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Ballandstickmodelofaglucosemolecule

BloodsugarregulationFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Forhomeostasis,insulinisthemainhormoneinvolved.

Bloodsugarregulationistheprocessbywhichthelevelsofbloodsugar,primarilyglucose,aremaintainedbythebody.Glucoseregulationinthebodyisaprocessofkeepingthebodyinhomeostasis.

Contents

1Mechanismsofbloodsugarregulation1.1Glucagon1.2Insulin

2Hormonesthatinfluencebloodglucoselevel3Foodandbloodsugarregulation4References

Mechanismsofbloodsugarregulation

Bloodsugarlevelsareregulatedbynegativefeedbackinordertokeepthebodyinhomeostasis.Thelevelsofglucoseinthebloodaremonitoredbythecellsinthepancreas'sIsletsofLangerhans.

Glucagon

Ifthebloodglucoselevelfallstodangerouslevels(asinveryheavyexerciseorlackoffoodforextendedperiods),theAlphacellsofthepancreasreleaseglucagon,ahormonewhoseeffectsonlivercellsacttoincreasebloodglucoselevels.Theyconvertglycogenintoglucose(thisprocessiscalledglycogenolysis).Theglucoseisreleasedintothebloodstream,increasingbloodsugarlevels.Hypoglycemia,thestateofhavinglowbloodsugar,istreatedbyrestoringthebloodglucoseleveltonormalbytheingestionoradministrationofdextroseorcarbohydratefoods.Itisoftenselfdiagnosedandselfmedicatedorallybytheingestionofbalancedmeals.Inmoreseverecircumstances,itistreatedbyinjectionorinfusionofglucagon.

Insulin

Whenlevelsofbloodsugarrise,whetherasaresultofglycogenconversion,orfromdigestionofameal,adifferenthormoneisreleasedfrombetacellsfoundintheIsletsofLangerhansinthepancreas.Thishormone,insulin,causesthelivertoconvertmoreglucoseintoglycogen(thisprocessiscalledglycogenesis),andtoforceabout2/3ofbodycells(primarilymuscleandfattissuecells)totakeupglucosefromthebloodthroughtheGLUT4transporter,thusdecreasingbloodsugar.Wheninsulinbindstothereceptorsonthecellsurface,vesiclescontainingtheGLUT4transporterscometotheplasmamembrane

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andfusetogetherbytheprocessofexocytosis,thusenablingafacilitateddiffusionofglucoseintothecell.Assoonastheglucoseentersthecell,itisphosphorylatedintoGlucose6Phosphateinordertopreservetheconcentrationgradientsoglucosewillcontinuetoenterthecell.[1]Insulinalsoprovidessignalstoseveralotherbodysystems,andisthechiefregulatorymetaboliccontrolinhumans.

Therearealsoseveralothercausesforanincreaseinbloodsugarlevels.Amongthemarethe'stress'hormonessuchasepinephrine(alsoknownasadrenaline),severalofthesteroids,infections,trauma,andofcourse,theingestionoffood.

Diabetesmellitustype1iscausedbyinsufficientornonexistentproductionofinsulin,whiletype2isprimarilyduetoadecreasedresponsetoinsulininthetissuesofthebody(insulinresistance).Bothtypesofdiabetes,ifuntreated,resultintoomuchglucoseremainingintheblood(hyperglycemia)andmanyofthesamecomplications.Also,toomuchinsulinand/orexercisewithoutenoughcorrespondingfoodintakeindiabeticscanresultinlowbloodsugar(hypoglycemia).

Hormonesthatinfluencebloodglucoselevel

Hormone TissueofOrigin MetabolicEffect EffectonBloodGlucose

Insulin PancreaticCells

1)Enhancesentryofglucoseintocells2)Enhancesstorageofglucoseasglycogen,or

conversiontofattyacids3)Enhancessynthesisoffattyacidsandproteins4)

Suppressesbreakdownofproteinsintoaminoacids,ofadiposetissueintofreefattyacids.

Lowers

Somatostatin PancreaticCells

1)Suppressesglucagonreleasefromcells(actslocally)2)Suppressesreleaseof

Insulin,Pituitarytropichormones,gastrinandsecretin.

Lowers

Glucagon PancreaticCells1)Enhancesreleaseofglucosefrom

glycogen2)Enhancessynthesisofglucosefromaminoacidsorfattyacids.

Raises

Epinephrine Adrenalmedulla1)Enhancesreleaseofglucosefrom

glycogen2)Enhancesreleaseoffattyacidsfromadiposetissue.

Raises

Cortisol Adrenalcortex 1)Enhancesgluconeogenesis2)AntagonizesInsulin. Raises

ACTH Anteriorpituitary 1)Enhancesreleaseofcortisol2)Enhancesreleaseoffattyacidsfromadiposetissue. Raises

GrowthHormone Anteriorpituitary AntagonizesInsulin Raises

Thyroxine Thyroid1)Enhancesreleaseofglucosefrom

glycogen2)Enhancesabsorptionofsugarsfromintestine

Raises

Foodandbloodsugarregulation

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SomeediblemushroomsarenotedfortheabilitytolowerbloodsugarlevelsincludingReishi,[2][3]

Maitake[4][5][6][7][8][9]Agaricusblazei[10][11][12][13]aswellassomeothers.

