blogs - 2018 - may 2 mathematics terms 11 geometry terms ...€¦ · maths, and in the usa it is...

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2018 May p1 A of 23Blog Archive Pitman’s New Era Shorthand


2018 May p1 B of 23Blog Archive Pitman’s New Era Shorthand

2 Mathematics Terms

11 Geometry Terms

17 Steam Day

20 Lazing

PDF Date: 17 March 2020

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Blogs - 2018 - May

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Mathematics Terms

Before going into the terms themselves, itis necessary to clear up and be sure aboutthe outlines for the subject. The plural formnoun and the adjective are written with thesame contraction: mathematics andmathematical. The other adjectivemathematic is written in full. If you need todifferentiate between those twocontractions, or feel that reading backmight be unclear, then they should beabandoned and written in full. When theseare abbreviated in popular speech, we havetwo outlines to consider: in the UK we saymaths, and in the USA it is math. Both of

these spoken abbreviations are written asfull outlines, always with the vowel insertedand clearly in first position, so that they donot look like the contraction. As ashorthand writer*, you are unlikely to meetall the terms together, unless you areworking in that field, but any of them couldoccur in normal topics, as many businessmatters include amounts and calculations,so it is well worth knowing the outlines forthe terms.

* Omission phrase "short(hand) writer"

Mathematics Terms

Although the noun mathematics has aplural form, it functions as a singular noun,for example, "Mathematics is a popularsubject at school." It is defined* as "agroup of related sciences, including algebra,geometry and calculus, concerned with thestudy of number, quantity, shape andspace, and their interrelationships, by usinga specialized* notation". The outlines forsome of the terms are vocalised rathermore than you would need to do if you

were in that line of work and writing themall the time.

* "defined" Always insert the diphthong,and the last vowel in "definite", as theseare similar in outline and meaning

* "specialised" Insert the diphthong todifferentiate it from "specialist" which has asimilar meaning





Mathematics Terms

The most basic operations in mathematicsare those for simple calculations, namelyadd, subtract or take away, multiply ortimes, and divide. The nouns are addition,subtraction, multiplication and division. Theresult of an operation on one or morevalues is called the output value. Theabstract term number refers to the idea,

and the word numeral or figure refers tothe written form. A whole number is calledan integer. Our numerals are known asArabic or Hindu-Arabic. Roman numeralsare written with capital letters of thealphabet, and are used on monuments andinscriptions.

Mathematics Terms

An expression is a mathematical statementthat has been formed according to the rulesand syntax of mathematical notation. Whencomparing calculations, they are writtenout as an equation, with an equals sign inthe centre. The numbers or quantities onone side must be equal in value to those*on the other side*, although the variousparts may be made up differently. A simpleversion would be two numbers beingmultiplied together, followed by an equalssign, and on the right hand side the resultof that calculation, called the product.Alternatively, the second side could showanother different calculation that wouldequal the same product. The equals signwith a forward slanting slash through itmeans "not equal to". A superscript 2means squared, the number times itself,and a superscript 3 means cubed, thenumber multiplied by itself twice. The

superscript number is called an index,plural indices*, and another way of sayingthis is* "to the power of". Five to the powerof two, or five squared, or five times itself,is twenty-five. The main number is thebase and the superscript number is theexponent, which is a type of shorthand fora longer calculation that is being applied tothe base.

* "to those" Always insert the vowel in"these" and "those" when they are out ofposition in a phrase

* Omission phrase "on the oth(er) side"

* "indices" In common usage, the plural ismore likely to be seen as "indexes"

* "this is" Not phrased because of thepause between





Mathematics Terms

A hyphen before a number means thenumber is negative. Normal numbers,except zero, are assumed to be positive,but a plus sign may be written in front ofthem. An estimate is an approximationbased on limited information. I haveestimated that we will need six tons ofcement, but my estimation is subject torevision. An estimate generates an answerto a question* that is useful for practicalpurposes but not necessarily accurate orprecise. The zero is necessary because ournumber notation relies on the position ofnumbers from right to left. Zero is also

called nought or Oh. When reading out louda reference containing both numbers andletters, it is best to use the word zero forthe number and "Capital O" for thealphabetic letter. In handwriting, you candistinguish the zero by writing a slantingslash through it. The other spelling "naught"is not a mathematical term but an archaicword meaning "nothing".

