Dmufc & Oga). ^`bpe` jttrgkutì kebc drìgkgegty tb hjdtbrs sudm js w`ksgt` i`sgcf jfi strudtur`

(Sjrfgdo, ;>>9, dgtì gf Tjfi`rsbf, ;>>=, p. 7:8).

[m`tbrgd.

Agee`r jfi Tm`pm`ri (;>>3) `fvgsgbfì kebcs js j rm`tbrgdje c`fr` ky wmgdm p`rsbfs gft`rjdt

wgtm tm` Tèh, wgtm btm`rs, wgtm tga`, wgtm mgstbry, jfi wgtm duetur`. Kebcc`rs jdofbweìc` tmjt

abtgv` gf `jdm btm`r jfi dbftgfu` `fjdtgfc gt hbr tmàsèv`s. Ym` kebc-js-c`fr` gs j dbftàpbrjry

dbftrgkutgbf tb tm` jrt bh tm` sèh (s`d 9 pjrj 0).


28/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC ;=

Crbup Dbaaufgdjtgbf

Yrjfshbrajtgbf.

Kebccgfc ebss fjrrjtgv`s, js Jffj, jfi pjssgbfs, js Dm`vjs, djf k` I`ffgfc's (;>>0) stbry

tmjt sprgfckbjris sbdgje dmjfc`. Tjfi`rsbf (;>>=) hbufi tmjt spbrts aìgj kebccgfc jet`rì tm`

prjdtgd`s wgtmgf tm` spbrtgfc dbaaufgty. Gt ajy k` pbssgke` tmjt kebccgfc ajy jet`r prjdtgd`s wgtmgf

tm` btm`r dbaaufgtg`s jfi brcjfgzjtgbfs. Gfst`ji bh irjwgfc bf tm` us`s jfi crjtghgdjtgbfs tm`bry,

Tjfi`rsbf règì bf tm` igjebcugd sèh tb ufi`rstjfi tm` wjys tmjt tm` sèh abv`s tb ighh`r`ft

pbsgtgbfs jfi àpbw`rs p`rsbfs wgtm vbgd`s jfi rèjtgbfsmgps, jfi ir`w bf tm` sèh-pr`s`ftjtgbf

tm`bry, wmgdm jssua`s tmjt p`bpe` p`rhbra hbr sbdgje juig`fd`s.

@apbw`ra`ft.

Djaaj`rts (;>>=) drgtgquì kebccgfc's pjrtgdgpjtbry pbt`ftgje jfi àpmjsgzì tm` pbegtgdje

fjtur` bh tm` kebcbspm`r`. ^begtgdje kebccgfc sp`jos auetgpe` vbgd`s tmjt s`` ijgey egh` js pbegtgdje

(Djaaj`rts). Ymbs` wmb ajy p`rd`gv` tmàsèv`s js mjvgfc j rìudì pbw`r stjtus ajy r`cjri

tm`gr kebc js pbegtgdje, sudm js wm`f wrgtgfc jkbut tm`gr c`fi`r br hjgtm jhhgegjtgbf br m`jetm stjtus.

^sydmbebcgdje àpbw`ra`ft vjrg`s, kut psydmbebcgdje àpbw`ra`ft djf hufdtgbf js tm` wjys gf

wmgdm p`rsbfs p`rd`gv` tm`gr dbftrbe, dbff`dtgbf, jfi sbdgje jfi jc`ftgd pbt`ftgje (Ttjvrbsgtu &

Tufijr, ;>>=). Ib kebcs àpbw`r bppr`ssì dgtgz`fs2

Mbwjri (;>>=) `xpjfiì tm` igjebcgd tm`bry bh pjrtgdgpjtbry aìgj ky i`vèbpgfc j

v`rfjduejr S`k bh pjrtgdgpjtbry aìgj tm`bry. Ym` v`rfjduejr S`k a`jfs dgtgz`fs `fibw

tmàsèv`s wgtm j vbgd` fbt jpprbprgjtì tb tmà ky jf gfstgtutgbf (Mbwjri). Ym` v`rfjduejr vbgd`

prbvgi`s j dbaaufgty hbrd`. Gi`jeey, j v`rfjduejr prbvgi`s jdd ss hbr jfybf` tb pjrtgdgpjt` wgtm

jc`fdy jfi sb jeebws hbr j mykrgi igsdburs` djeeì jf gap`tus tb tm` durr`ft aìgj sudm js kebccgfc

(Mbwjri). Jc`fdy r`h`rs tb tm` djpjdgty bf` mjs tb jss`rt gfheu`fd` br pbw`r (Mbwjri). Tudm

bfegf` v`rfjduejr bddurrì gf tm` `jrey ijys bh syfdmrbfbus f`twbro aìgj sudm js G[D, dmjt


29/55


rbbas, jfi `v`f tmbs` p`soy jsyfdmrbfbus `-ajge hbrwjris. Gapbrtjftey, tm` Gft`rf`t js j i`sgcfì

systà àkìs tmgs v`rfjduejr pbt`ftgje, a`jfgfc tmjt bfegf` pjrtgdgpjtbry aìgj sudm js kebcs jeebw

hbr v`rfjduejr, igjebcu`, jfi pjrtgdgpjtgbf k`djus` tm`y'r` i`sgcfì tb ib sb.

Ttjvrbsgtu jfi Tufijr (;>>=) hbufi tmjt kebcc`rs àpbw`rì tmàsèv`s js j kebc dr`jtbr

k`djus` tm` kebc i`sgcf jeebws hbr tm` sèh tb `xgst js j dr`jtbr cgv`f tm`gr dbfv`fg`fd` jfi

dustbagzjkgegty. Kebcc`rs js sp`jogfc jc`fts prbvgi` tm`gr bwf vbgd` jfi jc`fdy, jfi hrba tmgs

jc`fdy, j s`fs` bh dbap`t`fd`, dbfhgi`fd`, jfi jss`rtgv`f`ss (Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr).

@apbw`ra`ft e`jis djf e`ji tb trjfshbrajtgbf. [`jigfc t`xts tbc`tm r, sudm js gf r`jigfc crbups,

furtur`s tm` gajcgfjtgbf ([bk`rts, ;>:>). Gajcgfjtgbf e`jis tb trjfshbrajtgv` bppbrtufgtg`s

([bk`rts). Hbr kebc hbeebw`rs jfi wrgt`rs, kebcs ajy prbvgi` tmbs` spjd`s tb tjeo jkbut, tb gajcgf`,

tb àpbw`r, jfi tb r`jegz` dmjfc`.

Hrba jf `dbfbagd stjfipbgft, tm` v`rfjduejr S`k à`rcì iu` tb tm` spegt k`tw``f

dbft`ft prbiud`rs jfi dbfsua`rs, wm`r` dbfsua`rs k`dja` dbft`ft prbiud`rs gfst`ji bh pjssgv`

vg`w`r sudm js j tè`vgsgbf juig`fd` (Mbwjri, ;>>=). Yry tb r`cuejt` tm`s` àjfdgpjtgv` jfi

pjrtgdgpjtbry hbruas, pr`pjr` tb a``t r`sgstjfd`. Sm`jtbf (;>>7, Bdtbk`r :;) i`drgì kebc

r`cuejtgbf js "egoèy ufdbfstgtutgbfje" (p. :), sudm js HYD rue`s tmjt r`qugr` kebcc`rs tb igsdebs`

jiv`rtgs`r suppbrt.

