Blood

Blood composition

• Plasma: 90% water; 10% dissolved proteins, hormone salts, digested food materials and waste products.

• Red blood cells: carry oxygen.

• White blood cells: destroy foreign disease-causing organisms.

• Platelets: for blood clotting.

Blood groups• Karl Landsteiner :

– (1901) antigens A, B, AB (both), O (none). – (1927) antigens M & N– (1940) antigen that reacted to the Indian

Rhesus monkeys’ blood (Rh+). – Today: 288 blood groupings.

Note: Antigen = Antibody Generator = molecule recognized by the immune system.

• blood groups are used in forensics in order to determinate the probability of a certain individual’s presence at a crime scene: the rarest the group, the highest the probability.

Blood groups distribution explains world migrations:

Blood group inheritance:

Blood groups test:

DNA

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg

Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell,

showing subcellular components.

Organelles:(1) nucleolus

(2) nucleus(3) ribosome

(4) vesicle(5)

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton

(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole

(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome

(13) centrioles within centrosome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Meiose.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_en.svg