* "question" Not using the optionalcontraction Kw+Hook N in first position, asin this context that might be misread as

"equation"

Mathematics Terms

In mathematics, brackets are used todetermine the order in which operationsare carried out. Expand means to multiplyout the brackets in an expression. Squarebrackets have right-angled ends and theparenthesis is a smooth curve (pluralparentheses with a long last vowel). The

curly parenthesis with a little point in themiddle is a brace. When these are nested inan expression, parentheses appear in thecentre, then square brackets, then braces.Outside of mathematics, the names andusages for these and many others varywidely.





Mathematics Terms

An even number can be divided by two, andan odd number cannot. An average is avalue that best represents a given set ofdata, and there are three more preciseterms for this: the mean, the median andthe mode. The mean is a more scientificand precise word for the average. The

median is the middle value of the list whenit is arranged from smallest to largest. Themode refers to the most common value in alist, in other words the value with thehighest frequency, and if no value occursmore frequently than any of the othervalues, there is no mode.

Mathematics Terms

A prime number is a number that cannot bedivided by anything other than the numberone and itself. Three, five, seven andeleven are prime numbers. A fraction is away of writing a division calculation. Onedivided by two is a half, but as we don’thave a written sign for that, it is expressedas two numbers. The top one is thenumerator and the bottom one is thedenominator, with a short line separatingthem. The numerator tells us how many

pieces we have, and the denominator tellsus how many of those pieces are needed tomake the whole. We do have a normalword for half, third, quarter, fifth and othersimple fractions, but more complicatedones have to be indicated in spokennumbers, such as seven over nine or sevenninths, or thirty-one over sixty seven. Theshort line for the fraction can be typed onthe normal keyboard by using the slashsign.





Mathematics Terms

When dividing a number by another, theanswer can be expressed in whole numbersplus a remainder, rather than a fraction.For example, eleven divided by four is tworemainder three. Probability is ameasurement of how likely something is tooccur, expressed in numbers orpercentages. There is a one in three chancethat it will rain. There is a hundred to onechance this horse will win the race. There is

a fifty per cent likelihood that it will snowtoday. Probabilities can be shown in a treediagram which gives all possible outcomesof an event. The reciprocal of a number isone divided by that number. The reciprocalof four is a quarter i.e. one over four. Anumber multiplied by its reciprocal alwayscomes to one. Another definition is: whatto multiply a value by to get one. Fourtimes a quarter equals one.

Mathematics Terms

Fractions can also be expressed asdecimals, which is an alternative notationthat breaks down the fraction part into arange of values based on tens. The firstnumber after the decimal point is tenths,the next is hundredths, then thousandths,and so on, adding a zero each time andwriting the next number to the right handside. This is similar to the normal notationof numerals, which increases by a factor of

ten for each place and goes leftwards,signifying ever greater quantities. Thedecimal numbers sit* to the right of thedecimal point, travel to the right and thedenominators increase by factors of ten,and the quantity they signify gets smaller.

* "sit" Always insert the vowel in "sat, set,sit, stay" as they are similar in meaning





Mathematics Terms

Irrational numbers are those that cannot beadequately expressed by a finite number ofdecimals or by a fraction. The decimals ofthese are never-ending, or non-terminating.If there is a repeating pattern in a decimalnumber, it is called recurring or repeating.One third written in decimals is a recurringnumber, and is spoken as nought point

three recurring. The fact of it recurring issignified by writing a line or a dot over thethree, or an ellipsis (three close dots) afterthe three. Decimals with a longer recurringpattern can be shown with a dot over thefirst and last digits of the pattern, or thepattern twice followed by an ellipsis. Mathematics Terms

An equation is solved by progressivelysimplifying the parts of the equation. Allthe adding, subtracting, multiplying anddividing is carried out until the simplestnumerical answer is obtained. Severalnumbers added together make one numberthat is the sum. Subtracting one numberfrom another gives the difference betweenthe two. Doing your sums is an informalphrase that means doing the exercises in amathematics class in school, making

calculations on some work or project, or,even more colloquially, coming to aconclusion or decision based on theinformation available. The sum of five andsix is eleven. The difference between nineand six is three. The product of two timesthree is six. Twenty is divisible by both fourand five. The number being divided iscalled the dividend. The divisor is thenumber by which another number is to bedivided.