Dbaaufgdjtgfc Dbaaufgty

Kebcs prbvgi` j s`fs` bh dbaaufgty jabfc r`ji`rs, jfi tmgs dbaaufgty prbvgi`s gts bwf

dm`do jfi kjejfd`s gf tm` dbaa`fts jfi btm`r h`ìkjdo (Ojy`, ;>>0). K`ss, Hgsm`r, Tbff, jfi

Kgsmbp (;>>;) tm`brgzì tm` psydmbebcgdje s`fs` bh dbaaufgty js hbur dbapbf`fts< tm`

aàk`rsmgp, gfheu`fd`, f`ìs, jfi àbtgbfje dbff`dtgbf. Ym`r` `xgst hbur ofbwf e`vès bh

dbaaufgty< aàk`rsmgp, gfheu`fd`, gft`crjtgbf jfi f`ì huehgeea`ft, jfi smjrì àbtgbfje

dbff`dtgbf (K`ss, `t. je, ;>>;). Aàk`rsmgp gfdeui`s mgstbry, dbaabf syakbes, àbtgbfje sjh`ty,


30/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 4>

jfi p`rsbfje gfv`sta`ft, jfi gfheu`fd` gfdeui`s tm` pbw`r jfi wmgdm p`rsbfs pbss`ss tb `x`rt bf

tm`gr sgtujtgbf jfi bf btm`rs (K`ss, `t. je). J psydmbebcgdje s`fs` bh dbaaufgty `xgsts js jf bfcbgfc

dbft`xt-sp`dghgd prbd`ss jfi aìgjt`s kbtm gfigvgiuje jfi dbaaufgty js dmjfc` jc`fts (K`ss, `t. je).

F`v`r ufi`r`stgajt` tm` f`ì hbr sèh-gi`ftgty jfi jc`fdy wgtmgf j dbaaufgty (K`ss, `t. je). Gf tmgs

r`jea, tm` kebcbspm`r` ib`s fbt `xgst js j utbpgj hbr dbaaufgty, kut js j hbrua tb è`vjt` igv`rsgty

jfi igss`ft js o`y dbftrgkutbrs tb dbaaufgty m`jetm.

[`ji`rs jfi wrgt`rs tbc`tm`r vjegijt` kebcs js j dbaaufgty. Kebcs cgv` h`ègfcs bh kèbfcgfc

jfi gfheu`fd`, wmgdm gfdeui` tm` r`jdm tmjt kebcc`rs p`rd`gv` tmàsèv`s tb mjv` bv`r btm`rs

(Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr, ;>>=). Kebcs gft`crjt` f`ìs ky smjrgfc ego`-agfiì vjeu`s jfi xp`rg`fd`s

(Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr). Kebcc`rs smjr` p`rsbfje `v`fts, sèh igsdebs`, jfi kugei rèjtgbfsmgps js wjys

tb smjr` àbtgbfje dbff`dtgbfs bfegf` (Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr). @jdm bh tm`s` iyfjagds dbftrgkut` tb

jpsydmbebcgdjes`fs` bh dbaaufgty jfi kebcs (Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr).

Jt sba` pbgft dbaaufgty i`vèbpa`ft "gfvbev`s ajogfc prgvjt` trbuke`s pukegd gssu`s"

(Ejkbft`, ;>>=, p. =7). Kebcs keur tm` igstgfdtgbf k`tw``f pukegd jfi prgvjt` (AjdIbucjee, ;>>0).

Gf smbrt, kebccgfc djf psydmbebcgdjeey jfi dbaaufjeey àpbw`r kebcc`rs (Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr).

Sm`f kebcc`rs jfi r`ji`rs r`jegzì br p`rd`gvì dbaaufgty, tm`f tm`y f`ìì e`ss dbfhgrajtgbf hbr

tm`gr jc`fdy hbr p`rsbfje kebcc`rs (Ttjvrbsgtu & Tufijr). Ym`s` hgfigfcs bhh`r igr`dt prjdtgdje

gapegdjtgbfs hbr bppr`ssì crbups, sudm js p`rsbfs wgtm j rìudì m`jetm stjtus.

Tyakbe.

AjdIbucjee (;>>0) dbfdeuiì tmjt kebcs prbvgi` j hbrajt hbr p`rsbfs tb dbfstrudt tm`gr

gi`ftgtg`s vgj `xdmjfcgfc jfi kugeigfc syakbes jfi ky prbvgigfc j hbrajt hbr p`rsbfs tb `fcjc` gf

"ibwf tb `jrtm, gftèegc`ft jfi pbgftì, juig`fd`-jwjr` wrgtgfc" (p. 0=;). Jiigtgbfjeey, kebccgfc

gfdbrpbrjt`s btm`r syakbes sudm js gajc`s, tmbucm kebccgfc stgee gs prgajrgey stgee prgajrgey règ`s bf

t`xt. ^`rmjps tm` dbaaufje pbt`ftgje jfi gft`rjdtgvgty bh kebccgfc bhhs`ts jfy egagtjtgbfs tmjt t`xt


31/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 4:

ajy mjv`. Kebcs' t`xtuje hbrajt gfdr`js`s sèh-jwjr`f`ss jfi sèh-r`h`r`fd` jfi p`rsbf's us` kebcs

tb hbra tm`gr gi`ftgtg`s js sbdgje jfi syakbegd (AjdIbucjee). Ymus, kebcs ajgftjgf j hbrajtgv` rbe`

gf sbdgje jfi dbaaufje igsdburs`.

Gapegdjtgbfs hbr Dbaaufgdjtgbf, E`ji`rsmgp, jfi @tmgds

Dbaaufgdjtgbf hbr Dbaaufgty

Tdmuetz` (;>>>) i`sdrgkì dbaaufgdjtgbf js jf `ftry pbgft tb hbr p`rsbfs tb dr`jt`

dbaaufgtg`s bh p`jd`, br Tmjeba, wm`r` dbaaufgdjtgbf hufdtgbfs js tm` pursugt bh egh` gtsèh.

Dbaaufgdjtgbf s`rv`s js j iyfjagd, heugi, auetghjd`tì, jfi auetgabije prbd`ss bh sbdgje

gft`rjdtgbf tmrbucm wmgdm muajfs fjvgcjt` a`jfgfc (Drbf`f, ;>>:? ^`jrd`, ;>>9? Ymurebw, E`fcè,

& Ybagd, ;>>9). Kebccgfc gfvgt`s p`bpe` tb dbaaufgdjt` j sjh` pejd` gf wmgdm tb gi`ftghy

tmàsèv`s gf rèjtgbf wgtm tmàsèv`s, wgtm btm`rs, jfi wgtm tm`gr dbaaufgtg`s. Kebccgfc

dbaaufgdjt`s gftrj- jfi gft`r- p`rsbfje jfi sajee crbup gi`ftgty jfi rèjtgbfsmgps, wmgdm djf ky

tm`gr fjtur` djf kugei dbaaufgty.

E`ji wgtm Ttbry

Ttbrytèegfc jssua`s tmjt p`bpe` jr` sbdgje k`gfcs (Kbstgddb & Ymbapsbf, ;>>0).