Somemineralsplayrolesinglucoseregulation:seeChromium_in_glucose_metabolismforexample.

References

1. ^EbeySoman,Scienceray,RegulationofGlucosebyInsulin(http://scienceray.com/biology/humanbiology/regulationofglucosebyinsulin),May4,2009.RetrievedNovember1,2009.

2. ^ZhangHN,LinZB(February2004),"HypoglycemiceffectofGanodermalucidumpolysaccharides",ActaPharmacol.Sin.25(2):1915,PMID14769208(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14769208)

3. ^YangBK,JungYS,SongCH(November2007),"HypoglycemiceffectsofGanodermaapplanatumandCollybiaconfluensexopolymersinstreptozotocininduceddiabeticrats",PhytotherRes21(11):10669,doi:10.1002/ptr.2214(https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fptr.2214),PMID17600864(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600864)

4. ^KonnoS,TortorelisDG,FullertonSA,SamadiAA,HettiarachchiJ,TazakiH.(Dec2001),"ApossiblehypoglycaemiceffectofmaitakemushroomonType2diabeticpatients.",DiabetMed.18(12):1010,doi:10.1046/j.14645491.2001.005325.x(https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.14645491.2001.005325.x),PMID11903406(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903406)

5. ^HongL,XunM,WutongW.(Apr2007),"Antidiabeticeffectofanalphaglucanfromfruitbodyofmaitake(Grifolafrondosa)onKKAymice.",JPharmPharmacol59(4):57582,doi:10.1211/jpp.59.4.0013(https://dx.doi.org/10.1211%2Fjpp.59.4.0013),PMID17430642(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17430642)

6. ^KuboK,AokiH,NanbaH.(Aug1994),"AntidiabeticactivitypresentinthefruitbodyofGrifolafrondosa(Maitake).I.",BiolPharmBull.17(8):110610,doi:10.1248/bpb.17.1106(https://dx.doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.17.1106),PMID7820117(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7820117)

7. ^LoHC,HsuTH,ChenCY.(2008),"SubmergedculturemyceliumandbrothofGrifolafrondosaimproveglycemicresponsesindiabeticrats.",AmJChinMed.36(2):26585,doi:10.1142/S0192415X0800576X(https://dx.doi.org/10.1142%2FS0192415X0800576X),PMID18457360(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18457360)

8. ^ManoharV,TalpurNA,EchardBW,LiebermanS,PreussHG.(Jan2002),"Effectsofawatersolubleextractofmaitakemushroomoncirculatingglucose/insulinconcentrationsinKKmice.",DiabetesObesMetab.4(1):438,doi:10.1046/j.14631326.2002.00180.x(https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.14631326.2002.00180.x),PMID11874441(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11874441)

9. ^HorioH,OhtsuruM.(Feb2001),"Maitake(Grifolafrondosa)improveglucosetoleranceofexperimentaldiabeticrats.",JNutrSciVitaminol(Tokyo).47(1):5763,doi:10.3177/jnsv.47.57(https://dx.doi.org/10.3177%2Fjnsv.47.57),PMID11349892(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349892)

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10. ^LiuY,FukuwatariY,OkumuraK,etal.(June2008),"ImmunomodulatingActivityofAgaricusbrasiliensisKA21inMiceandinHumanVolunteers",EvidencebasedComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine5(2):205219,doi:10.1093/ecam/nem016(https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fecam%2Fnem016),PMC2396466(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396466),PMID18604247(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18604247).

11. ^KimYW,KimKH,ChoiHJ,LeeDS(April2005),"AntidiabeticactivityofbetaglucansandtheirenzymaticallyhydrolyzedoligosaccharidesfromAgaricusblazei",Biotechnol.Lett.27(7):4837,doi:10.1007/s1052900522258(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs1052900522258),PMID15928854(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15928854).

12. ^HsuCH,LiaoYL,LinSC,HwangKC,ChouP.(JanuaryFebruary2007),"ThemushroomAgaricusBlazeiMurillincombinationwithmetforminandgliclazideimprovesinsulinresistanceintype2diabetes:arandomized,doubleblinded,andplacebocontrolledclinicaltrial.",JAlternComplementMed.13(1):97102,doi:10.1089/acm.2006.6054(https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Facm.2006.6054),PMID17309383(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309383)(Primaryresult,notreview)

13. ^FortesRC,NovaesMR,RecvaVL,MeloAL.(January2009),"Immunological,hematological,andglycemiaeffectsofdietarysupplementationwithAgaricussylvaticusonpatients'colorectalcancer.",ExpBiolMed(Maywood).234(1):5362,doi:10.3181/0806RM193(https://dx.doi.org/10.3181%2F0806RM193),PMID18997106(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997106)