Mathematics Terms

Sets of values may be represented in agraph showing points and lines at differentpositions and gradients. Other ways toshow data concisely are: bar charts, piecharts, histograms, line graphs, scatterplots, dot plots, pictographs, frequencydistribution tables and cumulative tables.In a chart, the vertical scale is called theY-axis and the horizontal scale is the X-axis.The Z-axis* is the depth of an object whendescribing 3-dimensional coordinates. Thelegend on a diagram is a list to one sidethat describes what these axes stand for.Note that the plural axes has a long vowel

sound. Compare the plural of axe which isaxes*, with a short vowel. The scales mayrefer to different ranges, values, variablesand other measurements.

* "Z-axis" Whether pronounced Zed or Zee,this does not affect either the shorthandnote or the final transcript

* "axes" The short E dot is never showninside the large circle, as it is the mostcommon, all other vowel signs can beshown inside

Mathematics Terms

Random means occurring without adefinite* aim, reason, or pattern. Randomsamples are taken in a survey to get a truepicture of the facts or data, without anybias towards certain choices beingintroduced by the person doing thesampling. The operators of public games ofchance such as lotteries go to great lengthsto choose random numbers, so that thoseoperating the system cannot cheat byimproving the likelihood of a particular

outcome. Random outcomes do notpreclude unusual and striking coincidences.A coincidence is unconnected eventshappening at the same time that appear tobe linked or have a common cause, andcomes from the Latin for "falling together".

* "definite" Always insert the last vowel,and the diphthong in "defined", as theseare similar in outline and meaning





Mathematics Terms

Algebra is the branch of mathematics thatenables us to create generalisedstatements or models, using numbers, andletters and symbols to represent variablesand unknowns. It lets us describerelationships that can be illustrated by, butnot described or resolved by, arithmeticalcalculations. Algebra first appeared underthis name in the sixteenth century, prior to

which the only branches of mathematicswere arithmetic and geometry. The wordcomes from the Arabic for "reunion ofbroken parts" referring to the way itsimplifies the mathematical expressions.The subject is divided into elementaryalgebra, and abstract or modern algebra.A mathematician who studies this is analgebraist and the adjective is algebraic.

Mathematics Terms

An algebraic term may consist of a constantand a variable, for example 3B. Thenumber 3 is the constant as it neverchanges. The letter B is the symbol thatrepresents a value that is unknown or maychange, and it can be thought of as aplaceholder. In the term 3B, the number iscalled the coefficient, and it is writtenimmediately in front of the variable,

whereas in arithmetic there would be amultiplication sign in the centre. Analgebraic expression shows how the termsare related. "Like terms" are ones that arethe same except for the coefficient e.g. 4B5B 9B. An algebraic fraction contains analgebraic expression within its numeratorand/or its denominator.





Mathematics Terms

The number Pi has its own Greek symboland is an irrational constant (a value thatstays the same) and its decimal notation isnever-ending, starting with 3.14. It denotesthe ratio of a circle’s diameter to itscircumference and its value is thecircumference divided by the diameter. Inother words, there are 3.14 diameters inthe circumference. It is used to calculatethe area and circumference of a circle. As afraction it is approximately 22 over 7. The

fraction 355 over 113 is a much closerapproximation. I can’t resist adding in anote on Pi Day USA on March 14th which is3/14 (similar to the decimal value 3.14), ora possible Pi Day UK on 22 July which is22/7. I do remember celebrating, for oneminute in the lunch break at work, themomentous point in time at 12.34pm on 5June 1978 which is most of the numerals insequence: 12.34 5.6.78. However, I don’tremember celebrating at 23.45 on 6.7.89.

Mathematics Terms

Finally, I think you ought to have at yourfingertips the well-known rhyme forremembering how to write Pi to 20 decimalplaces, counting the letters in each wordand with the comma standing for thedecimal point:

Sir,* I bear a rhyme excellingin mystic force and magic spellingcelestial sprites elucidateall my own striving can’t relate

To an outsider, our shorthand, just like theineffable indefinable value of Pi, is amysterious and magical notation,

meaningful only to the initiated and certainspecial persons, but to you and me it is asimple, clear, logical and easily learnedsystem of representation, available toeveryone, which, like mathematics, speedsup our ability to represent words and ideason paper. (2358 words)

* "Sir," The comma is never used inshorthand as it is too much like an outline,but here it is meaningful to put it in andtherefore it needs a wavy line underneathto draw attention to it. Comma-type pausesin speech can be shown if necessary by alarger gap between the outlines.