@tmfbcrjpmgd fjrrjtgv`'s p`rhbrajfd` fjtur` (I`fzgf, ;>>4j? ^beebdo, :77>) règ`s bf stbrytèegfc.

Ttbrytèegfc prbvgi`s j muajfgzgfc jfi sbdgje dbft`xt hbr "gft`rp`rsbfje jfi gftrjp`rsbfje dbftjdt"

(^`t`rsbf & Ejfcèeg`r, ;>>8, pp. :;8-:;3). Ttbrytèegfc trjfsgtgbfs hrba jf "G" tb j "S`" agfis`t

(^`t`rsbf & Ejfcèeg`r, ;>>8), tmus cgvgfc tm` fjrrjtbr gi`ftgty jfi jc`fdy. Ttbrytèegfc jesb puts

p`bpe` jt `js` gf f`w jfi str`sshue `fvgrbfa`fts wm`f `xp`rg`fdgfc ebss (Cejz`r & Ajrdua, ;>>4).

Ajgfey, e`jigfc wgtm stbrytèegfc, sudm js vgj kebcs, prbvgi`s j wjy tb cgv` p`rsbfs jf bppbrtufgty tb

`xp`rg`fd` ufghgì sèv`s jfi rèjtgbfsmgps.


32/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 4;

@tmgds

Jee dbaaufgdjtgbf djrrg`s dbfs`qu`fd`s (^`jrd` & ^`jrd`, ;>>9) jfi bddurs js j pukegd

prbd`ss (Hutrèe & Sgeejri, :779) tmjt règ`s bf j igjebcgd gi`ftgty (Kjxt`r, ;>>9). @tmgds `xgst js j

muajf dbfd`rf k`djus` rèjtgbfsmgps jr` tm` dbft`xt hbr dbaaufgdjtgfc `tmgdje dbfd`rfs jfi

bkegcjtgbfs (Kjrry & Tmjw, ;>>3), js hbeebws>4k). Jutb`tmfbcrjpmgd, jfi

fbt `tmfbcrjpmgd, fjrrjtgv` gs tm` bfey `tmgdje r`s`jrdm jpprbjdm k`djus` r`s`jrdm`rs aust gft`rpr`t

tm`gr bwf fjrrjtgv`s gfst`ji bh tmbs` bh pjrtgdgpjfts (I`fzgf, Ajy 9, ;>>8, p`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf,

dgtì gf [usojg Aègfj, ;>>=, p. :8:). Kebcc`rs wmb pr`s`ft tmàsèv`s js tm` Tèh gf duetur`

iàbfstrjt` r`he`xgvgty. Ym`gr `tmgd k`f`hgts agf`.

Xuef`rjkgegty.

Ebss jfi gi`ftgty r`s`jrdm r`qugr`s s`fsgtgvgty tb p`bpe`'s vuef`rjkgegty iurgfc j pjgfhue tga`.

Xuef`rjkgegty a`jfs `stjkegsmgfc gftgajdy wgtm p`bpe` jfi igsdebsgfc ay jdtgbfs jfi abtgv`s. Ymgs

`tmgd r`sp`dts tmjt kbtm tm` r`s`jrdm`r jfi pjrtgdgpjft db-`xgst gf j wbrei wgtm tm` gfm`r`ft `tmgdje

dbfd`rf hbr ibgfc fb mjra tb `jdm btm`r ([btm, Sbehh-Agdmjè, ;>>7). @tmfbcrjpmgd r`s`jrdm ejdos

vuef`rjkgegty js j r`s`jrdm`r ib`s fbt igsdebs` m`r vuef`rjke` `xp`rg`fd`s, kut jsos pjrtgdgpjfts tb ib

sb. Ymjfohueey, tm` gf-i`ptm gft`rvg w wgtm Jffj jeebwì jf bppbrtufgty hbr a` tb smjr`

vuef`rjkgegty cgv`f gts gft`rp`rsbfje jfi gftgajt` fjtur`.

Igjebcu`.

Igjebcu` wgi`fs igsdussgbf bh `tmgds, rèjtgbfsmgps, r`he`xgvgty, autujeey `fcjcì

p`rhbrajfd`, dbaaufgty, jfi r`spbfsgkgegty (Jfi`rsbf, Kjxt`r, & Dgssfj, ;>>9). I``tz jfi


33/55


Tgapsbf (;>>9) i`sdrgkì brcjfgzjtgbfs js dbft`xt tmjt igstrgkutì igjebcugd pbw`r bf "uf`v`f

crbufi" (p. :0>), a`jfgfc tmjt p`rsbfs dbaaufgdjt` gf systàs tmjt cgv` prgvge`c` tb sba` jt tm`

`xp`fs` bh btm`rs. Igjebcu` dmjee`fc`s pbw`r gakjejfd`s jfi prbapts dmjfc` (I``tz & Tgapsbf).

Igjebcu`'s auetg-vbdje fjtur` prbvgi`s jf `tmgd bh djr`, jfi dmjee`fc`s crbwtm jfi dmjfc` ky

vbgdgfc ighh`r`fd`. Kebccgfc prbvgi`s j igjebcgd hbrua.

Tucc`stgbfs hbr Hutur` [`s`jrdm

H`ìkjdo

Dbfrji jfi ^bbe` (;>>0) jfi Wuoe (;>>8) jcr`ì tmjt e`ji`rsmgp r`s`jrdm ejdos hbeebw-up js

bf` wjy tb vjegijt` br jilust hgfigfcs. @tmfbcrjpmgd r`s`jrdm vjeu`s tm` `tmgd bh smjrgfc hgfigfcs

wgtm pjrtgdgpjfts tb rìud` tm` pbw`r jfi igstjfd` k`tw``f r`s`jrdm`r jfi pjrtgdgpjft. G mjv` pejf

tb smjr` tm`s` hgfigfcs wgtm pjrtgdgpjfts jfi tb gfqugr` bf tm`gr p`rd`gvì sjtgshjdtgbf wgtm bur

gft`rjdtgbf jfi wgtm ay wbro `tmgd iurgfc tm` gfqugry prbd`ss. G wjft tb ofbw wmjt r`s`jrdm jr`js

tm`y wbuei ego` tb s`` `xpebrì hrba wmjt w` mjv` e`jrfì tmrbucm tmgs gfqugry smbuei tm`y wgsm tb

ib sba`tmgfc f`w, j cbje gf r`s`jrdm (Ljdosbf & jrry, ;>>=). Tudm h`ìkjdo djf gfdr`js` r`s`jrdm

`hhgdjdy jfi drìgkgegty (Wuoe, ;>>8) ky r`he`dtgfc tm` bfcbgfc dmjfc` jfi dbeejkbrjtgbf f`ìì tb

`xpebr` dbaaufgdjtgbf jfi r`l`dts tm` t`fi`fdy tb r`trb-lustghy hgfigfcs (Yburgsm & Mjrcg`, ;>>>).

Igr`dtgbfs

G succ`st hutur` r`s`jrdm `xpebr` tm` jutb`tmfbcrjpmgd jpprbjdm gf kebccgfc tb k`tt`r

ufi`rstjfi ebss, gi`ftgty, jfi gftrj- jfi gft`r-p`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf gf DAD p`rhbrajfd` sudm js

gf kebcs jfi gf bfegf` e`jrfgfc `fvgrbfa`fts. Jutb`tmfbcrjpmgd fjrrjtgv` wgee gfvgt` vuef`rjkgegty js

j r`s`jrdm `tmgd, wmgdm igstgfcugsm`s gt hrba btm`r jpprbjdm`s (K`mjr, :778? Kbdmf`r & @eegs, ;>>8?

