blood. cardiovascular composed of heart, blood vessels and blood also lymph and lymph vessels.....
TRANSCRIPT
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BLOOD
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CARDIOVASCULAR
• Composed of heart, blood vessels and blood also lymph and lymph vessels..
• Heart is the pump
• Blood vessels transport system
• Blood is transport medium
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Blood• Blood is connective tissue
• Consists of extracellular liquid matrix (plasma)
• Plasma is 55% of the volume
• Cells - Formed Elements - 45% RBC, WBC, and Platelets.
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19-4
Composition of Blood
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Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes - red blood cells
• Thrombocytes - Platelets
• Leukocytes - white blood cells– Granulocytes (Neutophils & Eosinophils &
Basophiles)– Granulocytes
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FACTS about the BLOOD
• 7 to 9 % of total body weight
• Male 5 to 6 L of blood
• Females 4 to 5 L of blood
• Viscosity 3.5 to 5.5
• pH 7.35 to 7.45
• Temperature 38C (100.4F)
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Plasma• 90% water• 7% proteins (albumins, fibrinogen,
globulins)• 3% other solutes
– Electrolytes– Nutrients– Wastes– Gases– Buffers
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Functions of the Blood
• 1. Transport– O2 (gases)– Waste– Nutrients– Hormones– enzymes
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Functions of the Blood
• 2. Regulate– Blood clotting– Temperature– Acid-base balance (pH)– Water and electrolytes
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Red blood cells specialisationsRed blood cells specialisations
2) no nucleus extra space inside
3) contain haemoglobin
the oxygen carrying molecule
250million molecules / cell
1) biconcave shape
increases the surface area so more oxygen can be carried
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Functions of the Blood
• 3. Protection–Against harmful microorgisms by
• WBC
• Proteins
• Antibodies
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RBC
• Carry CO2 and O2
• Need Hemoglobin
• CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid
• Males have more hemoglobin than females because of testosterone.
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HaemoglobinHaemoglobin• gives red blood gives red blood cells their colour cells their colour
• can carry up to 4 can carry up to 4 molecules of Omolecules of O22
• associates and associates and dissociates with dissociates with
OO22
• contains ironcontains iron
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19-14
Hemoglobin
• Consists of: – 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide
(carbonic anhydrase involved), nitric oxide– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
• Iron is required for oxygen transport
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Sickle Cell Anemia
• Hereditary disease
• Abnormal type of hemoglobin
• Sickle shape
• 1 in 500 African American
• 1 in 1000 Hispanic
• Stroke is one the most devastating problems
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Bilirubin
• By-product of the destruction of RBC
• RBC last 120
• Spleen & liver starts to break down RBC
• Liver bilirubin is excreted out of the body through feces which gives its’ color.
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19-17
Erythropoiesis
• Production of red blood cells– Stem cells proerythroblasts early
erythroblasts intermediate late reticulocytes
• Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production
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19-18
Hemoglobin Breakdown
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19-19
Hematopoiesis
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Human blood smearHuman blood smear
X 500
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x 1000
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plasma (55%)
red blood cells(5-6-million /ml)
white blood cells(5000/ml)
platelets
skool blood plasma
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Leukocytes
• WBC Granulocytes have large granules– Neutrophils
• Very mobile, can migrate
– Eosinophhil• Ingest inflammatory chemicals & protiens
– Basophil• Least numerous, motile and capable of
diapedesis
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19-24
Leukocytes
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Agranulocytes
• WBC that have no granules– Lymphocytes
• Smallest, 2nd most numerous,• T lymphocytes attacking infections & cancer• B lymphocytes produce antibodies
– Monocytes• Largest • Motile, engulf large bacteria
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Lymphocyte
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MonocytesMonocytes
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PhagocytesPhagocytes• Monocytes and macrophages
• Provide a non-specific response to infection
• http://www.microbelibrary.org/images/tterry/anim/phago053.html
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Thromocytes
• Platelets (no nucleus)
• Starts with Megokaryoblast
• Breaks up in to Platelets
• Make 2000 to 3000 platetes
• Live 7 days
• Form Blood clots ( coagulate)
• Fibrin material that forms net. Pg 663
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19-30
Hemostasis
• Arrest of bleeding
• Events preventing excessive blood loss– Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of
damaged blood vessels– Platelet plug formation – Coagulation or blood clotting
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19-31
Platelet Plug Formation
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Coagulation
• Stages– Activation of
prothrombinase– Conversion of
prothrombin to thrombin
– Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
• Pathways– Extrinsic– Intrinsic
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Fibrinolysis
• Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin
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Blood Types
• A – A antigens
• B – B antigens
• AB – A & B antigens
• O no antigens
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Rh Factor
• Rh + has the antigen
• Rh – does not have the antigen
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Facts
• 700 RBC to 1 WBC
• CO combines 210 times faster to RBC than CO2
• Most of your blood is located in your veins, 64%
• Veins appear blue because the blood is a dark reddish (bluish) color.
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When Things Go Wrong
• Anemia
• Leukopenia – low WBC count
• Myeloma – B lymphocytes cancer
• Leukemia – blood cancer excess count
• Mononucleosis – atypical WBC, Virus
• AIDS