Geometry Terms

Plane geometry is the science of lines andthe shapes that they enclose on a flatsurface or plane. A point has position butno dimensions. A line has position andlength. A figure or shape has position,dimensions and an area that it encloses. Ingeometry a figure is a shape and does not

refer to a number, as it does inmathematics and also in everyday speech.The word figure is also used to refer to adiagram in a book, for example, "Pleasesee figure 3 on page 5 for an illustration ofthese forms."

Geometry Terms

The line around any shape is its perimeter.I have a perimeter fence all around myhouse and garden. A circle’s perimeter iscalled its circumference. The radius is a linefrom the centre point to the circumference,and the plural is radii. The diameter is aline crossing the entire circle through itscentre. Half a circle is a semicircle. A linetouching* the outside of the circumferenceat a single point is a tangent. A line notcrossing through the centre is a chord or, ifthe line extends beyond the circle, a secant.The shape enclosed by the chord and thesmaller arc* of the circle (a piece of thecircumference) is a segment. The adjective

is circular, although in common usage thisalso describes a route that ends up back atthe start point. If you divide a circle like apie, each piece is called a circle sector orcircular sector. When divided into 360 suchpieces, the angle of each piece is onedegree. A circle divided into four makesfour quadrants, into six makes sextants,and into eight pieces makes octants.

* "touching" Helpful to insert the vowel, asit is similar to "attaching"

* "arc" Helpful to insert the vowel in thiscontext, as it could look like "irregular"





Geometry Terms

Two lines that meet form an angle and thepoint of meeting is the vertex, pluralvertices. Angles are measured in degrees,which is one 360th of a circle. An acuteangle is less than* 90 degrees. A rightangle* is 90 degrees, the same as a cornerof a square. An obtuse angle is greaterthan 90 but less than 180 degrees. Astraight angle is 180 degrees, although adepiction of it would be just anotherstraight line, and so this only makes senseas part of a description of a progressiveprocess. For example, the hands of a clockwhen opposite each other are at an angleof 180 degrees but they are two separateitems joined end to end. A reflex angle isgreater than 180 degrees, and a full angleis the whole 360 degrees. Adjacent* anglesshare a common side and a common vertexbut do not overlap. On an analogue clock

(one with pointers or hands) the minutehand goes round the entire 360 degrees inone hour, and the hour hand goes round in12 hours. Someone turning back fromtheir* direction of travel, or reversingtheir* behaviour or opinions*, is said to be

"doing a one-eighty".

* "less than" Downward L in order to jointhe phrase

* "right angle" On its own "right" is fullRay+T

* "adjacent" Avoid being misled by the D inthe spelling, as there is no D sound in theword

* "from their" "reversing their" Doubling for"their"

Geometry Terms

To bisect means to cut into two equal parts,whether it is a line, an angle or a shape.Shapes bounded by straight lines aredescribed by their number of sides. Shapesor figures that have a number of straightsides are called polygons and if they are allthe same length, then it is a regularpolygon. Three lines joined at their endsform a triangle. If all the sides are of equallength it is called an equilateral triangle. Ascalene triangle has all sides of different

lengths. An isosceles triangle has only twosides the same length. An acute trianglehas all angles less than 90 degrees. A righttriangle is one that has one right angle. Theside opposite the right angle is called thehypotenuse which is Greek for "stretchingunder" and the hypotenuse is said tosubtend the right angle. An obtuse trianglehas one angle that is greater than 90degrees.





Geometry Terms

A shape that has four sides is aquadrilateral or quadrangle, and this latterterm is also used to describe a large areaor courtyard between buildings. A square isa regular quadrilateral. A pentagon has fivesides and a hexagon has six sides. Aheptagon has seven sides, an octagon eight,a nonagon nine and a decagon ten.Triangles, squares and hexagons are the

only regular shapes that can be tessellatedon a flat plane, that is, fitted together liketiles with no spaces between and only usingone shape for the tiles. Such tiles would betriangular, square or hexagonal. The cellsin a honeycomb are hexagonal. Regularpentagons can be tessellated on a sphericalsurface, as often seen on black and whitefootballs.