@eegs, :777). Ymgs r`s`jrdm aust jesb `xpebr` pgxès gf jiigtgbf tb t`xt< pmbtbcrjpmy, dbaa`fts,

juigb, vgi`b, vgsuje jrts, jfi jfy btm`r aìgj pr`s`ftì bf kebcs. Gf tmgs egcmt, kebcs jr` j auetg-


34/55


aìgj jfi gft`r-igsdgpegfjry jrt hbra. Ymus, r`s`jrdm aust i`vèbp ufghgì jfi gft`crjtgv` a`tmbis

tb jfjeyz` tm` gft`rigsdgpegfjry jfi igv`rs` p`rhbrajfd` fjrrjtgv`s pr`s`ftì bf kebcs.

Dbfdeusgbf

Y`dmfb-kjkke` br t`dmfbpbey (^bstajf, :77;), p`bpe` stgee dba` hgrst gf DAD dbft`xts

(Ymurebw, E`fcè, & Ybagd, ;>>9). Kebcs prbvgi` j mgcm i`cr`` bh gft`rp`rsbfje `xp`rg`fd`s,

dbftrjstgfc `jreg`r wbros (`.c., Sjetm`r, :77;) tmjt wbrrgì tmjt DAD wbuei rìud` sbdgje pr`s`fd`

jfi tm` p`rsbfje fjtur` bh rèjtgbfsmgps. Kebcs prbvgi` j mgcm i`cr`` bh gft`rp`rsbfje

dbaaufgdjtgbf, sbdgje pr`s`fd`, àpbw`ra`ft, jc`fdy, jfi sèh-igsdebsur`. Kebcs bhh`r j sjh` spjd`

tb dr`jtgvèy `xpr`ss bf`sèh gf rèjtgbf wgtm tm` sèh, wgtm btm`rs, jfi wgtm dbaaufgty. Kebcs djf

àpbw`r p`bpe` tb pjrtgdgpjt` gf sèh- jfi btm`r- igr`dtì igsdburs`, tb m`je, tb r`jdm but tb btm`rs,

jfi tb `v`f trjfshbra dbaaufgty.

Kebcs, tm`f, c`f`rjt` j hbrua ky wmgdm tb dbfstrudt gi`ftgty, tb syakbegz` gftrj-, gft`r-, sajee

crbup, jfi dbaaufje dbaaufgdjtgbf js dmjfc`, tb ajo` a`jfgfc gf ebss, tb igsdbv`r hbrajtgv`

pjssgbf, jfi tb egv` wgtm purpbs`. Fbt `v`rybf` r`cjris kebcs tmrbucm sudm j ebhty e`fs, kut tm`

k`juty bh kebccgfc a`jfs tmjt igv`rsgty mjs gts pejd` gf pukegd igsdburs`, jfi bf` djf bpt gf br but bh

igjebcugfc stbry wgtm btm`rs. Kebcs dbaaufgdjt` tm`s` iyfjagds gf he`xgke` (Eg, ;>>3, Ajy ;9) jfi

dr`jtgv` wjys, a`jfgfc tmjt p`bpe` vjeu` kebcs hbr ighh`r`ft r`jsbfs i`p`figfc bf tm` gapr`ssgbf bh

kebc drìgkgegty, purpbs`, jfi bf tm`gr rbe` js wrgt`r br hbeebw`r.


35/55


[`h`r`fd`s

Jfi`rsbf, [, Kjxt`r, E.J., & Dgssfj, O.F. (@is.). (;>>9). Igjebcu`< tm`brgzgfc ighh`r`fd` gf

dbaaufgdjtgbf stuig`s. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

Kjxt`r, E.J. (;>>9). Igjebcu`s bh rèjtgfc. Gf [. Jfi`rsbf, E.J. Kjxt`r, & O.F. Dgssfj (@is.),

Igjebcu`< tm`brgzgfc ighh`r`fd` gf dbaaufgdjtgbf stuig`s. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

K`mjr, [. (:778). Ym` vuef`rjke` bks`rv`r< jftmrbpbebcy tmjt kr`jos ybur m`jrt. Kbstbf, AJ< K`jdbf.

K`ss, O. I., Hgsm`r, J. Y., Tbff, D. D., & Kgsmbp, K. L. (;>>;). ^sydmbebcgdje s`fs` bh dbaaufgty7). Dbaaufgty< tm` strudtur` bh kèbfcgfc. Tjf Hrjfdgsdb< K`rr`tt Ob`me`r.

Kbdmf`r, J., & @eegs, D. (;>>8). Dbaaufgdjtgbf js jutb`tmfbcrjpmy. Gf C. Tm`pm`ri, L. Tt. Lbmf,

& Y. Ttrgpmjs (@is.), Dbaaufgdjtgbf js p`rsp`dtgv`s bf tm`bry. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

Kbstgddb, D. & Ymbapsbf, Y. (;>>0). Ym` rbe` bh dbaaufgdjtgbf jfi stbry tèegfc gf tm` hjagey

crg`vgfc systà. Ym` Lburfje bh Hjagey Dbaaufgdjtgbf, 0(9), ;00-;3=.Kryajf

Djaaj`rts, K. (;>>=). Drgtgqu`s bf tm` pjrtgdgpjtbry pbt`ftgjes bh S`k ;.>. Dbaaufgdjtgbf, Duetur`

& Drgtgqu`, :, 40=-433.

Dmufc, I. T., & Oga, T. (;>>3, Ajy ;4). Kebc us` jabfc djfd`r pjtg`fts jfi tm`gr dbapjfgbfs:>, hrba mttp;Rgfi`x.mtae

Dbfrji, D., & ^bbe`, A.T. (;>>0). Ttrjt`cgd brcjfgzjtgbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf gf j cebkje `dbfbay(8tm ì.).

Kèabft, DJ< Ymbasbf Sjiswbrtm.


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Drbf`f, X. (;>>:). ^rjdtgdje tm`bry, prjdtgdje jrt, jfi tm` prjcajtgd-systàgd jddbuft bh gfqugry.

Dbaaufgdjtgbf Ym`bry, ::, :9-40.

I``tz, T., & Tgapsbf, L. (;>>9). Drgtgdje brcjfgzjtgbfje igjebcu`< bp`f gfhbrajtgbf jfi tm` iàjfi

hbr ybu bh "btm`rf`ss." Gf [. Jfi`rsbf, E.J. Kjxt r, & O.F. Dgssfj (@is.), Igjebcu`>0). Ym` e`ji`r's cugi` tb stbrytèegfc< ajst`rgfc tm` jrt jfi tm` igsdgpegf` bh kusgf`ss jfi

fjrrjtgv`. Tjf Hrjfdgsdb< Lbss`y-Kjss.

I`fzgf, F. O. (;>>4j). ^`rhbrajfd` `tmfbcrjpmy< Drgtgdje pìjcbcy jfi tm` pbegtgds bh duetur`. Ymbusjfi Bjos,

DJ< Tjc`.

