BLOOD VESSELS

1 – lumen 2 –

vasoconstriction 3 – vasodilation 4 – veins 5 – arteries 6 – arterioles 7 – venules

The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the _______. Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called __________, and enlargement of the vessel diameter is called ____________. Blood is carried to the heart by _________ and away from the heart by ___________. Capillary beds are supplied by ___________ and drained by __________.

Q 13

Arteries are high-pressure vessels

Veins are low-pressure vessels

Blood flows from high pressure to low pressure

Venous valves are to prevent backflow of blood

Q 14

Q 15- events that aid in venous return of blood Skeletal muscle

activity Breathing

A ◦ Artery◦ Thick tunica media◦ Small round lumen

B◦ Vein◦ Thin tunica media◦ Valve◦ Collapsed lumen

C◦ Capillary◦ Single layer

Q 16

1 – A 2 – B 3 – A 4 – A 5 – C 6 – B 7 - C

Single thin layer of endothelium

Bulky middle coat Provides a smooth

surface to decrease resistance to blood flow

Only tunic in capillaries

Also called adventitia

Only tunic that pays role in BP reg

Supporting coat

Vertebral Brachiocephalic Superior vena cava Brachial Inferior vena cava Renal Radial Common iliac Internal iliac Greater saphenous Posterior tibial

Internal jugular Subclavian Axillary Cephalic Hepatic Median cubital Ulnar Femoral Popliteal Small saphenous Anterior Tibial

VEINS

External carotid Vertebral Brachiocephalic Brachial Renal Aorta Radial Common iliac Internal iliac Popliteal Anterior tibial

Internal carotid Common carotid Subclavian Axillary Celiac trunk Superior

mesenteric Ulnar Inferior mesenteric Exterior iliac Femoral Posterior tibial

ARTERIES

Deep veins, draining the forearm◦ Radial, Ulnar

Vein that receives blood from the arm via axillary v.◦ Subclavian

Veins drain venous blood from myocardium into coronary sinus◦ Cardiac

Vein drains kidney◦ Renal

Vein drains dural sinuses of brain◦ Internal jugular

Two veins, join to be superior vena cava◦ Brachiocephalic

Veins drain leg and foot◦ Anterior tibial, Posterior

tibial

Q 18

Vein carries nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs to liver◦ Hepatic portal

Superficial vein drains lateral aspect of arm◦ Cephalic

Vein drains ovaries or testes◦ Gonadal

Vein drains thorax, empties into sup vc◦ Azygos

Largest vein below thorax◦ Inferior vena cava

Vein drains liver◦ Hepatic

Three veins form/empty into hepatic portal vein◦ Gastric, inf & sup

mesenteric Longest superficial vein

of body, in leg◦ Greater saphenous

Vein formed by union of ext and int iliac veins◦ Common iliac

Deep vein of thigh ◦ Femoral

Q 19

Two arteries formed by division of brachiocephalic trunk◦ Common carotid,

Subclavian First artery branches

off aorta – serves heart◦ Coronary

Two paired arteries, serving brain◦ Internal carotid,

Vertebral Largest artery of body

◦ Aorta

Arterial network on dorsum of foot◦ Dorsalis pedis

Artery serves posterior thigh◦ Deep femoral

Artery supplies diaphragm◦ Phrenic

Artery splits to form radial and ulnar a◦ Brachial

Artery generally auscultated for BP in arm◦ Brachial

Q 20

Artery supplies last half of large intestine◦ Inferior mesenteric

Artery serves the pelvis◦ Internal iliac

External iliac becomes this entering thigh◦ Femoral

Major artery serving arm◦ Brachial

Artery supplies most of small intestine◦ Superior Mesenteric

Terminal branches of descending aorta◦ Common Iliac

Arterial trunk has 3 major branches, serve liver, spleen, stomach◦ Celiac trunk

Major artery, serving tissues external to skull◦ External Carotid

Three arteries serving leg inferior to knee◦ Anterior Tibial,

Peroneal, Posterior Tibial

Artery used to feel pulse at wrist◦ Radial

Damage to left semilunar would interfere with blood flow into this vessel◦ Aorta

Q 21

Q 22

An anastomosis that allows communication between posterior and anterior blood supplies of brain◦ Circle of Willis