Geometry Terms

Symmetry describes a shape that can behalved to produce two identical shapes. Thehalves of a circle are symmetrical*, as onecan be rotated to fit over the other.Rotation is turning around on an axis. Abutterfly shape and the human* form bothhave reflectional, bilateral, line or mirrorsymmetry. A line that meets another atright angles is called perpendicular to thatline, but in common usage it means verticalor upright*. It comes from the Latin for

"plumb line". Congruent means havingidentical shapes so that all partscorrespond. Congruent triangles may be at

different positions and rotations, but theycould all fit on top of each other exactly.

* "symmetrical" Needs care to writeaccurately, as in this context it could bemisread as "semicircle" if untidily written

* "human" Special outline in first positionfollowing the second vowel, to differentiatefrom "humane", similarly "woman" and

"women"

* "upright" On its own "right" is full Ray+T





Geometry Terms

A square has equal sides and is also calleda regular quadrilateral. A rectangle hasopposite sides equal, so a square is a typeof rectangle. Paving stones and bathroomtiles can be rectangular. If a rectangle issquashed from one corner to the oppositecorner, each pair of sides is still parallel butthe angles are changed and the shape is aparallelogram*. When all four sides areequal, as with a similarly squashed square,it is a rhombus, and this is sometimescalled a diamond or diaper shape. Leadedwindow panes are sometimes made entirely

of diaper shaped pieces of glass. In Britishterminology, a trapezium or trapezoid hasfour sides, only two of which are parallel. InAmerican terminology, this describes asimilar figure that has no parallel sides, butthe British would call that an irregularquadrilateral.

* "parallelogram" This is likely to invadethe outlines on the line above, and if sojust drop down to the same position on theline below and continue from there, orwrite the outline in two parts

Geometry Terms

Solid geometry is the description andscience of three-dimensional objects. Asolid with faces is a polyhedron, pluralpolyhedra. The regular solids are based onthe regular polygons. A circle rotated aboutits diameter becomes a sphere and theobject is ball shaped or spherical. Cut inhalf a sphere becomes a hemisphere. TheEarth’s equator separates the northern

hemisphere from the southern hemisphere.A squashed sphere is called a spheroid, andthis is the shape of the Earth, due toequatorial bulge. A solid with fourtriangular sides is a tetrahedron, lookinglike a three-sided pyramid. A solid with allsquare sides is a cube. Salt and sugarcrystals, and some children’s buildingblocks, are cube shaped.





Geometry Terms

Measurements of volume are cubic. A cubemeasuring one metre along all its sides hasa volume of one cubic metre, and the areaof each face is one square metre. A solidwith six rectangular sides is called acuboid*, similar to a brick shape. In normalspeech a cylinder is a solid based on acircle, as can be seen at each end, but inplane geometry this word also describes asolid based on any regular polygon. Foodcans*, water pipes and drinking straws areall cylindrical*. Basalt rock columns are acylinder with a hexagonal cross-section*and there is a certain well-known chocolatebar with a triangular cross-section.

* "cuboid" Insert the diphthong, so it is notmisread as "cube"

* "food cans" The noun "can" does not usethe short form

* "cylindrical" Doubling would not normallybe used where there is no vowel (or adifferent vowel)between the D and Rsounds, but it is kept where it produces afast, easy and readable outline, similarly

"central" "concentric" "natural" "picture" andothers

* "cross-section" The large circle is used tosignify both S's, even though they arebarely pronounced separately

Geometry Terms

A solid with a circle at its base and rising toa single point or apex is called a cone. Instrict geometry terms, a cone can have anyregular polygon at its base. Examples ofconical shapes are road traffic markers,wafers to hold ice cream and mountains ofvolcanic ash. You can make a cone bycutting a section out of a circle, andbending and joining one of the pieces toitself along its straight cut edges. Ahorizontal cut through a circular cone, i.e.parallel to the base, produces a circle. A

slanting cut through the cone produces anellipse, which can be thought of as asquashed circle. A cut whose plane isparallel to the side of the cone produces acurve called a parabola. A cut whose planeis parallel to the vertical axis produces acurve called a hyperbola. A pyramid has apolygon at its base and triangular sidesrising to an apex. The pyramids of Egyptare square pyramids. If two squarepyramid shapes are joined base to base,the resulting solid is an octahedron.





Geometry Terms

My first encounter with geometrical solidswas not in the geometry lesson, but duringChristmas time at school when we wereshown how to make decorations out ofthese forms. We had printed patterns forthem that we cut out and stuck together toform balls with various shaped faces. Myfavourite* creation was a star, whichstarted as an icosahedron, the one withtwenty triangular faces, and onto each facewe stuck a long thin triangle pyramid shape,to form the rays. This was truly*spectacular and necessarily* of a large sizein order to be able to* manipulate thepieces and sticking. A simpler versionwould be to use a cube and attach six rays.This magnificent creation was also verylightweight, so it could be hung anywhere.