I`fzgf, F. O. (;>>4k). [`jigfc jfi Srgtgfc ^`rhbrajfd`.Zujegtjtgv` [`s`jrdm, 4(;), ;94-;8=.

@eegbtt, L. (;>>0). Psgfc fjrrjtgv` gf sbdgje r`s`jrdm< qujegtjtgv` jfi qujftgtjtgv` jpprbjdm`s. Ymbusjfi Bjos,

DJ< Tjc`.

@eegs, D. (:777). M`(jrt)hue jutb`tmfbcrjpmy. Zujegtjtgv` M`jetm [`s`jrdm, 7(0), 887-8=4.

@eegs, D. (;>>=). [`vgsgbf< jutb`tmfbcrjpmgd r`he`dtgbfs bf egh` jfi wbro. Sjefut Dr`ò, DJ< E`ht Dbjst.

Hr`y, E., & Tufwbeh. (;>>0). Ym` syakbegd-gft`rpr`tgv` p`rsp`dtgv` bh crbup egh`. Gf A.T. ^bbe` &

J.K. Mbeegfcsm`ji (@is.), Ym`brg`s bh sajee crbups< gft`rigsdgpegfjry p`rsp`dtgv`s. Ymbusjfi Bjos,

DJ< Tjc`.

Hutrèe, J.S., & Sgeejri, D.J. (:779). Gft`rsukl`dtgvgty jfi gft`rvg`wgfc. Gf @.A. AdAjmjf, & O.E.

[bc`rs (@is.), Gft`rjdtgv` brje mgstbry gft`rvg`wgfc. Mgeesije`, FL< Ejwr`fd` @rekjua.

Cejz`r, M. & Ajrdua, I. (;>>4). @xpr`ssgfc crg`h tmrbucm stbrytèegfc. Lburfje bh Muajfgstgd

Dbufsègfc, @iudjtgbf jfi I`vèbpa`ft 9;(:), :4:-:4=.

Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty. (;>:>j). DbaE 0>: e`dtur` #0< sjapegfc. Dburs` Mjfibut. Tpbojf`,

SJ< Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty.


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Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty. (;>:>k). DbaE 0>: e`dtur` #8< vjegigty jfi règjkgegty. Dburs` Mjfibut. Tpbojf`,

SJ< Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty.

Mbwjri, [.C. (;>>=). Ym` v`rfjduejr w`k bh pjrtgdgpjtbry aìgj. Drgtgdje Ttuig`s gf Aìgj

Dbaaufgdjtgbf, ;0(0), 97>-0:4.

Mbye`, [.M., Mjrrgs, A.L., & Luii, D.A. (;>>;). [`s`jrdm a`tmbis gf sbdgje rèjtgbfs(3tm ì.). Hebr`fd`,

OW< Sjiswbrtm.

Ljdosbf, K., & ^jrry, O. (;>>=). J v`ry smbrt, hjgrey gft`r`stgfc jfi r`jsbfjkey dm`jp kbbo jkbut stuiygfc

e`ji`rsmgp. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

Ojy`, K.O. (;>>0). Gt's j kebc, kebc, kebc, kebc wbrei. Jtejftgd Lburfje bh Dbaaufgdjtgbf, :4(;), 34-70.

Oga, M.F. (;>>=). Ym` pm`fba`fbf bh kebcs jfi tm`br`tgdje abiè bh kebc usì gf ìudjtgbfje

dbft`xts. Dbaput`rs & @iudjtgbf, 0:, :49;-:40;.

Eg, I. (;>>3, Ajy ;9). Smy ib ybu kebc< j us`s-jfi-crjtghgdjtgbfs gfqugry gftb kebcc`rs

abtgvjtgbfs.

^jp`r pr`s`ftì jt tm` jffuje a``tgfc bh tm` Gft`rfjtgbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf Jssbdgjtgbf (GDJ),

YKJ, Tjf Hrjfdgsdb, DJ. [`trg`vì Jprge ;7, ;>:>, hrba

mttpRgfi`x.mtae

Ega, L. jfi Wjfc, T. (;>>7, Ajy ;0). Kugeigfc trust gf tm` kebcbspm`r`< j kebc-aìgjtì pukegd

rèjtgbfs abiè. ^jp`r pr`s`ftì jt tm` jffuje a``tgfc bh tm` Gft`rfjtgbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf

Jssbdgjtgbf, Ir`si`f Gft`rfjtgbfje Dbfcr`ss D`ftr`, Ir`si`f, C`rajfy. [`trg`vì Jprge ;7,

;>:>, hrba mttp940Rgfi`x.mtae

Eud`-Ojpe`r (;>>9). Srgtgfc wgtm, tmrbucm, jfi k`ybfi tm` t`xt< jf `dbebcy bh ejfcujc`. Ajmwjm, FL>0). Gi`ftgty, è`dtrbfgd `tmbs, jfi kebcs< j t`dmfbebcgd jfjeysgs bh syakbegd

`xdmjfc` bf tm` f`w f`ws aìgua. Ja`rgdjf K`mjvgbrje Tdg`ftgst, 97(9), 030-077.


38/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 4=

Ageejr, [., & Cjeejcm`r, A. (;>>>). Ym` gft`rvg`w jpprbjdm. Gf, B. Mjrcg` & I. Yburgsm (@is.),

Mjfikbbo bh dbaaufgdjtgbf juigts hbr brcjfgsjtgbfs(pp. 88-=9). Ebfibf< [buteìc`.

Agee`r, D. [., & Tm`mp`ri, I. (;>>9). Kebccgfc js sbdgje jdtgbf< J c`fr` jfjeysgs bh tm` w`kebc. Gf

E.L. Curjo, T. Jftbfgl`vgd, E. Lbmfsbf, D. [jteghh, & L. [`yajf (@is.), Gftb tm` kebcbspm`r`:>, hrba

mttp>3). ^sydmbebcgdje jfi sbdgje gfheu`fd`s bf kebc wrgtgfc< jf bfegf`

surv`y bh kebc jutmbrs gf Ljpjf. Lburfje bh Dbaput`r-Aìgjtì Dbaaufgdjtgbf, :;, :90;-:93:.

Fgdmbesbf, F. (;>>=). Smjt's ybur kebc typ`2 Dbaaufgdjtgbf Sbrei, ;0(:), :.

Bfc, S. L. (:7=;). Brjegty jfi egt`rjdy< Ym` t`dmfbebcgzgfc bh tm` wbri. Ebfibf< [buteìc`.

^jea`r, ^.L. (:77>). Ym` jdtgv` egh`< J spgrgtujegty bh wbro, dr`jtgvgty, jfi djrgfc. Tjf Hrjfdgsdb< Lbss`y-Kjss.

^jea`r, ^.L. (:774). Yb ofbw js w` jr` ofbwf< @iudjtgbf js j spgrgtuje lburf`y. F`w Wbrotm jffgv`rsjry ì.). Tjf Hrjfdgsdb< Lbss`y-Kjss.

^jea`r, ^.L. (;>>>). E`t ybur egh` sp`jo< Egst`fgfc hbr tm` vbgd` bh vbdjtgbf. Tjf Hrjfdgsdb< Lbss`y-Kjss.