Vessel carrying O2 & nutrient-rich blood to fetus across placenta◦ Umbilical vein

Shunt that allows most fetal blood to bypass liver◦ Ductus Venosus

Two pairs of arteries from internal carotid artery◦ Anterior Cerebral, Middle

Cerebral Posterior cerebral arteries

serving brain arise from here◦ Basilar artery

Fetal shunt between aorta and pulmonary trunk allows lungs to be bypassed by the blood◦ Ductus Arteriosus

Opening in interatrial septum shunts fetal blood from rt to left atrium, bypassing lungs◦ Foramen Ovale

Q 23

Why are the lungs bypassed by the circulating blood in the fetus?

Fetal lungs are collapsed because the fetus does not breathe

Q 24

Term that does not belong 1. vein 2. carotid artery 3. vasodilation 4. high blood pressure 5. vasodilation

Q 25

BLOOD PRESSURE

Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity◦ Pulse

Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls◦ Blood pressure

Factors related to blood pressure◦ Cardiac output, peripheral

resistance Event primarily

responsible for peripheral resistance◦ Constriction of arterioles

Blood pressure during heart contraction◦ Systolic BP

Blood pressure during heart relaxation◦ Diastolic BP

Site where blood pressure determinations are usually made◦ Over arteries

Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt◦ Pressure points

Sounds heard over a blood vessel when vessel is partially compressed◦ Sounds of Korotkoff

Q 26

All exchanges to and from the blood and tissue cells occur through the interstitial fluid.

Generally speaking, substances tend to move according to their concentration gradients by the process of diffusion.

Substances that are fat soluble pass directly through the plasma membranes of the capillary endothelial cells; other substances pass by via capillary clefts, fenestrations, or vesicles.

The most permeable capillaries are those exhibiting fenestrations.

Q 27

Capillaries that have capillary clefts and fenestrations tend to be leaky and two forces acting at capillary beds cause fluid flows.

The pressure that forces fluid out of the capillaries is hydrostatic pressure . . .

. . . and the force that causes fluid to reenter the blood is osmotic pressure.

Hence fluid is forced into the interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of the bed and into the blood at the venule end of the capillary bed.

Q 28

D I

Increased diameter of arterioles

Increased urine output Sudden change in

position from reclining to standing

Physical training Alcohol Hemorrhage

Increased blood viscosity

Increased cardiac output

Increased pulse rate Anxiety, fear Physical exercise Nicotine Arteriosclerosis

Thigh – femoral artery

Forearm – brachial artery

Calf – popliteal artery

Lower jaw – facial artery

Thumb – radial artery

Q 29

1. Renin, released by the kidney, causes a decrease in blood pressure.

2. The decreasing efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system vasoconstrictor functioning, due to aging, leads to a type of hypotension called sympathetic hypotension.

1. increase

2. orthostatic

Q 30

3. Brain

4. Stethoscope

5. Low

3. Two body organs in which vasoconstriction rarely occurs are the heart and the kidneys.

4. A sphygmomanometer is used to take the apical pulse.

5. The pulmonary circulation is a high-pressure circulation.

6. true

7.vasoconstricting

8. hypertension

6. The fetal equivalent of functional lungs and liver is the placenta.

7. Cold has a vasodilating effect.

8.Thrombophlebitis is called a silent killer.

1. 4th 2. lungs 3. ductus

venosus 4. umbilical vein 5. placenta 6. fetal liver 7. umbilical

artery 8. occluded

9. deaths 10. atherosclerosis 11. menopause

12. aerobic exercise

13. atherosclerosis 14. varicose veins 15. feet 16. legs

Q 31