* "favourite" Note that "favoured" used theleft Vr, in order to differentiate

* "truly" Always insert the vowel, as it issimilar to "utterly" which would also makesense in most contexts

* "necessarily" Downard L to keep theoutline compact, similarly "sincerely"

* Omission phrase "in ord(er to) be able to".As the "to" is part of the first stroke, thisphrase does not use the third placephraseogram "to be"

Geometry Terms

The above vocabulary is quite intensive,and I am sure that when you return to yournormal simple matter, it will seemridiculously easy and congenial. Maybe atime of creative relaxation in making thegeometric paper decorations is in order, achange of activity for both the mind andfingers. It might* at least keep family andchildren entertained while you practise youroutlines, or you can record in shorthand thediscussions during the process and

exclamations of delight at its conclusion,thus keeping everyone amused* andusefully occupied. (1664 words)

* "might" Avoid phrasing "might" "could""note" to differentiate them from "may, can,know"

* "amused, amazed" Always insert thesecond vowel to differentiate





Steam Day

A few weeks ago* we went to a SteamRally held in the park at Dartford in Kent.The event is held in honour of Richard*Trevithick, an inventor and mining engineerfrom Cornwall, who in his later yearsworked in Dartford, and who died and isburied there. He was a brilliant engineer,with a fertile* mind for the development*of steam powered engines. He built the firstpractical and working high-pressure* steamengine*, and his improvements enabledhim to create an engine that was smallerand lighter, and so could carry its ownweight and also pull wagons or carriages.In 1801 his first demonstration* of a fullsize steam road locomotive took place inCamborne in Cornwall, carrying sixpassengers along Fore Street, upCamborne Hill and on to the village ofBeacon. In 1802 he mounted one of hisengines on an iron track and it pulled 10

tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men alonga distance of 9.75 miles.

* Omission phrases "few wee(k)s ago""high-(pre)ssure" Similarly "blood (pre)ssure"and "low (pre)ssure"

* "Richard" Written thus to help distinguishit from "Roger" which has J with R Hook

* "fertile" Note that "virile" is written withV+R+L strokes, to distinguish

* "development" Optional contraction

* "steam engine" In a compound outline,the whole is placed in position, therefore itis the J stroke that is through the line

* "demonstration" Omits the R

Steam Day

On the day of the Steam Rally, the weatherforecast had threatened increasing raintowards the end of the morning, so wemade an early start to get there in goodtime. The park is very spacious with twolarge fields beyond the ornamental gardensand bandstand* area. The river Darentflows to one side, from which the town ofDartford and the village of Darenth arenamed, joining the Thames a short distanceaway. As we passed through the fairgroundwe were reminded that even thoseamusements* were originally steampowered. We made straight for the vehicles,

the largest around 4 metres high andhumming and clicking as it idled. Aroundthe perimeter were smaller engines,miniature versions made by enthusiastsand some giving rides in small trailers.

* "bandstand" Alternative outline thatomits the first N. In full it would be adisjoined outline.

* "amusements" Always insert the secondvowel in "amaze" and "amuse" and all theirderivatives





Steam Day

Further along were stationary* engines,some just running and others doing varioustasks such as pumping water, filling andemptying containers and running a flour*grinding mill. This part of the display wasrather smoky with occasional oily* smellsas well, as* there were* so many of themin the long row under the trees and behinda rope fence for safety. The last engine inthe row was endlessly pumping water,sucking it up from the big bucket andsending it cascading over a chute and backdown again. In the centre of the field weremore steam engines and some old vehiclesand buses. We climbed to the upper deckof the open-topped omnibus* , which wasmore like just standing on the roof, withsides enclosing and seats bolted on top,rather than a purpose built upper level likeour modern buses. Omnibus is the Latinword for "to all" i.e. to all places, fromwhich we get the abbreviation "bus".

* "stationary" The Shun hook written onthis side in order to join the R. "Station" onits own has the hook on the other side, asper normal rules. "StationERy" refers topaper goods.