^jea`r, ^.L. (;>>9).J mgii`f wmbe`f`ss< Ym` lburf`y tbwjri jf ufigvgiì egh`. Tjf Hrjfdgsdb< Lbss`y-Kjss.

^`jrd`, S.K. (;>>9). Ym` dbbrigfjtì ajfjcà`ft bh a`jfgfc (DAA). Gf S.K.

Cuiyoufst (@i.), Ym`brgzgfc jkbut gft`rdueturje dbaaufgdjtgbf(pp. 40-09). Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ>=). Ajogfc sbdgje wbreis< j dbaaufgdjtgbf p`rsp`dtgv`. Ajei`f, AJ< Kejdowèe.

^`jrd`, S.K., & ^`jrd`, O.J. (;>>>j). @xt`figfc tm` tm`bry bh tm` dbbrigfjtì ajfjcà`ft

bh a`jfgfc (DAA) tmrbucm j dbaaufgty igjebcu` prbd`ss. Dbaaufgdjtgbf Ym`bry, :>(9), 9>0-

9;4.


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^`jrd`, S.K., & ^`jrd`, O.J. (;>>>k). Dbakgfgfc pjssgbfs jfi jkgegtg`s< tbwjri igjebcugd

vgrtubsgty. Tbutm`rf Dbaaufgdjtgbf Lburfje, 80, :8:-:30.

^`jrd`, S.K., & ^`jrd`, O.J. (;>>9). Yjogfc j dbaaufgdjtgbf p`rsp`dtgv` bf igjebcu`. Gf

[. Jfi`rsbf, E.J. Kjxt`r, & O.F. Dgssfj (@is.), Igjebcu`< tm`brgzgfc ighh`r`fd` gf dbaaufgdjtgbf

stuig`s. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

^`t`rsbf, @.@. (;>>=). Ay kbiy eg`s bv`r tm` o`ykbjri< jc`fdy jfi `hhgdjdy gf w`kebc stbrytèegfc.

Jtejftgd Lburfje bh Dbaaufgdjtgbf, :8, :97-:84.

^`t`rsbf, @. & Ejfcèeg r, O. (;>>8). Dbaaufgdjtgbf js stbrytèegfc. Gf C. Tm`pm`ri, L. Tt.

Lbmf, & Y. Ttrgpmjs (@is.), Dbaaufgdjtgbf js p`rsp`dtgv`s bf tm`bry. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

[bk`rts, C. (;>:>). Ttjhhbri dr`ò r`jigfc crbup. Gf, L. Cbfy`r-Ibfbmu` & Tgek`rst`gf (@is.),

@fcegsm Ajtt`rs. T`jtte`< Pfgv`rsgty bh Sjsmgfctbf.

[bc`rs, D. (:7=7). Bf k`dbagfc j p rsbf< J tm`rjpgsts vg`w bh psydmbtm`rjpy. F`w Wbro>7). Jutb/@tmfbcrjpmy jfi tm` qu`stgbf bh `tmgds. Hbrua(:), :-:>.

[ukgf, [.K., [ukgf, J.A., Mjrgijogs, ^.A., & ^gè`, E.L. (;>:>). Dbaaufgdjtgbf r`s`jrdm>=). K`ybfi sgst`rmbbi jfi sup`rwbajf< jet`rfjtgv` fjrrjtgv`s bh wba`f gf tm`

:73>s. Igss`rtjtgbf. Tpbojf`, SJ< Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty.

[uzgdm, D.A. (;>>=). Bur i``p`st syapjtmy< jf ssjy bf dbaput`r drjsm`s, crg`h, jfi ebss.

Gft`rjdtgbf Ttuig`s, 7(4), 0>9-0:3.

Tjfi`rsbf, L. (;>>=). Ym` kebc gs s`rvgfc gts purpbs`< sèh-pr`s`ftjtgbf strjt`cg`s bf 4=pgtdm`s.dba.

Lburfje bh Dbaput`r-Aìgjtì Dbaaufgdjtgbf, :4, 7:;-748.


40/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 9>

Tdmuetz`, Z. (;>>>). Dbaaufgdjtgfc hbr egh`< Dmrgstgjf st`wjrismgp gf dbaaufgty jfi aìgj(9tm ì.).

Crjfi [jpgis, AG< Kjo`r.

Tmèibf, J., wgtm K`rryajf-Hgfo, D., Kgfc, L., Dja`rbf, I., & Yjyebr, Y. (;>>=). Kebccgfc jkbut

hàgfgst gft`rigsdgpegfjrgty gf tm` stuiy bh dbaaufgdjtgbf, ejfcujc` jfi c`fi`r. Sba`f jfi

Ejfcujc`, 4:(;), ;8-40.

Ttjvrbsgtu, D., & Tufijr, T.T. (;>>=). ^sydmbebcgdje àpbw`ra`ft i`rgvì hrba kebccgfc< gs gt

jc`fdy br gs gt dbaaufgty2 ^jp`r pr`s`ftì tb tm` Gfhbrajtgbf Tystàs Igvgsgbf jt tm` 08tm

jffuje dbfh`r`fd` bh tm` Gft`rfjtgbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf Jssbdgjtgbf (GDJ), Abftrje, Djfjij, Ajy

;;-;8, ;>>=.

Ymurebw, D., E`fcè, E., & Ybagd, J. (;>>9). Dbaput`r aìgjtì dbaaufgdjtgbf< Tbdgje gft`rjdtgbf

jfi tm` gft`rf`t. Ymbusjfi Bjos, DJ< Tjc`.

Yburgsm, I., & Mjrcg`, B. (;>>>). Ttrjt`cy, r`s`jrdm, jfi pìjcbcy< tm` rbe` bh juigts. Gf,

B. Mjrcg` & I. Yburgsm (@is.), Mjfikbbo bh dbaaufgdjtgbf juigts hbr brcjfgsjtgbfs(pp. ;74-4:9).

Ebfibf< [buteìc`.

Yrjaaèe, O.I. (;>>0, Ajy). Ebbogfc jt tm` pg`d` gs tb ufi`rstjfi tm` wmbe`< jf jfjeysgs bh kebc

pbsts, dbaa`fts, jfi trjdo kjdos. ^jp`r sukagttì tb tm` Gft`rfjtgbfje Dbaaufgdjtgbf

Jssbdgjtgbf.

Sjetm`r, L. (:77;). Gft`rp`rsbfje `hh`dts gf dbaput`r-aìgjtì gft`rjdtgbf< j rèjtgbfje p`rsp`dtgv`.

Dbaaufgdjtgbf [`s`jrdm, :7, 0;-7>

Sm`jtbf, O. (;>>7, Bdtbk`r :;). HYD's kebc rue`s `xd`ssgv`, rgigduebus jfi mypbdrgtgdje. Jiv`rtgsgfc

Jc`, =>(49), :.

Wuoe, C.J. (;>>8). E`ji`rsmgp gf brcjfgzjtgbfs(8tm ì.). Ppp`r Tjiie` [gv`r, FL< ^`jrsbf.


41/55

[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 9:

Jpp`figx J< @xpebrjtbry Gft`rvg`w Zu`stgbfs

G jsoì Jffj tm` hbeebwgfc qu`stgbfs. Ym`s` qu`stgbfs smjpì hbdus crbup qu`stgbfs ky

r`v`jegfc o`y tmà`s8.784.70>= (d). G jppr`dgjt` ybur gft`r`st jfi tm`bppbrtufgty tb dbff`dt wgtm ybu!

Dbff`dtgfc wgtm Dbee`jcu`swmb Tmjr` j Xgsgbf tb

@fdburjc` & M`je gf Brcjfgzjtgbfs vgj@xpr`ssgfc Dr`jtgvgty, I`vèbpgfc Xbdjtgbf,

& E`jigfc Mbegstgdjeey~ I`fj [bsobs Agssgbf Ttjtà`ft
mailto:[email protected]://denarosko.com/contact.htmlmailto:[email protected]://denarosko.com/contact.html


43/55


Jpp`figx D< Ttuiy Igsdebsur` Ttjtà`ft

Kebccgfc js ^`rhbragfc Fjrrjtgv` gf Ebss hbr Gftrj/Gft`r ^`rsbfje M`jegfc

I`fj [bsob, irbsobNcbfzjcj.ìu, gs tm` r`s`jrdm`r hbr tmgs stuiy jfi j crjiujt` stui`ft gftm` Dbaaufgdjtgbf jfi E`ji`rsmgp Ttuig`s prbcrja jt Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty. Ir. M`jtm`rDrjfijee, Dmjgr bh Dbaaufgdjtgbf jfi E`ji`rsmgp, gs tm` Hjduety hbr Gft`rp`rsbfje jfiTajee Crbup Dbaaufgdjtgbf dburs` gf wmgdm I`fj [bsob gs dbfiudtgfc tmgs stuiy.

ûrpbs`s jfi K`f`hgts

Ymgs stuiy `xpebr`s kebccgfc `xp`rg`fd`s hbr p`rsbfs wmb mjv` kebccì bfegf` jkbut ebss,m`jetm, gi`ftgty, jfi/br gft`rp`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf `xp`rg`fd`s. Tb tm` tbpgd gs krbji, jfiG wjft tb m`jr jkbut ybur `xp`rg`fd`s kebccgfc js ybu s`` gt. Fb gfiudà`fts jr` k`gfcbhh`rì hbr pjrtgdgpjtgbf. ^jrtgdgpjfts djf r`qu`st j dbpy bh tm` stuiy r`suets jfi wgee mjv`jdd`ss tb tm` dbape`tì r`pbrt tmbucm tm` Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgty egkrjry.

^rbdìur`s

Ijtj dbee`dtgbf wgee bddur tmrbucm qujegtjtgv` r`s`jrdm a`tmbis, sp`dghgdjeey dbfv`rsjtgbfjegft`rvg`ws jfi hbdus crbups. ^jrtgdgpjfts wgee vbeuft``r tb smjr` tm`gr `xp`rg`fd`s kygfigdjtgfc gft`r`st. Gft`rvg`ws wgee k` r`dbriì jfi trjfsdrgkì. Sjsmgfctbf Ttjt` ejwprbvgi`s tmjt prgvjt` dbfv`rsjtgbfs ajy fbt k` r`dbriì, gft`rd`ptì br igvuecì wgtmbut

p`ragssgbf bh tm` gfigvgiujes gfvbevì. Ijtj wgee k` o`pt dbfhgi`ftgje, ebdjtì gf j s`dur`pejd` jfi i`strbyì 4 y`jrs jht`r stuiy r`suets jr` pukegsmì. Gft`rvg`ws wgtm jpprbxgajtèy:-; dbftrgkutbrs wgee tjo` pejd` iurgfc j bf`-abftm p`rgbi. Gft`rvg`ws wgee k` gfhbraje jfi`jdm smbuei ejst k`tw``f 4>-8> agfut`s. Dbfv`rsjtgbf tbpgds wgee r`vbev` jrbufi s`fs` bhm`jegfc jfi dbaaufgty js `xp`rg`fdì gf kebccgfc.

[gso, Ttr`ss br Igsdbahbrt

^jrtgdgpjtgbf wgee fbt gapjdt jdjiàgd stjfigfc. ^jrtgdgpjfts ajy `xp`rg`fd` str`ss brigsdbahbrt gf r`djeegfc ebss `xp`rg`fd`s. Ym` r`s`jrdm`r wgee ajo` v`ry `hhbrt tb putpjrtgdgpjft jt `js`. [`s`jrdm`r wgee o``p gi`ftgty dbfhgi`ftgje ufe`ss pjrtgdgpjft cgv`s

p`ragssgbf tb k` gi`ftghgì (s`` Dbfs`ft Hbra). ^sùibfyas sudm js ^jrtgdgpjft #: wgee kùsì hbr jee pjrtgdgpjfts ufe`ss cgv`f p`ragssgbf tb k` gi`ftghgì. ^jrtgdgpjfts jr` hr`` tbwgtmirjw jt jfy tga` br tb sogp jfsw`rgfc jfy qu`stgbf wgtmbut dbfs`qu`fd`.

[`s`jrdm`r Tgcfjtur`< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

^rgft fja`< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Ijt`< RRRRRRRRRRR
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


44/55


Jpp`figx I< Gft`rvg`w ^jrtgdgpjfts Dbfs`ft Hbra


G durr`ftey br mjv` kebccì bfegf` jkbut ebss xp`rg`fd`s. G ja bv`r := y`jrs bei. Ym` stuiyfjaì jkbv` mjs k``f `xpejgfì tb a` jfi G mjv` mji jf bppbrtufgty tb jso qu`stgbfs. Gufi`rstjfi tm` gft`ft jfi purpbs` bh tmgs r`s`jrdm jfi G vbeuftjrgey dbfs`ft tb pjrtgdgpjt`.

G cgv` ay p`ragssgbf tmjt dbfv`rsjtgbfs gf wmgdm G pjrtgdgpjt` iurgfc tmgs r`s`jrdm ajy k`r`dbriì jfi igvuecì. Gh jt jfy tga` G wgsm tb stbp tm` gft`rvg`w, G djf ib sb jt jfy tga`wgtmbut mjvgfc tb cgv` jf `xpejfjtgbf.

Gf tm` stuiy r`pbrt, G pr`h`r tb mjv`

Ay r`je fja` usì< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

J psùibfya usì< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

^jrtgdgpjft Tgcfjtur`< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR




S` mbp` tmjt jee bur crjiujt`s wgee egv` dr`jtgv`, prbiudtgv`, jfi abrje egv`s,s`ògfc tb huehgee tm`gr bwf jspgrjtgbfs jfi jt tm` sja` tga`,

jdtgvèy suppbrtgfc tm` jspgrjtgbfs bh btm`rsky j c`f`rbus smjrgfc bh tm`gr cghts.~ Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgtys Agssgbf Ttjtà`ft


45/55


Jpp`figx @< Hbdus Crbup Zu`stgbfs

:. Smjt ib ybu ego`/fbt ego` jkbut kebccgfc2

;. Smb ib ybu dbfsgi`r ybur juig`fd` br prgajry kebcs bh gft`r`st2

4. Smjt jkbut ybur `xp rg`fd`s wgtm gi`ftgty, vbdjtgbf, gft rp`rsbfje dbaaufgdjtgbf,

jfi/br m`jegfc ib ybu wrgt`/r`ji jkbut bfegf`2

9. Gf wmjt wjys ib`s kebccgfc gapjdt ybur gi`ftgty, br tm` wjy ybu vg`w ybursèh2 Gf

rèjtgbf tb tm` Tèh2 Gf rèjtgbf tb Btm`rs2


46/55


Jpp`figx H< Hbdus Crbup ^jrtgdgpjfts Dbfs`ft Hbra


G durr`ftey br mjv` kebccì bfegf` jkbut ebss, m`jetm, gi`ftgty, jfi/br gft`rp`rsbfje

dbaaufgdjtgbf `xp`rg`fd`s. G ja bv`r := y`jrs bei. Ym` stuiy fjaì jkbv` mjs k``f`xpejgfì tb a` jfi G mjv` mji jf bppbrtufgty tb jso qu`stgbfs. G ufi`rstjfi tm` gft`ft jfipurpbs` bh tmgs r`s`jrdm jfi G vbeuftjrgey dbfs`ft tb pjrtgdgpjt`.