* "flour" This outline has a diphthong,compare with "flower" which has a triphoneto signify the two syllables

* "oily" Insert the last vowel, as "oil smells"would also make sense

* "as well, as" Not using the full phrase, asthere is a pause after the comma

* Omission phrase "there (w)ere"

* "omnibus" Helpful to insert the first vowel,as this is similar in outline and meaning to

"minibus"

Steam Day

The second field was full of classic cars, rowafter row of gleaming and perfectly spotlessvehicles, many with their bonnets (hoods)open revealing an equally spotless engine.Each particular make of vehicle seemed tohave its own enthusiasts club, and no

doubt they have many more outingsthroughout the year where they can sharetheir enthusiasm with others around thecountry. I am not into classic cars but I dolike to see things that have been restoredand are well looked after and appreciated.





Steam Day

I thought the first steam engine we sawwas a giant until we came to theagricultural* tractors* . First in line was anenormous modern tractor with wheels tallerthan me. I did wonder what sort of work itwas designed to do, as that did seemrather over the top for pulling hay carts.Maybe I should have asked the driver whowas sitting in the cab, but even if I hadthought to do so, he was too far up in theair to hold a conversation with. Later on allthe tractors were started up and went on acircuit of the area. In the long marqueewere displays of old photographs of all themachinery* and farm horses in action,showing everything from ploughing toharvesting and every type of farm work

and village life in the Dartford and northKent area. Behind the tent classicmotorbikes were gathered, more rows ofshiny paintwork, polished chrome andmultiple headlamps and mirrors. Althoughthe owners were all happily surveying thescene, a stationary motorbike is not theideal, as after the admiration comes thereal business of the day, which is motion,noise and speed.

* "agricultural" Optional contraction

* "tractors" Ensure the K is clearly doubled,so it does not look like "trucks"

* "machinery" Optional contraction

Steam Day

Over in one corner, away from the maincrowds, was a large truck* with two heavyhorses standing to the rear. These wereAlfie and Arthur. They were well groomedwith smooth black coats and enjoying beingthe centre of attention from groups ofadmiring and excited children. They areused to public life and givedemonstrations* of ploughing around thecountry, but no doubt their life is a littlemore relaxed and comfortable than that oftheir forebears. Back at the main displayarea was a mobile forge making items forsale*. Most of these seemed to be

decorative iron items for the garden, asbeing the easiest and quickest for a publicdemonstration and for the visitors to beable to carry them home.

* "truck" Ensure the K is clearly normallength, and it is helpful to insert the vowel,so it does not look like "tractor"

* "demonstrations" Omits the R

* "for sale" Downward L in order to join thephrase





Steam Day

Richard Trevithick’s memorial plaque inHoly Trinity Church in Dartford reads: "Tothe glory of God and in memory of RichardTrevithick, one of the pioneers of the greatmechanical developments* of the XIXcentury and amongst the first inventors ofthe locomotive engine, of screw and paddlewheel propulsion for steamships, of theagricultural* engine and of many otherappliances whereby the forces of naturehave been utilised in the service ofmankind. He died in poverty and wascarried to his grave in the churchyard ofSaint Edmund, King and Martyr, by themechanics of Hall’s Engineering Workswhere he was then employed. This tablet*was erected to perpetuate the memory ofone whose splendid gifts shed lustre on thistown, although he was not permitted toenjoy the fruits of his labour here. Born

1771 Died 1833." Next time* you aresitting in a railway carriage, even thoughthe engine may be electric or dieselpowered, please spare a minute to begrateful for the genius of Richard Trevithickand his brilliant idea of adding wheels to hishigh-pressure* steam engine. (1056words)

* "developments" "agricultural" Optionalcontractions

* "tablet" Always insert the second vowel,as "table" could also make sense. Alsoalways insert the vowel in "tableau" whichis similar to these two in outline andmeaning.

* Omission phrases "high-(pre)ssure""ne(k)s(t) time"

Lazing

This weekend is the late May bank holiday,a long weekend with almost guaranteedgood weather for doing those things thathave been put off during the working week.Sunday becomes more useful for activitiesas there is no requirement to get up earlyfor work on Monday. In the UK, gardencentres are busier than usual, the do-it-yourself and decorating centres are morecrowded than usual and in the suburbs

there is the happy sound of mowing,snipping, hedge-cutting, and the rattling ofladders being put up for window cleaning,house painting and gutter clearing.Pressure washers come out, and cars arevacuumed. Roads are more congested thanusual at either end of the long weekend,and the shops are fuller than usual. Thereare fewer shoes to be seen and more flipflops, and absolutely no coats whatever.