G cgv` ay p`ragssgbf tmjt dbfv`rsjtgbfs gf wmgdm G pjrtgdgpjt` iurgfc tmgs r`s`jrdm ajy k`r`dbriì jfi igvuecì. Gh jt jfy tga` G wgsm tb stbp tm` gft`rvg`w, G djf ib sb jt jfy tga`wgtmbut mjvgfc tb cgv` jf `xpejfjtgbf.

Gf tm` stuiy r`pbrt, G pr`h`r tb mjv`

Ay kebc tgte` usì< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Ay r`je fja` usì< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

J psùibfya usì< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

^jrtgdgpjft Tgcfjtur`< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR




S` mbp` tmjt jee bur crjiujt`s wgee egv` dr`jtgv`, prbiudtgv`, jfi abrje egv`s,s`ògfc tb huehgee tm`gr bwf jspgrjtgbfs jfi jt tm` sja` tga`,

jdtgvèy suppbrtgfc tm` jspgrjtgbfs bh btm`rsky j c`f`rbus smjrgfc bh tm`gr cghts.~ Cbfzjcj Pfgv`rsgtys Agssgbf Ttjtà`ft


47/55


Jpp`figx C< Gfgtgje Hbdus Crbup Tjapegfc êjf

G gfdeui` tmgs gfgtgje i`sgcf sb hutur` r`s`jrdm djf jddbuft hbr jfy agstjo`s br hgf`-

tuf` tm` i`sgcf tb cjrf`r abr` r`spbfs`s gf tm` hutur`. Gfgtgjeey, jfi G i`sgcfì j strjt`cgd

jfi purpbsgv` sjapegfc pejf hbr j hbdus crbup sjape`. G s`jrdmì bfegf` hbr "kebc

igr`dtbry" jfi dmbs` tm` igr`dtbry tmjt ygèiì tm` abst r`suets usgfc tm` o`ywbris, "ebss,

m`jegfc, gi`ftgty" tb hgfi kebcc`rs wmb wrbt` bf ebss jfi tb m`jr tm`gr bpgfgbfs jfi

abtgvjtgbfs js tb wmy tm`y wrbt` bf tm`gr ebss `xp`rg`fd`s bfegf`. Hrba tm` s`jrdm r`suets, G

sè`dtì `v`ry fuak`r kjsì bf gft`c`rs hrba j rjfiba s`qu`fd` fuak`r c`f`rjtbr

kbufiì hrba : tb 48. G f`ìì j sajee sjape`, gi`jeey 9-3 kebcc`rs, tb dbaprgs` ay hbdus

crbup. G dmbs` tm` 48 kbufijry cgv`f tm` s`jrdm r`suet ygèiì 48 kebcs, jfi tb jeebw `quje

dmjfd` hbr kebcs hjrtm`r kjdo gf tm` s`jrdm r`suet tb k` r`pr`s`ftì. G sè`dtì tm` hgrst :9

gft`c`rs, br ibuke` tm` abst i`sgrì fuak`r bh pjrtgdgpjfts tb jddbuft hbr bpt-buts.

Ym` rjfiba s`qu`fd` `fsurì tmjt tm` sja` gft`c`r wbuei fbt k` usì jcjgf, kut

`jdm gft`c`r mji `quje dmjfd` bh k`gfc s e`dtì bfd`. Hrba tmgs s`qu`fd`, G sè`dtì tm`

;fi, ;:st, 40tm, :st, :8tm, :4tm, 4:st, 8tm, =tm, :7tm, ;>tm, :9tm, 4;fi, jfi 48tm, kebcs hrba

tm` s`jrdm r`suets. Gh G igi fbt r`d`gv` `fbucm pjrtgdgpjfts, tm`f G pejffì tb c`f`rjt`

jfbtm`r rjfiba s`qu`fd`. G gfhbraì pbt`ftgje pjrtgdgpjfts tmjt G wgee debs` tm` bpt-gfs

bfd` G r`jdmì 9-3 pjrtgdgpjfts, wmgdm G igi. G usì rjfiba.brc/s`qu`fd` hbr tm` rjfiba

s`qu`fd` c`f`rjtbr. G `xdeuiì kebcs tmjt igi fbt a``t ; br abr` bh tm` o`ywbris, sudm js j

mbw-tb kebc bf kebccgfc, dbrpbrjt` br jiv`rtgsgfc kebcs, jfi kebcs wgtm krbo`f egfos br

rìufijft egstgfcs. G jddbuftì hbr tm`s` tbss buts (8tm, ::tm, 4>tm, ;9tm, ;0tm, ;3tm, ;=tm,

0tm, jfi 9tm, s`` Hgcur` :.: hbr rjfiba s`qu`fd` sdr``f djptur`) ky sè`dtgfc tm` f`xt

fuak`r gf tm` s`qu`fd`. Ajgfey G wjftì gfigvgiuje kebcc`rs wmb igsdebsì tm`gr ebss jfi


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[uffgfc m`ji< KEBCCGFC JT DBAAPFGDJYGFC 9=

m`jegfc `xp`rg`fd`s bfegf`, br wmb c`f`rjeey wjftì tb k` j hr`` r`sburd` tb btm`rs gf tmbs`

dgrduastjfd`s.

Hbr tm` s`dbfi hbdus crbup, G gfgtgjeey i`sgcfì j purpbsgv` fbf-rjfiba sjape`

wm`r` G dbftjdtì p`bpe` wmba G of`w ajgftjgfì kebcs durr`ftey. Ymgs sjape` agxì wgtm

tm` rjfiba purpbsgv` sjape` tb prbvgi` wmjt G mbpì wbuei k` `fbucm gft`r`stì p`rsbfs

tb dbaprgs` j sajee crbup hbr j hbdus crbup jfi tb kjejfd` tm` i`sgr` tb mjv` j sjape` tmjt

r`pr`s`ftì tm` kebccgfc igr`dtbry wgtm ay i`sgr` tb mjv` jf gft`rp`rsbfje jpprbjdm tb ay

r`s`jrdm. G jesb dbfiudtì j hbdus crbup wgtm ay t`ja gf tm` dejss, br j dbfv`fg`fd`

sjape`. G jftgdgpjtì tmgs dbfv`fg`fd` sjape` tb jdt js j dbftrbe sgfd` G jssuaì tmjt ay

t`ja aàk`rs igi fbt r`cuejrey ajgftjgf j kebc.

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