Lazing

Those whose homes and lives are not inimmediate need of replenishment,refurbishment*, general tidying andmaintenance, can do exactly the opposite,they can laze around and enjoy their timeoff and the warm weather. To recover fromthe exertions of the working week, here isa list of all the things that are essential forrest and restoration. You can idle, lounge,sprawl or recline under the sunshade. Youmay wish to loaf, loll, relax, bask, dawdleor chill out on a soft sofa. You may preferto take it easy or pass time in the gardenor park. You may wish to indulge in a long

period of ease and indolence, doing nothingin particular, and this may even descendinto lethargy, torpor or sluggishimmobility*. A hot or humid lazy afternoonmay make you slow-moving, languid, andaverse or disinclined to activity or exertion.

* "refurbishment" Using "-nt" for the suffix,as "-ment" cannot join

* "immobility" The M stroke is repeated, asit is not safe to rely only on a vowel sign todistinguish between opposites

Lazing

As you are a shorthand student*, how is allthis going to help you gain speed in yourshorthand, lazing around doing nothing, notreading the lessons, not practising thepassages and not taking dictation? After all,everyone has to rest if they are to maintaingood health. The good news is that you canuse all of the above lazing time to verygood effect, without having to lift a fingeror read a single line of textbook* lesson orshorthand. All you need with you is a radio

or a broadcast or recording to listen to.Your assignment, requiring not even theslightest physical movement, is to think ofthe shorthand outlines as the person isspeaking. Nothing else is needed. Theeasiest way to do this is to imagine the padand the writing appearing on it as thewords are spoken.

* Omission phrases "shorthand s(t)udent""teks(t)book"





Lazing

I have done this many times whilstlistening to an interesting talk on my Ipod*,and it is utterly* amazing* how well youcan keep up with the speaker, which youknow would be a lot more difficult, if notimpossible, if you were actually writing itfor real. There is the slight disadvantagethat by concentrating on recalling outlines,the subject matter is not being absorbedquite so distinctly*, but that to me* seemsa small price to pay for such a useful,efficient and easy way to increaseshorthand skill.

* "Ipod" and "Ipad" Always insert thesecond vowel, to distinguish

* "utterly" "truly" Always insert the firstvowel, to help distinguish

* "amazing" "amusing" Always insert thesecond vowel, to distinguish

* "distinctly" Omits the lightly sounded K

* "to me" Helpful to insert the vowel when"me" and "him" are phrased

Lazing

Half of all shorthand writing* is the processof hearing the words and recalling theoutlines. The other half is writing (which iseasy and simple once the outline is inmind) and dealing with distractions. Onedistraction that is not often mentioned inshorthand books is that of looking at andthinking about the outline you have justwritten. In school work it was a naturaldesire, and necessity, to look at what youhad just done, consider its suitability orcorrectness, and decide whether it isacceptable or should be changed forsomething else, before continuing with thenext word, phrase or sentence. There is no

time at all for any of this in shorthandwriting*, and the outline just written mustbe* ignored immediately it is on the paper,and the next one dealt with. Next time youare writing shorthand from dictation, Iencourage you to look out for this unhelpfulbehaviour pattern. Hesitations overunknown outlines are a natural target forfurther study, but hesitations from othercauses, as above, are more insidious andneed to be rooted out and eliminated.

* Omission phrase "short(hand) writing""mus(t) be" "ne(k)s(t) time"





Lazing

The dedicated, enthusiastic, passionate,keen and eager shorthand student* will notbe happy unless there is a notepad andpencil handy, so that after the visualizationeffort, any puzzling outline can be noted forlater looking up. Obviously, completeidleness is impossible for the true speedaspirant, but I hope the* above suggestionfor exercise in outline recall comesreasonably close. The answer to being*asked what you did over the holidayweekend is something like, "I have beenworking very hard for hours at a time*,lying under the parasol on my sun lounger

with my eyes closed, completely silent andimmobile*, other than taking the occasionalsip of chilled orange juice." (823 words)

* Omission phrases "shorthand s(t)udent""at (a) time" "I (h)ope the"

* "to being" Based on the short formphrase "to be"

* "immobile" The M stroke is repeated, as itis not safe to rely only on a vowel sign todistinguish between opposites

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